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As filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1, 2017
Registration No. 333-            

 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM S-1
REGISTRATION STATEMENT
Under
The Securities Act of 1933

CAPNIA, INC.
(Name of registrant in its charter)

 
 	 	 	 	 	
Delaware	 	3841	 	77-0523891	
(State of Incorporation)	 	(Primary Standard Industrial
Classification Code Number)	 	(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)	
1235 Radio Road, Suite 110
Redwood City, CA 94065
(650) 213-8444
(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

Anish Bhatnagar
Chief Executive Officer
Capnia, Inc.
1235 Radio Road, Suite 110
Redwood City, CA 94065
(650) 213-8444
(Name, Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Agent for Service)

Copies to:
Elton Satusky, Esq.
Eric Hsu, Esq.
Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati,
Professional Corporation
650 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto, CA 94304
(650) 493-9300

Approximate date of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after this Registration Statement becomes effective.
If any securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, other than securities offered only in connection with dividend or interest reinvestment plans, check the following box:  ☒
If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐
If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a small reporting company. See definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

Large accelerated filer	 	☐	  	Accelerated filer	 	☐	
 	 	 	 	
Non-accelerated filer	 	☐  (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	  	Smaller reporting company	 	☒	

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

Title of Each Class of
Securities to be Registered	 	Amount
to be
Registered(1)	 	Proposed
Maximum
Offering Price
Per Security(2)	 	Proposed
Maximum
Aggregate
Offering Price	 	Amount of
Registration Fee	
common stock, $0.001 par value	 	10,000,000	 	$0.835	 	$8,350,000	 	$967.77	
Total	 	10,000,000	 	$0.835	 	$8,350,000	 	$967.77	

(1)	Pursuant to Rule 416 under the Securities Act, the shares offered hereby also include an indeterminate number of additional shares of common stock as may from time to time become issuable by reason of stock splits, stock dividends, recapitalizations or other similar transactions.	
(2)	Pursuant to Rule 457(c), calculated on the basis of the average of the high and low prices per share of the registrant’s Common Stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market on January 31, 2017.	

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Securities and Exchange Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

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The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. The selling stockholder may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities, and the selling stockholder is not soliciting offers to buy these securities, in any state where the offer or sale of these securities is not permitted.
 
SUBJECT TO COMPLETION, DATED February 1, 2017
PRELIMINARY PROSPECTUS

CAPNIA, INC.
Up to 10,000,000 Shares of common stock

This prospectus relates to the sale of up to 10,000,000 shares of our common stock by Aspire Capital Fund, LLC. Aspire Capital is also referred to in this prospectus as the selling stockholder. The prices at which the selling stockholder may sell the shares will be determined by the prevailing market price for the shares or in negotiated transactions. We will not receive proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholder. However, we may receive proceeds of up to $17.0 million from the sale of our common stock to the selling stockholder, pursuant to a common stock purchase agreement entered into with the selling stockholder on January 27, 2017, once the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, is declared effective.
The selling stockholder is an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. We will pay the expenses of registering these shares, but all selling and other expenses incurred by the selling stockholder will be paid by the selling stockholder.
Our common stock is listed on the Nasdaq Capital Market under the ticker symbol “CAPN.” On January 31, 2017, the last reported sale price per share of our common stock was $0.85 per share.
You should read this prospectus and any prospectus supplement, together with additional information described under the headings “Incorporation of Certain Documents by Reference” and “Where You Can Find More Information,” carefully before you invest in any of our securities.

Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. See “Risk Factors” on page 10 of this prospectus.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the adequacy or accuracy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

This prospectus is dated             , 2017.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

 	  	Page	 	
Prospectus Summary	  	 	1	  	
 	 	
Risk Factors	  	 	10	  	
 	 	
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements	  	 	54	  	
 	 	
Use of Proceeds	  	 	61	  	
 	 	
Price Range of Common Stock and Dividend Policy	  	 	61	  	
 	 	
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the Year Ended December 31, 2015 and The Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016	  	 	62	  	
 	 	
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016	  	 	75	  	
 	 	
Business	  	 	82	  	
 	 	
Description of Properties	  	 	112	  	
 	 	
Legal Proceedings	  	 	112	  	
 	 	
Management	  	 	113	  	
 	 	
Executive Compensation	  	 	122	  	
 	 	
Certain Relationships and Related Party Transactions	  	 	133	  	
 	 	
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management	  	 	134	  	
 	 	
Description of Securities	  	 	137	  	
 	 	
Legal Matters	  	 	147	  	
 	 	
Experts	  	 	147	  	
 	 	
Available Information	  	 	147	  	
 	 	
Indemnification for Securities Act Liabilities	  	 	149	  	
 	 	
Plan of Distribution	  	 	150	  	
 	 	
Selling Stockholders	  	 	151	  	
 	 	
Index to Financial Statements	  	 	F-1	  	
You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or any prospectus supplement or amendment thereto. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information.
 
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PROSPECTUS SUMMARY
This summary highlights information contained elsewhere in this prospectus and does not contain all of the information that you should consider in making your investment decision. Before deciding to invest in our securities, you should read this entire prospectus carefully, including the sections of this prospectus entitled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and our financial statements and related notes contained elsewhere in this prospectus. Unless the context otherwise requires, references in this prospectus to the “Company,” “Capnia,” “we,” “us”, and “our” refer to Capnia, Inc.
Company Overview
We are a diversified healthcare company that develops and commercializes innovative diagnostics, devices and therapeutics addressing unmet medical needs. We have a number of commercial products based on our proprietary technologies, including those which utilize precision metering of gas flow. Our most recent product to launch commercially that utilizes our precision metering of gas flow technology is Serenz ®  Allergy Relief, or Serenz, which has a CE Mark certification for sale in the European Union, or E.U. Serenz is a proprietary handheld device that delivers non-inhaled CO 2 topically to the nasal mucosa. Serenz is used only when needed, and does not need to be used on a scheduled basis. Pilot commercial sales of Serenz began in the U.K. and Ireland in the second quarter of 2016.
We are also selling the CoSense® End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide (ETCO) Monitor, or CoSense, which measures ETCO and aids in the detection of excessive hemolysis, a condition in which red blood cells degrade rapidly. When present in neonates with jaundice, excessive hemolysis is a dangerous condition which can lead to adverse neurological outcomes. CoSense is 510(k) cleared for sale in the U.S. and received CE Mark certification for sale in the E.U. In addition, through our wholly owned subsidiary NeoForce, Inc., or NFI, we also develop and globally market assets relating to innovative pulmonary resuscitation solutions for the inpatient and ambulatory neonatal markets. NFI’s primary product is the NeoPip T-piece resuscitator and related consumable, which delivers consistent pre-set inspiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressures. Other NFI products include temperature probes, scales, surgical tables and patient surfaces.
Our therapeutic technology consists of the use of nasal, non-inhaled CO2 for the treatment of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, or AR, as well as for the treatment of pain associated with migraine, cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia, or TN. Serenz is a treatment for symptoms related to AR, which, when triggered by seasonal allergens, is commonly known as hay fever or seasonal allergies. We are also pursuing new initiatives for the development of our precision metering of gas flow technology for the treatment of trigeminally-mediated pain disorders such as cluster headache and TN. On December 18, 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, granted us orphan drug designation for our nasal, non-inhaled CO 2  technology for the treatment of TN in the U.S. We have filed an investigational new drug application, or IND, with the FDA and started enrolling TN patients in a pilot clinical trial in 2016.
We continue to focus our research and development efforts on diagnostic products based on our Sensalyze™ Technology Platform, a portfolio of patented and proprietary methods and systems, which enables CoSense to measure ETCO and that can be applied to detect a variety of analytes in exhaled breath, as well as other products for the neonatology market. Our current development pipeline includes proposed diagnostic devices for asthma in children, assessment of blood CO 2  concentration in neonates and malabsorption. We may also license elements of our Sensalyze Technology Platform to other companies that have complementary development or commercial capabilities.
Serenz
We believe that Serenz has an ideal profile for an as-needed therapeutic for AR and may provide advantages over regularly dosed, slow to act currently marketed products.

 
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Allergic rhinitis, which is commonly and colloquially referred to as “allergies,” is characterized by symptoms that are often episodic and include nasal congestion, itching, sneezing and runny nose. There are approximately 123 million sufferers in the U.S., France, Germany, Italy, Spain, the U.K. and Japan, according to research firm GlobalData. Prevalence of AR is growing rapidly in the developed world. The most common AR drug therapies include antihistamines and intranasal steroids. Leukotriene inhibitors and other drugs are also currently prescribed to AR patients. Several of these drugs have generated sales in excess of $1 billion per year as branded products. However, these products have significant limitations and AR sufferers remain dissatisfied with the available treatments. Thus, there is a need for a more effective treatment with a faster onset of action and improved safety profile.
Serenz is based upon the observation that non-inhaled CO2 delivered at a low-flow rate into the nasal cavity, alleviates the symptoms of AR. Serenz is a convenient, hand-held device that delivers low-flow CO 2  to the nasal mucosa. It contains a pressurized canister of gas, with approximately enough gas to dose as-needed for one to two weeks. The device is disposable and engineered for ease of use. Our proprietary technology ensures very precise control of aspects such as flow rate and volume, which we believe are both critical to achieve the desired clinical performance.
In our clinical trials to date, Serenz has shown a large effect size, an onset of effect within 30 minutes and has been well tolerated. We believe that these characteristics position Serenz well to be a potential first-line treatment for any AR sufferer. Serenz can be taken as a stand-alone treatment and can be used on an as-needed basis. Serenz has the the ideal characteristics of an AR therapeutic, including:
 
 	•	 	Rapid relief	
 
 	•	 	Relief from nasal congestion, sneezing and itchy/runny nose	
 
 	•	 	Non-sedating	
 
 	•	 	Tolerant side effect profile	
 
 	•	 	Acts locally in the nasal cavity	
 
 	•	 	Non-sedating	
 
 	•	 	Non-steroidal	
 
 	•	 	No known long-lasting side effects	
Independent market research has confirmed that nearly 23% of the population in the U.K., France, Germany, Italy and Spain suffers from AR. Both previous market research and current experience with our U.K. pilot test market show strong product satisfaction and likely repurchase rates. We expect approximately 75% of individuals who try Serenz to repurchase the product throughout the duration of allergy season. In the second quarter of 2016, we initiated a pilot launch of Serenz in the U.K. and Ireland. We entered into distribution agreements with U.K.-based pharmacy chains, Paydens Group and Weldricks Pharmacy Limited, providing access to more than 160 retail pharmacy locations in the U.K., as well as through their respective online website sales channel. In Ireland, we entered into a distribution agreement with Medinutrix, a leading developer of over-the counter, or OTC, health products and natural therapies. Under the terms of the agreement, Medinutrix is initially providing Serenz to 25 community pharmacies as part of the pilot launch in Ireland.
We also intend to determine the regulatory approval pathway with the FDA for nasal CO2 for various indications and subsequently to seek partnership or distributorship arrangements for commercialization.
CoSense
Approximately 143 million babies are born annually worldwide, with approximately 9.2 million of these born in the U.S. and E.U. It is estimated that up to 60% of term neonates and 80% of preterm neonates may have jaundice. We

 
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believe CoSense has the potential to become a part of routine pre-discharge screening, by aiding in the differential diagnosis of hemolysis in infants that present with, or are at risk of developing, jaundice. Red blood cell breakdown is a normal phenomenon, but in certain situations the breakdown is accelerated or is excessive and is referred to as hemolysis. The most common cause of hospital readmission during the neonatal phase is jaundice, and we expect that CoSense will help reduce such readmissions. Many causes of jaundice do not represent a significant health threat. However, when severe jaundice occurs in the presence of hemolysis, rapid diagnosis and treatment may be necessary for infants to avoid life-long neurological impairment or other disability. Also, unnecessary treatment increases hospital expenses, is stressful for both infant and parents and may increase morbidity. There is an unmet need, therefore, for more accurate diagnostics for hemolysis, particularly if they are non-invasive, rapid, and easy to use.
CoSense detects hemolysis by measuring CO in the “end-tidal” component of the breath, and the measurement performed with CoSense is referred to as end-tidal carbon monoxide, or ETCO. The American Academy of Pediatrics, or AAP, guidelines, published in the journal Pediatrics in 2004, recommend ETCO measurement be performed to assess the presence of hemolysis in neonates requiring phototherapy, neonates unresponsive to phototherapy or readmitted for phototherapy and neonates with bilirubin levels approaching transfusion levels. Today, CoSense is the only device commercially available for accurately measuring the ETCO levels associated with the rate of hemolysis in clinical practice in neonates. As a result, we believe that CoSense is the only device on the market that enables physicians to practice in accordance with the AAP guidelines when evaluating jaundiced neonates for potential treatment of hemolysis. Physicians are free to practice in accordance with their own judgment; however, we believe that the current AAP guidelines will be a significant factor in the adoption of CoSense.
NFI Pulmonary Solutions
Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing at birth and represents the number of patients that would benefit from our products. Of this 10%, approximately 1% requires extensive resuscitative measures. Although the vast majority of newborns do not require intervention to make the transition from intra uterine to extra uterine life, because of the large number of births, a sizable number will require some degree of resuscitation. A T-piece resuscitator is a two-piece manually operated resuscitation delivery device used for infants and small children (less than 10 kg) to effectively deliver inhalation breaths at preset peak inspiratory pressures, or PIP, and a small back pressure to keep the lungs from collapsing on exhalation, known as positive end expiratory pressures, or PEEP, at a preset Fi02, or percent Oxygen. In general, it is a modern replacement for the traditional bag and mask which requires significant user training and experience to deliver breaths to infants with tiny and very delicate lungs.
Sensalyze Technology Platform — Research and Development of Additional Diagnostic Products
We expect to introduce additional products over time and intend to develop additional diagnostic tests for analytes that might be found in the exhaled breath. These include the following diagnostic opportunities:
 
 	•	 	Nitric oxide, or NO, for assessment and management of asthma in infants and young children;	
 
 	•	 	End-tidal CO2 for neonates;	
 
 	•	 	Hydrogen breath testing for infants with malabsorption;	
 
 	•	 	Carbon monoxide levels for hemolysis, CO poisoning;	
 
 	•	 	Acetone, nitrites for diabetes;	
 
 	•	 	Volatile Organic Compounds, or VOC, for cancer, heart failure and multiple sclerosis; and	
 
 	•	 	Alkanes, transplant rejection.	

 
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We may also license elements of our Sensalyze Technology Platform to other companies that have complementary development or commercial capabilities. We may also develop additional products using our own technologies or those licensed from others.
Trigeminal Neuralgia
TN is a clinical condition characterized by debilitating pain in regions innervated by one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The pain is typically described as intense, sharp and stabbing, and is often described as one of the most painful conditions known to humans. It may develop without apparent cause or be a result of another diagnosed disorder. Peripheral TN is caused by a variety of diseases, including multiple sclerosis and herpes zoster. Following the FDA’s grant of orphan drug designation for our nasal, non-inhaled CO 2  technology for the treatment of TN, we filed an IND for the treatment of TN. We started enrolling patents in a pilot clinical trial in 2016.
Cluster Headache
Cluster headaches affect approximately 0.2% of the population, and are characterized by recurring bouts of excruciating pain in one side of the head. Cluster headaches are characterized by recurring bouts of excruciating pain in one side of the head. In episodic cluster headaches, episodes of pain typically last from 15 minutes to three hours and can occur several times a day over several months before remitting. The same pattern often recurs multiple times over a patient’s lifetime. Approximately 10% to 15% of cluster patients have chronic cluster headaches, which are characterized by continuing pain with no remission. The pain of cluster headache may be significantly greater than other conditions, such as severe migraine. We have entered into a collaboration agreement with Clinvest, a division of Banyan Group, Inc., a research organization dedicated to the advancement of medicine and health through clinical research, in order to conduct an investigator-sponsored clinical trial evaluating our nasal, non-inhaled CO2 on up to 25 patients with episodic cluster headaches.
In July 2015, we commenced enrollment in a pilot, single-center, investigator-sponsored clinical trial evaluating our proprietary nasal, non-inhaled CO2 technology for the treatment of cluster headaches. The primary efficacy endpoint of the trial is the greatest change from pre-treatment headache pain intensity to post treatment.
Recent Developments
Merger with Essentialis
On December 22, 2016, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (referred to in this prospectus as the merger agreement) with Essentialis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Essentialis. Consummation of the merger is subject to various closing conditions, including our consummation of a financing of at least $8 million at, or substantially contemporaneous with, the closing of the merger and the receipt of stockholder approval of the merger at a special meeting of our stockholders.
Essentialis is a privately held, clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the development of breakthrough medicines forthe treatment of rare metabolic diseases where there is increased mortality and risk of cardiovascular and endocrine complications. To date, Essentialis’s efforts have focused primarily on developing and testing product candidates that target the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, a metabolically regulated membrane protein whosemodulation has the potential to impact a wide range of rare metabolic, cardiovascular, and CNS diseases. Essentialis has tested Diazoxide Choline Controlled Release Tablet, or DCCR, as a treatment for Prader-Willi syndrome, a complex metabolic/neurobehavioral disorder.
Risks Associated With Our Business
Our business is subject to numerous risks and uncertainties related to the development and commercialization of Serenz, CoSense and our other neonatology products, our reliance on third parties for manufacturing, our financial condition and need for additional capital, the operation of our business, our intellectual property, government regulation and ownership of our securities. These risks include those highlighted in the section entitled “Risk Factors” immediately following this prospectus summary, including the following:

 
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 	•	 	We have a limited commercialization history and have incurred significant losses since our inception, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future, which makes it difficult to evaluate our business and assess our future viability. As of September 30, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $95.7 million.	
 
 	•	 	Serenz, CoSense and our other neonatology products may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, caregivers, healthcare payors, and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.	
 
 	•	 	The challenges involved in establishing distribution and sales operations may expose us to a higher than usual level of risk with respect to commercializing our products. While we have obtained approval to market CoSense and other neonatology products in the U.S. and globally and Serenz in the E.U., our other products, including Serenz in the U.S., are not currently approved for sale. We may be required to conduct additional clinical trials prior to obtaining approval for Serenz in the U.S. or for other future products. We may not obtain such approvals for sale on a predictable timeframe, or at all.	
 
 	•	 	One or more countries in the E.U. may reassess the Class 2a designation and determine that Serenz be regulated in a different manner and if this occurs, additional controlled clinical trials or other development work may be necessary to maintain regulatory clearances in any such jurisdictions.	
 
 	•	 	We have not manufactured CoSense, its associated consumables or Serenz on a large commercial scale, and there are risks associated with scaling up manufacturing. Our commercial manufacturing partners may not be successful in achieving the levels of production volume, quality, or manufacturing costs necessary to support commercial success.	
 
 	•	 	Our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may continue to maintain the ability to control all matters submitted to stockholders for approval.	
 
 	•	 	We may need additional funds to support our operations, and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, which would force us to delay, reduce, or suspend our research and development programs and other operations or commercialization efforts. Raising additional capital may subject us to unfavorable terms and cause dilution to our existing stockholders.	
 
 	•	 	Our business depends on our continuing to satisfy the FDA and any other applicable U.S. and international regulatory requirements with respect to medical diagnostics, devices or therapeutics, including requirements which may change or be created in the future.	
 
 	•	 	We need to obtain or maintain patents or other appropriate protection for the intellectual property utilized in our current and planned product offerings, and we must avoid infringement of third-party intellectual property.	
Corporate information
We were incorporated in Delaware in August of 1999. Our principal executive offices are located at 1235 Radio Road, Suite 110, Redwood City, CA 94065, and our telephone number is (650) 213-8444. Our website address is www.capnia.com . The information contained on our website is not incorporated by reference into this prospectus, and you should not consider any information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website as part of this prospectus, or in deciding whether to purchase our securities.

 
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We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. As such, we are eligible for exemptions from various reporting requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including, but not limited to, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation.
We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of our initial public offering, or IPO, which occurred on November 18, 2014, (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, (3) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (4) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period.
“Capnia,” “CoSense,” “Serenz,” “Sensalyze,” “NeoForce,” our logo and our other trade names, trademarks and service marks appearing in this prospectus are our property. Other trade names, trademarks and service marks appearing in this prospectus are the property of their respective holders.

 
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The Offering
 
Common stock being offered by the selling stockholder	10,000,000 shares	
 
Selling Stockholder	Aspire Capital	
 
Common stock outstanding	18,146,272 (as of January 31, 2017)	
 
Use of proceeds	The selling stockholder will receive all of the proceeds from the sale of the shares offered for sale by it under this prospectus. We will not receive proceeds from the sale of the shares by the selling stockholder. However, we may receive up to $17.0 million in proceeds from the sale of our common stock to the selling stockholder under the common stock purchase agreement described below. Any proceeds from the selling stockholder that we receive under the common stock purchase agreement are expected to be used for working capital and general corporate purposes.	
 
NASDAQ Symbol	CAPN	
 
Risk Factors	Investing in our securities involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully review and consider the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus for a discussion of factors to consider before deciding to invest in shares of our common stock.	
The number of shares of our common stock outstanding excludes 2,906,939 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of outstanding stock options, 960,436 shares of our common stock available for future issuance under the stock option plans, outstanding warrants exercisable for 571,906 shares of our common stock, 12,179,000 shares of our common stock issuable upon the conversion of our outstanding Series B Convertible Stock, 2,425,605 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of our outstanding Series A Warrants, 590,415 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of our outstanding Series C Warrants, 2,930,812 shares of our common stock issuable upon exercise of our outstanding Series D Warrants, each of which securities are outstanding or available for issuance as of January 31, 2017.
Sale of Common Stock to Aspire Capital
On January 27, 2017, we entered into a common stock purchase agreement, or the Purchase Agreement, with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, an Illinois limited liability company, or Aspire Capital or a selling stockholder, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $17.0 million of our shares of common stock over the approximately thirty month term of the Purchase Agreement. In consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement, concurrently with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued to Aspire Capital 708,333 shares of our common stock as a commitment fee, or the Commitment Shares. Concurrently with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we also entered into a registration rights agreement with Aspire Capital, or the Registration Rights Agreement, in which we agreed to file one or more registration statements,

 
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including the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, the sale of the shares of our common stock that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement.
As of January 21, 2017, there were 18,146,272 shares of our common stock outstanding (10,745,829 shares held by non-affiliates). If all of such 10,000,000 shares of our common stock issuable to Aspire Capital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and offered hereby were issued and outstanding as of the date hereof, such shares would represent 35.53% of the total common stock outstanding or 48.20% of the non-affiliate shares of common stock outstanding as of the date hereof. The aggregate number of shares that we can issue to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement may exceed 3,485,844 shares of our common stock (which is equal to approximately 19.99% of the common stock outstanding on the date of the Purchase Agreement), if (i) shareholder approval is obtained to issue more than 3,485,844 shares of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement, or (ii) shareholder approval has not been obtained and at any time 3,485,844 shares of our common stock have been issued under the Purchase Agreement and at all times thereafter the average price paid for all shares issued under the Purchase Agreement (including the 708,333 Commitment Shares) is equal to or greater than $0.85, the Minimum Price, a price equal to the closing sale price of our common stock on the business date immediately prior to the date of the execution of the Purchase Agreement; provided that at no one point in time shall Aspire Capital (together with its affiliates) beneficially own more than 19.99% of our common stock.
Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, we are registering 10,000,000 shares of our common stock under the Securities Act, which includes the 708,333 Commitment Shares that have already been issued to Aspire Capital and 9,291,667 shares of common stock which we may issue to Aspire Capital after this registration statement is declared effective under the Securities Act.
Under the Purchase Agreement, we have the right but not the obligation to issue more than the 10,000,000 shares of common stock included in this prospectus to Aspire Capital. As of the date hereof, we do not have any plans or intent to issue to Aspire Capital any shares of common stock in addition to the 10,000,000 shares of common stock offered hereby.
After the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, has declared effective the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, on any trading day on which the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds $0.25, we have the right, in our sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a purchase notice, or each a Purchase Notice, directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 100,000 shares of our common stock per trading day, provided that the aggregate price of such purchase shall not exceed $300,000 per trading day, up to $15.0 million of our common stock in the aggregate at a per share price, or the Purchase Price, calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock (as more specifically described below).
In addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice for 100,000 shares to Aspire Capital and the closing sale price of our stock is equal to or greater than $0.25 per share of our common stock, we also have the right, in our sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a volume-weighted average price purchase notice, or each, a VWAP Purchase Notice, directing Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s common stock traded on the NASDAQ on the next trading day, or the VWAP Purchase Date, subject to a maximum number of shares we may determine, or the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum, and a minimum trading price, or the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold (as more specifically described below). The purchase price per Purchase Share pursuant to such VWAP Purchase Notice, or the VWAP Purchase Price, is calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock (as more specifically described below).

 
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The Purchase Agreement provides that the Company and Aspire Capital shall not effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement on any purchase date where the closing sale price of our common stock is less than $0.25 per share, or the Floor Price. The Floor Price and the respective prices and share numbers in the preceding paragraphs shall be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction. There are no trading volume requirements or restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and we will control the timing and amount of any sales of our common stock to Aspire Capital. Aspire Capital has no right to require any sales by us, but is obligated to make purchases from us as we direct in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future fundings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. Aspire Capital may not assign its rights or obligations under the Purchase Agreement. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time, at our discretion, without any penalty or cost to us.
Further, after the SEC has declared effective the registration statement referred to above, on the date of the closing of the Financing (as defined in that certain Agreement And Plan Of Merger dated as of December 22, 2016 by and among the Company and the parties thereto (the “Merger Agreement”) filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on December 27, 2016) the Company shall sell Aspire Capital, and Aspire Capital shall purchase from the Company an aggregate of $2.0 million of the Company’s common stock, with the per share purchase price equal to the per share price in the Financing paid to the Company by the Financing Investors (as defined in the Merger Agreement), however, in no event shall the per share purchase price exceed $0.96.
All 10,000,0000 shares of common stock, which includes the 708,333 Commitment Shares that have already been issued to Aspire Capital, 9,291,667 shares of common stock which we may issue to Aspire Capital after this registration statement is declared effective under the Securities Act are being registered pursuant to this prospectus.

 
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RISK FACTORS
An investment in our securities has a high degree of risk. Before you invest you should carefully consider the risks and uncertainties described below and the other information in this prospectus. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, operating results and financial condition could be harmed and the value of our stock could go down. This means you could lose all or a part of your investment.
Risks related to our financial condition and capital requirements
We have a limited commercialization history and have incurred significant losses since our inception, and we anticipate that we will continue to incur substantial losses for the foreseeable future. We have generated limited commercial sales to date, which, together with our limited operating history, makes it difficult to evaluate our business and assess our future viability.
We are a developer of therapeutics and diagnostics with a limited commercialization history. Evaluating our performance, viability or future success will be more difficult than if we had a longer operating history or approved products for sale on the market. We continue to incur significant research and development and general and administrative expenses related to our operations. Investment in medical product development is highly speculative, because it entails substantial upfront capital expenditures and significant risk that any planned product will fail to demonstrate adequate accuracy or clinical utility. We have incurred significant operating losses in each year since our inception, and expect that we will not be profitable for an indefinite period of time. As of September 30, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $95.7 million.
We expect that our future financial results will depend primarily on our success in launching, selling and supporting our neonatology and other products. This will require us to be successful in a range of activities, including manufacturing, marketing and selling our neonatology products. We are only in the preliminary stages of some of these activities. We may not succeed in these activities and may never generate revenue that is sufficient to be profitable in the future. Even if we are profitable, we may not be able to sustain or increase profitability on a quarterly or annual basis. Our failure to achieve sustained profitability would depress the value of our company and could impair our ability to raise capital, expand our business, diversify our planned products, market our current and planned products, or continue our operations.
We currently have generated limited product revenue and may never become profitable.
To date, we have not generated significant revenues from our products or Serenz, and have not generated sufficient revenues from licensing activities to achieve profitability. Our ability to generate significant revenue from product sales and achieve profitability will depend upon our ability, alone or with any future collaborators, to successfully commercialize products, including our neonatology products, Serenz, or any planned products that we may develop, in-license or acquire in the future. Our ability to generate revenue from product sales from planned products also depends on a number of additional factors, including our ability to:
 
 	•	 	develop a commercial organization capable of sales, marketing and distribution of any products for which we obtain marketing approval in markets where we intend to commercialize independently;	
 
 	•	 	achieve market acceptance of our neonatology products and our other future products, if any;	
 
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 	•	 	set a commercially viable price for our neonatology product and our other future products, if any;	
 
 	•	 	establish and maintain supply and manufacturing relationships with reliable third parties, and ensure adequate and legally compliant manufacturing to maintain that supply;	
 
 	•	 	obtain coverage and adequate reimbursement from third-party payors, including government and private payors;	
 
 	•	 	find suitable global and U.S. distribution partners for our neonatology products and distribution partners for Serenz in the E.U to help us market, sell and distribute our approved products in other markets;	
 
 	•	 	demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of Serenz to the satisfaction of FDA and obtain regulatory approval for Serenz;	
 
 	•	 	complete and submit applications to, and obtain regulatory approval from, foreign regulatory authorities;	
 
 	•	 	complete development activities, including any potential Phase 3 clinical trials of Serenz, successfully and on a timely basis;	
 
 	•	 	establish, maintain and protect our intellectual property rights and avoid third-party patent interference or patent infringement claims; and	
 
 	•	 	attract, hire and retain qualified personnel.	
In addition, because of the numerous risks and uncertainties associated with product development and commercialization, including that Serenz in the U.S. or any or our planned products may not advance through development, achieve the endpoints of applicable clinical trials or obtain approval, we are unable to predict the timing or amount of increased expenses, or when or if we will be able to achieve or maintain profitability. In addition, our expenses could increase beyond expectations if we decide, or are required by the FDA or foreign regulatory authorities, to perform studies or clinical trials in addition to those that we currently anticipate. Even if we are able to complete the development and regulatory process for Serenz in the U.S. or any planned products worldwide, we anticipate incurring significant costs associated with commercializing these products.
Even if we are able to generate significant revenue from the sale of our neonatology products, Serenz or any planned products that may be approved, we may not become profitable and may need to obtain additional funding to continue operations. If we fail to become profitable or are unable to sustain profitability on a continuing basis, then we may be unable to continue our operations at planned levels and be forced to reduce or shut down our operations.
Our operating results may fluctuate significantly, which makes our future operating results difficult to predict and could cause our operating results to fall below expectations or below our guidance.
Our quarterly and annual operating results may fluctuate significantly in the future, which makes it difficult for us to predict our future operating results. From time to time, we may enter into collaboration agreements with other companies that include development funding and significant upfront and milestone payments or royalties, which may become an important source of our revenue. Accordingly, our revenue may depend on development funding and the achievement of development and
 
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clinical milestones under any potential future collaboration and license agreements and sales of our products, if approved. These upfront and milestone payments may vary significantly from period to period, and any such variance could cause a significant fluctuation in our operating results from one period to the next. In addition, we measure compensation cost for stock-based awards made to employees at the grant date of the award, based on the fair value of the award as determined by our Board of Directors, and recognize the cost as an expense over the employee’s requisite service period. As the variables that we use as a basis for valuing these awards change over time, including our underlying stock price and stock price volatility, the magnitude of the expense that we must recognize may vary significantly. Furthermore, our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of other factors, many of which are outside of our control and may be difficult to predict, including the following:
 
 	•	 	the cost and risk of initiating sales and marketing activities;	
 
 	•	 	the timing and cost of, and level of investment in, research and development activities relating to our planned products, which will change from time to time;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to enroll patients in clinical trials and the timing of enrollment;	
 
 	•	 	the cost of manufacturing our Serenz and our neonatology products may vary depending on FDA and other regulatory requirements, the quantity of production and the terms of our agreements with manufacturers;	
 
 	•	 	expenditures that we will or may incur to acquire or develop additional planned products and technologies;	
 
 	•	 	the design, timing and outcomes of clinical studies for Serenz in the U.S. and any planned products or competing planned products;	
 
 	•	 	changes in the competitive landscape of our industry, including consolidation among our competitors or potential partners;	
 
 	•	 	any delays in regulatory review or approval in the U.S., or, if applicable, globally, of Serenz or any of our planned products;	
 
 	•	 	the level of demand for our neonatology products, and for Serenz and any planned products, should they receive approval, in the U.S., or, if applicable, globally,which may fluctuate significantly and be difficult to predict;	
 
 	•	 	the risk/benefit profile, cost and reimbursement policies with respect to our future products, if approved, and existing and potential future drugs that compete with our planned products;	
 
 	•	 	competition from existing and potential future offerings that compete with neonatology products, Serenz or any of our planned products;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to commercialize our neonatology products or any planned product inside and outside of the U.S., either independently or working with third parties;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to establish and maintain collaborations, licensing or other arrangements;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to adequately support future growth;	
 
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 	•	 	potential unforeseen business disruptions that increase our costs or expenses;	
 
 	•	 	future accounting pronouncements or changes in our accounting policies; and	
 
 	•	 	the changing and volatile global economic environment.	
The cumulative effects of these factors could result in large fluctuations and unpredictability in our quarterly and annual operating results. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Investors should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance. This variability and unpredictability could also result in our failing to meet the expectations of industry or financial analysts or investors for any period. If our revenue or operating results fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any forecasts we may provide to the market, or if the forecasts we provide to the market are below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our Common Stock could decline substantially. Such a stock price decline could occur even when we have met any previously publicly stated revenue or earnings guidance we may provide.
We may need additional funds to support our operations, and such funding may not be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all, which would force us to delay, reduce or suspend our research and development programs and other operations or commercialization efforts. Raising additional capital may subject us to unfavorable terms, cause dilution to our existing stockholders, restrict our operations, or require us to relinquish rights to our planned products and technologies.
The commercialization of our products, as well as the completion of the development and the potential commercialization of planned products, will require substantial funds. As of September 30, 2016, we had approximately $5.4 million in cash and cash equivalents. Our future financing requirements will depend on many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including the following:
 
 	•	 	the cost of activities and added personnel associated with the commercialization of our products, including marketing, manufacturing, and distribution;	
 
 	•	 	the cost to manufacture our products on a larger scale;	
 
 	•	 	the degree and rate of market acceptance of our products, and the revenue that we are able to collect as a result;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to set a commercially attractive price for our products, and our customers’ perception of the value relative to the prices we set;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to clarify the regulatory path in the U.S. for Serenz, and the potential requirement for additional pivotal clinical studies;	
 
 	•	 	the timing of, and costs involved in, seeking and obtaining approvals from the FDA and other regulatory authorities for Serenz and other planned products;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to obtain additional partners for Serenz in the E.U. on attractive economic terms, or engage in commercial sales of Serenz on our own or through distributors, or maintain existing distributors;	
 
 	•	 	the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights and/or the loss of those rights;	
 
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 	•	 	our ability to enter into distribution, collaboration, licensing, commercialization or other arrangements and the terms and timing of such arrangements;	
 
 	•	 	the emergence of competing technologies or other adverse market developments;	
 
 	•	 	the costs of attracting, hiring and retaining qualified personnel;	
 
 	•	 	unforeseen developments during our clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	unforeseen changes in healthcare reimbursement for any of our approved products;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to maintain commercial scale manufacturing capacity and capability with a commercially acceptable cost structure;	
 
 	•	 	unanticipated financial resources needed to respond to technological changes and increased competition;	
 
 	•	 	enactment of new legislation or administrative regulations;	
 
 	•	 	the application to our business of new regulatory interpretations;	
 
 	•	 	claims that might be brought in excess of our insurance coverage;	
 
 	•	 	the failure to comply with regulatory guidelines; and	
 
 	•	 	the uncertainty in industry demand.	
Other than the financing transaction related to the proposed merger with Essentialis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, contemplated to be up to approximately $8,000,000, we do not have any material committed external source of funds or other support for our commercialization and development efforts. Until we can generate a sufficient amount of product revenue to finance our cash requirements, which we may never achieve, we expect to finance future cash needs through a combination of public or private equity offerings, debt financings, collaborations, strategic alliances, licensing arrangements and other marketing and distribution arrangements. Additional financing may not be available to us when we need it or it may not be available on favorable terms. If we raise additional capital through marketing and distribution arrangements or other collaborations, strategic alliances or licensing arrangements with third parties, we may have to relinquish certain valuable rights to Serenz, CoSense, or potential planned products, technologies, future revenue streams or research programs, or grant licenses on terms that may not be favorable to us. If we raise additional capital through public or private equity offerings, the ownership interest of our existing stockholders will be diluted, and the terms of these securities may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect our stockholders’ rights. If we raise additional capital through debt financing, we may be subject to covenants limiting or restricting our ability to take specific actions, such as incurring additional debt, making capital expenditures or declaring dividends. If we are unable to obtain adequate financing when needed, we may have to delay, reduce the scope of, or suspend one or more of our clinical studies or research and development programs or our commercialization efforts.
The extent to which we utilize the Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital as a source of funding will depend on a number of factors, including the prevailing market price of our Common Stock, the volume of trading in our Common Stock and the extent to which we are able to secure funds from other sources. The number of shares that we may sell to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement on
 
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any given day and during the term of the agreement is limited. Additionally, we and Aspire Capital may not effect any sales of shares of our Common Stock under the Aspire Purchase Agreement during the continuance of an event of default or on any trading day that the closing sale price of our Common Stock is less than $0.25 per share. Even if we are able to access the full $17.0 million under the Purchase Agreement, we will still need additional capital to fully implement our business, operating and development plans.
On July 5, 2016 and September 29, 2016, we issued $3,151,000 and $10,629,000 worth of shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, respectively, which are convertible into 13,780,000 shares of our Common Stock, to funds affiliated with Sabby Management, LLC, or Sabby, pursuant to a Securities Purchase Agreement, or the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, by and among us and Sabby.
In addition, at the first closing held on July 5, 2016 under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement and the second closing held on September 29, 2016 under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, we repurchased $1,779,012 and $6,000,988, respectively, worth of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock held by Sabby.
Risks related to the development and commercialization of our products
Our success depends heavily on the successful commercialization of our CoSense device to aid in diagnosis of neonatal hemolysis and of our Serenz device to relieve the nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis. If we are unable to sell sufficient numbers of our products, our revenues may be insufficient to achieve profitability.
With the exception of revenue generated from the sale of products acquired from NFI, we will derive substantially all of our revenues from sales of CoSense devices and consumables globally and our Serenz devices in the E.U. for the foreseeable future. If we cannot generate sufficient revenues from sales, we may be unable to finance our continuing operations.
We may not be successful in commercializing our approved products
Our efforts to launch CoSense into the neonatology marketplace and Serenz in the E.U. are subject to a variety of risks, any of which may prevent or limit sales of CoSense and Serenz. Furthermore, commercialization of products into the medical marketplace is subject to a variety of regulations regarding the manner in which potential customers may be engaged, the manner in which products may be lawfully advertised, and the claims that can be made for the benefits of the product, among other things. Our lack of experience with product launches may expose us to a higher than usual level of risk of non-compliance with these regulations, with consequences that may include fines or the removal of our approved products from the marketplace by regulatory authorities.
If we are unable to execute our sales and marketing strategy for our neonatology products and for Serenz, and are unable to gain acceptance in the market, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our business.
Although we believe that Serenz, our neonatology, and other planned products represent promising commercial opportunities, our products may never gain significant acceptance in the marketplace and therefore may never generate substantial revenue or profits for us. We will need to establish a market for Serenz in the E.U. and for our neonatology products globally and build these markets through physician education, awareness programs, and other marketing efforts. Gaining acceptance in medical communities depends on a variety of factors, including clinical data published or reported in reputable contexts and word-of-mouth between physicians. The process of publication in
 
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leading medical journals is subject to a peer review process and peer reviewers may not consider the results of our studies sufficiently novel or worthy of publication. Failure to have our studies published in peer-reviewed journals may limit the adoption of our products. Our ability to successfully market Serenz in the E.U., as well as products globally will depend on numerous factors, including:
 
 	•	 	the outcomes of clinical utility studies of such products in collaboration with key thought leaders to demonstrate our products’ value in informing important medical decisions such as treatment selection;	
 
 	•	 	the success of our distribution partners;	
 
 	•	 	whether healthcare providers believe such tests provide clinical utility;	
 
 	•	 	whether the medical community accepts that such tests are sufficiently sensitive and specific to be meaningful in patient care and treatment decisions; and	
 
 	•	 	whether hospital administrators, health insurers, government health programs and other payors will cover and pay for such tests and, if so, whether they will adequately reimburse us.	
We are relying, or will rely, on third parties with whom we are directly engaged with, but who we do not control, to distribute and sell our products. If these distributors are not committed to our products or otherwise run into their own financial or other difficulties, it may result in failure to achieve widespread market acceptance of Serenz, and our neonatology and other products, and would materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If physicians decide not to order our neonatology products in significant numbers, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenue to sustain our business.
To generate demand for our neonatology and other planned products, we will need to educate physicians, neonatologists, pediatricians, and other health care professionals on the clinical utility, benefits and value of the tests we provide through published papers, presentations at scientific conferences, educational programs and one-on-one education sessions by members of our sales force. In addition, we will need support of hospital administrators that the clinical and economic utility of CoSense justifies payment for the device and consumables at adequate pricing levels. We need to hire additional commercial, scientific, technical and other personnel to support this process.
In addition, although treatment guidelines recommend ETCO testing, physicians are free to practice in accordance with their own judgment, and may not adopt ETCO testing to the extent recommended by the guidelines, or at all. While the current AAP guidelines recommend ETCO measurement be performed to assess the presence of hemolysis in neonates requiring phototherapy, neonates unresponsive to phototherapy or readmitted for phototherapy, and neonates with bilirubin levels approaching exchange transfusion levels. AAP guidelines are updated approximately every ten years, and since the current guidelines were published in 2004, these guidelines may change in the near term.
If we cannot convince medical practitioners to order and pay for our current test and our planned tests, and if we cannot convince institutions to pay for our current test and our planned tests, we will likely be unable to create demand in sufficient volume for us to achieve sustained profitability.
If Serenz or our neonatology or other planned products do not continue to perform as expected, our operating results, reputation and business will suffer.
 
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Our success depends on the market’s confidence that Serenz in the E.U., and our neonatology and other planned products worldwide can provide reliable, high-quality diagnostic results or treatments. With respect to our neonatology and other diagnostic products, we believe that our customers are likely to be particularly sensitive to test defects and errors, and prior products made by other companies for the same diagnostic purpose have failed in the marketplace, in part as a result of poor diagnostic accuracy. As a result, the failure of our neonatology and other planned products to perform as expected would significantly impair our reputation and the clinical usefulness of such tests. Reduced sales might result, and we may also be subject to legal claims arising from any defects or errors.
If we cannot compete successfully with other diagnostic modalities, we may be unable to increase or sustain our revenues or achieve and sustain profitability.
Our principal competition for CoSense comes from mainstream diagnostic methods, used by physicians for many years, which focus on invasive blood tests such as the Coombs test, blood counts and serum bilirubin. In addition, transcutaneous monitors of bilirubin also create a competitive threat. It may be difficult to change the methods or behavior of neonatologists and pediatricians to incorporate CoSense in their practices in conjunction with, or instead of, blood tests.
In addition, several larger companies have extensive sales presence in the neonatology area and could potentially develop non-invasive diagnostic tests that compete with our neonatology or other planned products. These include General Electric Healthcare, Fischer & Paykel, Philips, Draeger, Covidien, Masimo, Natus Medical, and CAS Medical. Some of our present and potential competitors have widespread brand recognition and substantially greater financial and technical resources and development, production and marketing capabilities than we do. Others may develop lower-priced tests that payors and physicians could view as functionally equivalent to our current or planned tests, which could force us to lower the list price of our tests. This would impact our operating margins and our ability to achieve and maintain profitability. If we cannot compete successfully against current or future competitors, we may be unable to increase or create market acceptance and sales of our current or planned tests, which could prevent us from increasing or sustaining our revenues or achieving or sustaining profitability.
We expect to continue to incur significant expenses to develop and market additional diagnostic tests, which could make it difficult for us to achieve and sustain profitability.
In recent years, we have incurred significant costs in connection with the development of CoSense. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, our research and development expenses were $1.1 million and $4.2 million, respectively. We expect our expenses to increase for the foreseeable future, as we conduct studies of CoSense and continue to develop our planned products, including tests for hydrogen nitric oxide and other analytes. We will also incur significant expenses to establish a sales and marketing infrastructure, and to drive adoption of and reimbursement for our products. As a result, we need to generate significant revenues in order to achieve sustained profitability.
Serenz may not be approved for sale in the U.S., or in any territory outside of the E.U.
Neither we nor any future collaboration partner can commercialize Serenz in the U.S. without first obtaining regulatory approval for the product from the FDA. In the E.U., we previously obtained CE Mark certification, clearing the device for commercial sale. We recently reactivated the CE Mark certification for Serenz. We commenced pilot sales of Serenz to pharmacies in the E.U. in the second quarter of 2016 to gather commercial feedback in preparation of a full launch of Serenz in 2017.
 
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The approval route for Serenz in the U.S. may be through a device approval or a drug-device combination approval. If it is a device approval pathway, it may be either via the premarket approval, or PMA, process, a de novo 510(k) pathway, or traditional 510(k). Additional randomized, controlled clinical trials and other development work may be necessary to obtain approval. The approval process may take several years to complete, and approval may never be obtained. Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of Serenz for treatment of AR, we must demonstrate with substantial evidence, gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical studies, that the planned product is safe and effective for use for that target indication. We may not conduct such a trial or may not successfully enroll or complete any such trial. Serenz may not achieve the required primary endpoint in the clinical trial, and Serenz may not receive regulatory approval. We must also demonstrate that the manufacturing facilities, processes and controls are adequate. Additionally, the FDA may determine that Serenz should be regulated as a combination product or as a drug, and in that case, the approval process would be further lengthened.
Moreover, obtaining regulatory approval for marketing of Serenz in one country does not ensure we will be able to obtain regulatory approval in other countries, while a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in other countries.
Even if we or any future collaboration partners were to successfully obtain a regulatory approval for Serenz, any approval might contain significant limitations related to use restrictions for specified age groups, warnings, precautions or contraindications, or may be subject to burdensome post-approval study or risk management requirements. If we are unable to obtain regulatory approval for Serenz in one or more jurisdictions, or any approval contains significant limitations, we may not be able to obtain sufficient revenue to justify commercial launch. Also, any regulatory approval of Serenz, once obtained, may be withdrawn. Even if we obtain regulatory approval for Serenz in additional countries, the commercial success of the product will depend on a number of factors, including the following:
 
 	•	 	establishment of commercially viable pricing, and obtaining approval for adequate reimbursement from third-party and government payors;	
 
 	•	 	our ability, or that of third-party manufacturers that we may retain, to manufacture quantities of Serenz using commercially viable processes at a scale sufficient to meet anticipated demand and reduce our cost of manufacturing, and that are compliant with current Good Manufacturing Practices, or cGMP, regulations;	
 
 	•	 	our success in educating physicians and patients about the benefits, administration and use of Serenz;	
 
 	•	 	the availability, perceived advantages, relative cost, relative safety and relative efficacy of alternative and competing treatments;	
 
 	•	 	acceptance of Serenz as safe and effective by patients, caregivers and the medical community; and	
 
 	•	 	a continued acceptable safety profile of Serenz following approval.	
Many of these factors are beyond our control. If we are unable to successfully commercialize Serenz, or unable to obtain a partner to commercialize it, we may not be able to earn any revenues related to Serenz. This would result in an adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
 
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One or more countries in the E.U. may reassess the Class 2a designation and determine that Serenz be regulated in a different manner.
Serenz has CE Mark certification in the E.U. based on it being treated as a Class 2a medical device in constituent E.U. countries. One or more countries in the E.U. may reassess the Class 2a designation and determine that Serenz be regulated differently and if this occurs, controlled clinical trials and other development work may be necessary to maintain regulatory clearances in any such jurisdictions. We may be required to demonstrate with substantial evidence, gathered in preclinical and well-controlled clinical studies, that Serenz is safe and effective for use. We may not be able to conduct such a trial or may not successfully enroll or complete any such trial. Serenz may not achieve the required primary endpoint in the clinical trial As a result, the regulatory process in any such jurisdictions may take several years to complete, and requisite clearances may never be obtained.
The regulatory approval process is expensive, time consuming and uncertain, and may prevent us or our partners from obtaining approval for the commercialization of Serenz or our other development candidates. Approval of Serenz in the U.S. or other territories may require that we, or a partner, conduct additional randomized, controlled clinical trials.
The regulatory pathway for approval of Serenz in the U.S. has not been determined. However, there is a significant risk that the FDA will require us to file for approval via the PMA pathway for devices, or may classify Serenz as a drug-device combination that must be approved via the new drug application, or NDA, pathway typically used for drug products. In either of these cases, the FDA may require that additional randomized, controlled clinical trials be conducted before an application for approval can be filed. These are typically expensive and time consuming, and require substantial commitment of financial and personnel resources from the sponsoring company. These trials also entail significant risk, and the data that results may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA or other regulatory bodies.
Furthermore, regulatory approval of either a PMA or an NDA is not guaranteed, and the filing and approval process itself is expensive and may take several years. The FDA also has substantial discretion in the approval process. Despite the time and expense exerted, failure may occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical studies. The FDA can delay, limit, or deny approval of a future product for many reasons, including but not limited to:
 
 	•	 	a future product may not be deemed to be safe and effective;	
 
 	•	 	FDA officials may not find the data from clinical and preclinical studies sufficient;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA may not approve our or our third-party manufacturer’s processes or facilities; or	
 
 	•	 	the FDA may change its approval policies or adopt new regulations.	
If Serenz, or our future products, fail to demonstrate safety and effectiveness in further clinical studies that may be required, or do not gain regulatory approval, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely harmed.
 
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The mechanism of action of Serenz has not been fully determined or validated.
The exact mechanism of action(s) of Serenz is unknown. Therapeutics are increasingly focused on target-driven development, and an understanding of a future product’s mechanism of action is typically believed to make development less risky. The FDA may view this as increasing the potential risks, and diminishing the potential benefits, of Serenz. In addition, potential partners may view this as a limitation of the program, and it may be more challenging for us to obtain a partnership on favorable terms as a result.
Because the results of preclinical testing and earlier clinical trials, and the results to date in various clinical trials, are not necessarily predictive of future results, Serenz may not have favorable results in later clinical trials or receive regulatory approval.
Success in preclinical testing and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will generate adequate data to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of an investigational product. A number of companies in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, including those with greater resources and experience, have suffered significant setbacks in clinical trials, even after seeing promising results in earlier clinical trials. Despite the results to date in the various clinical studies performed with Serenz, we do not know whether pivotal clinical trials, if the FDA requires they be conducted, will demonstrate adequate effectiveness and safety to result in regulatory approval to market Serenz. Even if we, or a future partner, believe that the data is adequate to support an application for regulatory approval to market our planned products, the FDA or other applicable foreign regulatory authorities may not agree and may require additional clinical trials. If these subsequent clinical trials do not produce favorable results, regulatory approval for Serenz may not be achieved.
There can be no assurance that Serenz will not exhibit new or increased safety risks in subsequent clinical trials. In addition, preclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and many other companies that have believed their planned products performed satisfactorily in preclinical studies and clinical trials have nonetheless failed to obtain regulatory approval for the marketing of their products.
Delays in the enrollment of patients in any of our clinical studies could increase development costs and delay completion of the study.
We or any future collaboration partner may not be able to initiate or continue clinical studies for Serenz if we are unable to locate and enroll a sufficient number of eligible patients to participate in these studies as required by the FDA or other regulatory authorities. Even if a sufficient number of patients can be enrolled in clinical trials, if the pace of enrollment is slower than we expect, the development costs for our planned products may increase and the completion of our studies may be delayed, or the studies could become too expensive to complete.
If clinical studies of Serenz or any of our planned products fail to demonstrate safety and effectiveness to the satisfaction of the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the U.S. or do not otherwise produce positive results, we may incur additional costs, experience delays in completing or ultimately fail in completing the development and commercialization of Serenz or our planned products.
Before obtaining regulatory approval for the sale of any planned product we must conduct extensive clinical studies to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of our planned products in humans. Clinical studies are expensive, difficult to design and implement, can take many years to complete and are uncertain as to outcome. A failure of one or more of our clinical studies could occur at any stage of testing.
 
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Numerous unforeseen events during, or as a result of, clinical studies could occur, which would delay or prevent our ability to receive regulatory approval or commercialize Serenz or any of our planned products, including the following:
 
 	•	 	clinical studies may produce negative or inconclusive results, and we may decide, or regulators may require us, to conduct additional clinical studies or abandon product development programs;	
 
 	•	 	the number of patients required for clinical studies may be larger than we anticipate, enrollment in these clinical studies may be insufficient or slower than we anticipate or patients may drop out of these clinical studies at a higher rate than we anticipate;	
 
 	•	 	the cost of clinical studies or the manufacturing of our planned products may be greater than we anticipate;	
 
 	•	 	third-party contractors may fail to comply with regulatory requirements or meet their contractual obligations to us in a timely manner, or at all;	
 
 	•	 	we might have to suspend or terminate clinical studies of our planned products for various reasons, including a finding that our planned products have unanticipated serious side effects or other unexpected characteristics or that the patients are being exposed to unacceptable health risks;	
 
 	•	 	regulators may not approve our proposed clinical development plans;	
 
 	•	 	regulators or independent institutional review boards, or IRBs, may not authorize us or our investigators to commence a clinical study or conduct a clinical study at a prospective study site;	
 
 	•	 	regulators or IRBs may require that we or our investigators suspend or terminate clinical research for various reasons, including noncompliance with regulatory requirements; and	
 
 	•	 	the supply or quality of our planned products or other materials necessary to conduct clinical studies of our planned products may be insufficient or inadequate.	
If we or any future collaboration partners are required to conduct additional clinical trials or other testing of Serenz or any planned products beyond those that we contemplate, if those clinical studies or other testing cannot be successfully completed, if the results of these studies or tests are not positive or are only modestly positive or if there are safety concerns, we may:
 
 	•	 	be delayed in obtaining marketing approval for our planned products;	
 
 	•	 	not obtain marketing approval at all;	
 
 	•	 	obtain approval for indications that are not as broad as intended;	
 
 	•	 	have the product removed from the market after obtaining marketing approval;	
 
 	•	 	be subject to additional post-marketing testing requirements; or	
 
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 	•	 	be subject to restrictions on how the product is distributed or used.	
Our product development costs will also increase if we experience delays in testing or approvals. We do not know whether any clinical studies will begin as planned, will need to be restructured or will be completed on schedule, or at all. Significant clinical study delays also could shorten any periods during which we may have the exclusive right to commercialize our planned products or allow our competitors to bring products to market before we do, which would impair our ability to commercialize our planned products and harm our business and results of operations.
Even if subsequent clinical trials demonstrate acceptable safety and effectiveness of Serenz for the relief of nasal symptoms related to AR, the FDA or similar regulatory authorities outside the U.S. may not approve Serenz for marketing or may approve it with restrictions on the label, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
It is possible that the FDA or similar regulatory authorities may not consider the results of the clinical trials to be sufficient for approval of Serenz for this indication. In general, the FDA suggests that sponsors complete two adequate and well-controlled clinical studies to demonstrate effectiveness because a conclusion based on two persuasive studies will be more compelling than a conclusion based on a single study. The FDA may nonetheless require that we may conduct additional clinical studies, possibly using a different clinical study design.
Moreover, even if the FDA or other regulatory authorities approve Serenz, the approval may include additional restrictions on the label that could make Serenz less attractive to physicians and patients compared to other products that may be approved for broader indications, which could limit potential sales of Serenz.
If we fail to obtain FDA or other regulatory approval of Serenz, or if the approval is narrower than what we seek, it could impair our ability to realize value from Serenz, and therefore may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Even if Serenz or any planned products receive regulatory approval, these products may fail to achieve the degree of market acceptance by physicians, patients, caregivers, healthcare payors and others in the medical community necessary for commercial success.
If Serenz or any planned products receive regulatory approval from the FDA or other regulatory agencies in jurisdictions in which they are not currently approved, they may nonetheless fail to gain sufficient market acceptance by physicians, hospital administrators, patients, healthcare payors and others in the medical community. The degree of market acceptance of our planned products, if approved for commercial sale, will depend on a number of factors, including the following:
 
 	•	 	the prevalence and severity of any side effects;	
 
 	•	 	their effectiveness and potential advantages compared to alternative treatments;	
 
 	•	 	the price we charge for our planned products;	
 
 	•	 	the willingness of physicians to change their current treatment practices;	
 
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 	•	 	convenience and ease of administration compared to alternative treatments;	
 
 	•	 	the willingness of the target patient population to try new therapies and of physicians to prescribe these therapies;	
 
 	•	 	the strength or effectiveness of marketing and distribution support or partners; and	
 
 	•	 	the availability of third-party coverage or reimbursement.	
For example, a number of companies offer therapies for treatment of AR patients based on a daily regimen, and physicians, patients or their families may not be willing to change their current treatment practices in favor of Serenz even if it is able to offer additional efficacy or more attractive product attributes. If Serenz or any planned products, if approved, do not achieve an adequate level of acceptance, we may not generate significant product revenue and we may not become profitable on a sustained basis or at all.
We currently have limited sales and distribution personnel, and limited marketing capabilities. If we are unable to develop a sales and marketing and distribution capability on our own or through collaborations or other marketing partners, we will not be successful in commercializing our neonatology products, Serenz, or other planned products.
We are currently building a sales and marketing infrastructure and have no experience in the sale, marketing or distribution of diagnostic or therapeutic products. To achieve commercial success for any approved product, we must either develop a sales and marketing infrastructure or outsource these functions to third parties.
There are risks involved with both establishing our own sales and marketing capabilities and entering into arrangements with third parties to perform these services. For example, recruiting and training a sales force is expensive and time-consuming, and could delay any product launch. If the commercial launch of a planned product for which we recruit a sales force and establish marketing capabilities is delayed, or does not occur for any reason, we would have prematurely or unnecessarily incurred these commercialization expenses. This may be costly, and our investment would be lost if we cannot retain or reposition our sales and marketing personnel.
We also may not be successful entering into arrangements with third parties to sell and market our planned products or may be unable to do so on terms that are favorable to us. We likely will have little control over such third parties, and any of them may fail to devote the necessary resources and attention to sell and market our products effectively and could damage our reputation. If we do not establish sales and marketing capabilities successfully, either on our own or in collaboration with third parties, we will not be successful in commercializing our planned products.
We may attempt to form partnerships in the future with respect to Serenz or other future products, but we may not be able to do so, which may cause us to alter our development and commercialization plans, and may cause us to terminate the Serenz program.
We may form strategic alliances, create joint ventures or collaborations, or enter into licensing agreements with third parties that we believe will more effectively provide resources to develop and commercialize our programs. For example, we currently intend to identify one or more new partners or distributors for the commercialization of Serenz. We may also attempt to find one or more strategic partners for the development or commercialization of one or more of our other future products.
 
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We face significant competition in seeking appropriate strategic partners, and the negotiation process to secure favorable terms is time-consuming and complex. In addition, the termination of our license agreement for Serenz with our former partner, may negatively impact the perception of Serenz held by other potential partners for the program. We may not be successful in our efforts to establish such a strategic partnership for any future products and programs on terms that are acceptable to us, or at all.
Any delays in identifying suitable collaborators and entering into agreements to develop or commercialize our future products could negatively impact the development or commercialization of our future products, particularly in geographic regions like the E.U., where we do not currently have development and commercialization infrastructure. Absent a partner or collaborator, we would need to undertake development or commercialization activities at our own expense. If we elect to fund and undertake development and commercialization activities on our own, we may need to obtain additional expertise and additional capital, which may not be available to us on acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to do so, we may not be able to develop our future products or bring them to market, and our business may be materially and adversely affected.
Serenz or our planned products may cause serious adverse side effects or have other properties that could delay or prevent their regulatory approval, limit the commercial desirability of an approved label or result in significant negative consequences following any marketing approval.
The risk of failure of clinical development is high. It is impossible to predict when or if this or any planned products will prove safe enough to receive regulatory approval. Undesirable side effects caused by Serenz or any of our planned products could cause us or regulatory authorities to interrupt, delay or halt clinical trials or could result in a more restrictive label or the delay or denial of regulatory approval by the FDA or other comparable foreign regulatory authority. Additionally, if Serenz or any of our planned products receives additional marketing approvals, and we or others later identify undesirable side effects caused by such product, a number of potentially significant negative consequences could result, including:
 
 	•	 	we may be forced to recall such product and suspend the marketing of such product;	
 
 	•	 	regulatory authorities may withdraw their approvals of such product;	
 
 	•	 	regulatory authorities may require additional warnings on the label that could diminish the usage or otherwise limit the commercial success of such products;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA or other regulatory bodies may issue safety alerts, Dear Healthcare Provider letters, press releases or other communications containing warnings about such product;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA may require the establishment or modification of Risk Evaluation Mitigation Strategies or a comparable foreign regulatory authority may require the establishment or modification of a similar strategy that may, for instance, restrict distribution of our products and impose burdensome implementation requirements on us;	
 
 	•	 	we may be required to change the way the product is administered or conduct additional clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	we could be sued and held liable for harm caused to subjects or patients;	
 
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 	•	 	we may be subject to litigation or product liability claims; and	
 
 	•	 	our reputation may suffer.	
Any of these events could prevent us from achieving or maintaining market acceptance of the particular planned product, if approved.
We face competition, which may result in others discovering, developing or commercializing products before we do, or more successfully than we do.
Alternatives exist for our products and we will likely face competition with respect to any planned products that we may seek to develop or commercialize in the future, from major pharmaceutical companies, specialty pharmaceutical companies, medical device companies, and biotechnology companies worldwide. There are several large pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies that currently market and sell AR therapies to our target patient group. These companies may reduce prices for their competing drugs in an effort to gain or retain market share, and undermine the value proposition that Serenz or our neonatology products might otherwise be able to offer to payors. Potential competitors also include academic institutions, government agencies and other public and private research organizations that conduct research, seek patent protection and establish collaborative arrangements for research, development, manufacturing and commercialization. Many of these competitors are attempting to develop therapeutics for our target indications.
Smaller or early stage companies may also prove to be significant competitors, particularly through collaborative arrangements with large and established companies. These third parties compete with us in recruiting and retaining qualified technical and management personnel, establishing clinical study sites and patient registration for clinical studies, as well as in acquiring technologies complementary to, or necessary for, our programs.
Even if we are able to maintain our existing partners in commercializizing our neonatology products, Serenz, or any planned products, they may become subject to unfavorable pricing regulations, third-party reimbursement practices or healthcare reform initiatives, thereby harming our business.
The regulations that govern marketing approvals, pricing and reimbursement for new products vary widely from country to country. Some countries require approval of the sale price of a product before it can be marketed. In many countries, the pricing review period begins after marketing approval is granted. In some foreign markets, pricing remains subject to continuing governmental control even after initial approval is granted. As a result, we might obtain regulatory approval for a product in a particular country, but then be subject to price regulations that delay our commercial launch of the product and negatively impact the revenue we are able to generate from the sale of the product in that country. Adverse pricing limitations may hinder our ability to recoup our investment in one or more planned products, even if our planned products obtain regulatory approval.
Our ability to commercialize our products successfully also will depend in part on the extent to which reimbursement for these products and related treatments becomes available from government health administration authorities, private health insurers and other organizations. Government authorities and third-party payors, such as private health insurers and health maintenance organizations, decide which medications they will pay for and establish reimbursement levels. A primary trend in the U.S. healthcare industry and elsewhere is cost containment. Government authorities and these third-party payors have attempted to control costs by limiting coverage and the amount of reimbursement for
 
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particular medications. We cannot be sure that reimbursement will be available for any product that we commercialize and, if reimbursement is available, what the level of reimbursement will be. Reimbursement may impact the demand for, or the price of, any product for which we obtain marketing approval. Obtaining reimbursement for our products may be particularly difficult because of the higher prices often associated with products administered under the supervision of a physician. If reimbursement is not available or is available only to limited levels, we may not be able to successfully commercialize any planned product that we successfully develop.
In the U.S., while we expect payments for CoSense to be part of a Diagnosis-Related Group, or DRG, (also known as a bundled payment) we may have to obtain reimbursement for it from payors directly. There may be significant delays in obtaining reimbursement for CoSense, and coverage may be more limited than the purposes for which the product is approved by the FDA or regulatory authorities in other countries. Moreover, eligibility for reimbursement does not imply that any product will be paid for in all cases or at a rate that covers our costs, including research, development, manufacture, sale and distribution. Interim payments for new products, if applicable, may also not be sufficient to cover our costs and may not be made permanent. Payment rates may vary according to the use of the product and the clinical setting in which it is used, may be based on payments allowed for lower cost products that are already reimbursed and may be incorporated into existing payments for other services. Net prices for products may be reduced by mandatory discounts or rebates required by government healthcare programs or private payors and by any future relaxation of laws that presently restrict imports of products from countries where they may be sold at lower prices than in the U.S. Third-party payors often rely upon Medicare coverage policy and payment limitations in setting their own reimbursement policies.
Our inability to promptly obtain coverage and profitable payment rates from both government funded and private payors for new products that we develop could have a material adverse effect on our operating results, our ability to raise capital needed to commercialize products and our overall financial condition. In some foreign countries, including major markets in the E.U. and Japan, the pricing of prescription pharmaceuticals is subject to governmental control. In these countries, pricing negotiations with governmental authorities can take nine to twelve months or longer after the receipt of regulatory marketing approval for a product. To obtain reimbursement or pricing approval in some countries, we may be required to conduct a clinical trial that compares the cost-effectiveness of our product to other available therapies. Our business could be materially harmed if reimbursement of CoSense, if any, is unavailable or limited in scope or amount or if pricing is set at unsatisfactory levels.
Product liability lawsuits against us could cause us to incur substantial liabilities and to limit commercialization of any products that we may develop.
We face an inherent risk of product liability exposure related to the sale of Serenz, our neonatology products and any planned products in human clinical studies. The marketing, sale and use of Serenz, our neonatology products and our planned products could lead to the filing of product liability claims against us if someone alleges that our tests failed to perform as designed. We may also be subject to liability for a misunderstanding of, or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide. If we cannot successfully defend ourselves against claims that our neonatology products or our planned products caused injuries, we may incur substantial liabilities. Regardless of merit or eventual outcome, liability claims may result in:
 
 	•	 	decreased demand for any planned products that we may develop;	
 
 	•	 	injury to our reputation and significant negative media attention;	
 
 	•	 	withdrawal of patients from clinical studies or cancellation of studies;	
 
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 	•	 	significant costs to defend the related litigation and distraction to our management team;	
 
 	•	 	substantial monetary awards to patients;	
 
 	•	 	loss of revenue; and	
 
 	•	 	the inability to commercialize any products that we may develop.	
We currently hold $8.0 million in product liability insurance coverage, which may not be adequate to cover all liabilities that we may incur. Insurance coverage is increasingly expensive. We may not be able to maintain insurance coverage at a reasonable cost or in an amount adequate to satisfy any liability that may arise.
The loss of key members of our executive management team could adversely affect our business.
Our success in implementing our business strategy depends largely on the skills, experience and performance of key members of our executive management team and others in key management positions, including Dr. Anish Bhatnagar, our Chief Executive Officer, David D. O’Toole, our Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Anthony Wondka, our Senior Vice President of Research and Development, Otho Boone, our Vice President and General Manager of Neonatology, and Kristen Yen, our Vice President of Clinical & Regulatory. The collective efforts of each of these persons, and others working with them as a team, are critical to us as we continue to develop our technologies, tests and research and development and sales programs. As a result of the difficulty in locating qualified new management, the loss or incapacity of existing members of our executive management team could adversely affect our operations. If we were to lose one or more of these key employees, we could experience difficulties in finding qualified successors, competing effectively, developing our technologies and implementing our business strategy. Our Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, Vice President & General Manager of Neonatology, Vice President of Clinical & Regulatory, and Senior Vice President of Research and Development all have employment agreements; however, the existence of an employment agreement does not guarantee retention of members of our executive management team and we may not be able to retain those individuals for the duration of or beyond the end of their respective terms. We have secured a $1,000,000 “key person” life insurance policy on our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Anish Bhatnagar, but do not otherwise maintain “key person” life insurance on any of our employees.
The loss of a key employee, the failure of a key employee to perform in his or her current position or our inability to attract and retain skilled employees could result in our inability to continue to grow our business or to implement our business strategy.
In addition, we rely on collaborators, consultants and advisors, including scientific and clinical advisors, to assist us in formulating our research and development and commercialization strategy. Our collaborators, consultants and advisors are generally employed by employers other than us and may have commitments under agreements with other entities that may limit their availability to us.
There is a scarcity of experienced professionals in our industry. If we are not able to retain and recruit personnel with the requisite technical skills, we may be unable to successfully execute our business strategy.
The specialized nature of our industry results in an inherent scarcity of experienced personnel in the field. Our future success depends upon our ability to attract and retain highly skilled personnel, including scientific, technical, commercial, business, regulatory and administrative personnel, necessary to support our anticipated growth, develop our business and perform certain contractual obligations.
 
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Given the scarcity of professionals with the scientific knowledge that we require and the competition for qualified personnel among biotechnology and medical device businesses, we may not succeed in attracting or retaining the personnel we require to continue and grow our operations.
We may encounter manufacturing problems or delays that could result in lost revenue. Additionally, we currently rely on third-party suppliers for critical materials needed to manufacture our Serenz devices, CoSense monitors and consumables, other neonatology products, as well as our planned products. Any problems experienced by these suppliers could result in a delay or interruption of their supply to us, and as a result, we may face delays in the commercialization of our neonatology products or the development and commercialization of planned products.
We perform final assembly of CoSense monitors and consumables at our facility in Redwood City, CA. We believe that we currently have adequate manufacturing capacity. If demand for our current products and our planned products increases significantly, we will need to either expand our manufacturing capabilities or outsource to other manufacturers. We currently have limited experience in commercial-scale manufacturing of our planned products, and we currently rely upon third-party contract manufacturing organizations to manufacture and supply components for our products. The manufacture of these products in compliance with the FDA’s regulations requires significant expertise and capital investment, including the development of advanced manufacturing techniques and process controls. Manufacturers of medical device products often encounter difficulties in production, including difficulties with production costs and yields, quality control, quality assurance testing, shortages of qualified personnel, as well as compliance with strictly enforced FDA requirements, other federal and state regulatory requirements, and foreign regulations.
We currently purchase components for our products under purchase orders and do not have long-term contracts with most of the suppliers of these materials. If suppliers were to delay or stop producing our components, or if the prices they charge us were to increase significantly, or if they elected not to sell to us, we would need to identify other suppliers. We could experience delays in manufacturing the instruments or consumables while finding another acceptable supplier, which could impact our results of operations. The changes could also result in increased costs associated with qualifying the new materials or reagents and in increased operating costs. Further, any prolonged disruption in a supplier’s operations could have a significant negative impact on our ability to manufacture and deliver products in a timely manner. Some of the components used in our products are currently sole-sourced, and substitutes for these components might not be able to be obtained easily or may require substantial design or manufacturing modifications. Any significant problem experienced by one of our sole source suppliers may result in a delay or interruption in the supply of components to us because the number of third-party manufacturers with the necessary manufacturing and regulatory expertise and facilities is limited. Any delay or interruption would likely lead to a delay or interruption in our manufacturing operations. The inclusion of substitute components must meet our product specifications and could require us to qualify the new supplier with the appropriate government regulatory authorities. It could be expensive and take a significant amount of time to arrange for alternative suppliers, which could have a material adverse effect on our business. New manufacturers of any planned product would be required to qualify under applicable regulatory requirements and would need to have sufficient rights under applicable intellectual property laws to the method of manufacturing the product. Obtaining the necessary FDA approvals or other qualifications under applicable regulatory requirements and ensuring non-infringement of third-party intellectual property rights could result in a significant interruption of supply and could require the new manufacturer to bear significant additional costs that may be passed on to us.
 
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We currently contract manufacture Serenz in China with a sole-source third party out-sourced manufacturing supplier. We do not have any backup manufacturing capability. If our sole-source supplier is harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including fire, earthquake, flooding and power outages, our supply of Serenz will be interrupted. Also there can be no guarantee that we can maintain a commercial relationship with this supplier on acceptable economic terms.
We may acquire other businesses or form joint ventures or make investments in other companies or technologies that could harm our operating results, dilute our stockholders’ ownership, increase our debt or cause us to incur significant expense.
As part of our business strategy, we may pursue acquisitions or licenses of assets or acquisitions of businesses, including the proposed acquisition of Essentialis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger entered into On December 22, 2016. We also may pursue strategic alliances and joint ventures that leverage our core technology and industry experience to expand our product offerings or sales and distribution resources. Our company has limited experience with acquiring other companies, acquiring or licensing assets or forming strategic alliances and joint ventures. We may not be able to find suitable partners or acquisition candidates, and we may not be able to complete such transactions on favorable terms, if at all. If we make any acquisitions, we may not be able to integrate these acquisitions successfully into our existing business, and we could assume unknown or contingent liabilities. Any future acquisitions also could result in significant write-offs or the incurrence of debt and contingent liabilities, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. Integration of an acquired company also may disrupt ongoing operations and require management resources that would otherwise focus on developing our existing business. We may experience losses related to investments in other companies, which could have a material negative effect on our results of operations.
We may not identify or complete these transactions in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, or at all, and we may not realize the anticipated benefits of any acquisition, license, strategic alliance or joint venture. To finance such a transaction we may choose to issue shares of our Common Stock as consideration, which would dilute the ownership of our stockholders. If the price of our Common Stock is low or volatile, we may not be able to acquire other companies or fund a joint venture project using our stock as consideration. Alternatively, it may be necessary for us to raise additional funds for acquisitions through public or private financings. Additional funds may not be available on terms that are favorable to us, or at all.
International expansion of our business will expose us to business, regulatory, political, operational, financial and economic risks associated with doing business outside of the U.S.
We have distribution partners for CoSense in China, India, Canada, Turkey, Denmark, Qatar and Saudi Arabia. We recently launched pilot sales of Serenz in the U.K. and Ireland. Our business strategy contemplates international expansion, including partnering with medical device distributors, and introducing our neonatology products and other planned products outside the U.S. Doing business internationally involves a number of risks, including:
 
 	•	 	multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as tax laws, export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;	
 
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 	•	 	potential failure by us or our distributors to obtain regulatory approvals for the sale or use of our current products and our planned future products in various countries;	
 
 	•	 	difficulties in managing foreign operations;	
 
 	•	 	complexities associated with managing government payor systems, multiple payor-reimbursement regimes or self-pay systems;	
 
 	•	 	logistics and regulations associated with shipping products, including infrastructure conditions and transportation delays;	
 
 	•	 	limits on our ability to penetrate international markets if our distributors do not execute successfully;	
 
 	•	 	financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty enforcing contracts and collecting accounts receivable, and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;	
 
 	•	 	reduced protection for intellectual property rights, or lack of them in certain jurisdictions, forcing more reliance on our trade secrets, if available;	
 
 	•	 	natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism and political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade and other business restrictions; and	
 
 	•	 	failure to comply with the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, including its books and records provisions and its anti-bribery provisions, by maintaining accurate information and control over sales activities and distributors’ activities.	
Any of these risks, if encountered, could significantly harm our future international expansion and operations and, consequently, have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
Intrusions into our computer systems could result in compromise of confidential information.
The accuracy of CoSense depends, in part, on the function of software run by the microprocessors embedded in the device. This software is proprietary to us. While we have made efforts to test the software extensively, it is potentially subject to malfunction. It may be vulnerable to physical break-ins, hackers, improper employee or contractor access, computer viruses, programming errors, or similar problems. Any of these might result in confidential medical, business or other information of other persons or of ourselves being revealed to unauthorized persons.
The CoSense monitor also stores test results, a feature which assists medical professionals in interfacing the device with electronic medical records systems. There are a number of state, federal and international laws protecting the privacy and security of health information and personal data. As part of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 2009, or ARRA, Congress amended the privacy and security provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, or HIPAA. HIPAA imposes limitations on the use and disclosure of an individual’s healthcare information by healthcare providers, healthcare clearinghouses, and health insurance plans, collectively referred to as covered entities. The HIPAA amendments also impose compliance obligations and corresponding penalties for non-compliance on individuals and entities that provide services to healthcare providers and other covered entities, collectively referred to as business associates. ARRA also made significant increases in the penalties for improper use or disclosure of an individual’s health information under HIPAA and
 
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extended enforcement authority to state attorneys general. The amendments also create notification requirements for individuals whose health information has been inappropriately accessed or disclosed: notification requirements to federal regulators and in some cases, notification to local and national media. Notification is not required under HIPAA if the health information that is improperly used or disclosed is deemed secured in accordance with encryption or other standards developed by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or HHS. Most states have laws requiring notification of affected individuals and state regulators in the event of a breach of personal information, which is a broader class of information than the health information protected by HIPAA. Many state laws impose significant data security requirements, such as encryption or mandatory contractual terms to ensure ongoing protection of personal information. Activities outside of the U.S. implicate local and national data protection standards, impose additional compliance requirements and generate additional risks of enforcement for non-compliance. We may be required to expend significant capital and other resources to ensure ongoing compliance with applicable privacy and data security laws, to protect against security breaches and hackers or to alleviate problems caused by such breaches.
Risks related to the operation of our business
Any future distribution or commercialization agreements we may enter into for our neonatology products, Serenz, or any other planned product, may place the development of these products outside our control, may require us to relinquish important rights, or may otherwise be on terms unfavorable to us.
We may enter into additional distribution or commercialization agreements with third parties with respect to our neonatology products, to Serenz, or with respect to planned products, for commercialization in or outside the U.S. Our likely collaborators for any distribution, marketing, licensing or other collaboration arrangements include large and mid-size medical device and diagnostic companies, regional and national medical device and diagnostic companies, and distribution or group purchasing organizations. We will have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that our collaborators dedicate to the development or commercialization of our products. Our ability to generate revenue from these arrangements will depend in part on our collaborators’ abilities to successfully perform the functions assigned to them in these arrangements.
Collaborations involving our products are subject to numerous risks, which may include the following:
 
 	•	 	collaborators have significant discretion in determining the efforts and resources that they will apply to any such collaborations;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators may not pursue development and commercialization of our products, or may elect not to continue or renew efforts based on clinical study results, changes in their strategic focus for a variety of reasons, potentially including the acquisition of competitive products, availability of funding, and mergers or acquisitions that divert resources or create competing priorities;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators may delay clinical studies, provide insufficient funding for a clinical study program, stop a clinical study, abandon a product, repeat or conduct new clinical studies or require a new engineering iterations of a product for clinical testing;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators could independently develop, or develop with third parties, products that compete directly or indirectly with our products;	
 
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 	•	 	a collaborator with marketing and distribution rights to one or more products may not commit sufficient resources to their marketing and distribution;	
 
 	•	 	collaborators may not properly maintain or defend our intellectual property rights or may use our intellectual property or proprietary information in a way that gives rise to actual or threatened litigation that could jeopardize or invalidate our intellectual property or proprietary information or expose us to potential liability;	
 
 	•	 	disputes may arise between us and a collaborator that causes the delay or termination of the research, development or commercialization of our products or that results in costly litigation or arbitration that diverts management attention and resources;	
 
 	•	 	collaborations may be terminated and, if terminated, may result in a need for additional capital to pursue further development or commercialization of the applicable products; and	
 
 	•	 	collaborators may own or co-own intellectual property covering our products that results from our collaborating with them, and in such cases, we would not have the exclusive right to commercialize such intellectual property.	
Any termination or disruption of collaborations could result in delays in the development of products, increases in our costs to develop the products or the termination of development of a product.
We expect to expand our development, regulatory and sales and marketing capabilities, and as a result, we may encounter difficulties in managing our growth, which could disrupt our operations.
As of December 31, 2016, we had 26 employees and 3 full-time or part-time consultants. Over the next several years, we expect to experience significant growth in the number of our employees and the scope of our operations, particularly in the areas of engineering, product development, regulatory affairs and sales and marketing. To manage our anticipated future growth, we must continue to implement and improve our managerial, operational and financial systems, expand our facilities and continue to recruit and train additional qualified personnel. Due to our limited financial resources and the limited experience of our management team in managing a company with such anticipated growth, we may not be able to effectively manage the expansion of our operations or recruit and train additional qualified personnel. The physical expansion of our operations may lead to significant costs and may divert our management and business development resources. Future growth would impose significant added responsibilities on members of management, including:
 
 	•	 	managing our clinical trials effectively, which we anticipate being conducted at numerous clinical sites;	
 
 	•	 	identifying, recruiting, maintaining, motivating and integrating additional employees with the expertise and experience we will require;	
 
 	•	 	managing our internal development efforts effectively while complying with our contractual obligations to licensors, licensees, contractors and other third parties;	
 
 	•	 	managing additional relationships with various strategic partners, suppliers and other third parties;	
 
 	•	 	improving our managerial, development, operational and finance reporting systems and procedures; and	
 
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 	•	 	expanding our facilities.	
Our failure to accomplish any of these tasks could prevent us from successfully growing. Any inability to manage growth could delay the execution of our business plans or disrupt our operations.
Because we intend to commercialize our products outside the U.S., we will be subject to additional risks.
A variety of risks associated with international operations could materially adversely affect our business, including:
 
 	•	 	different regulatory requirements for device approvals in foreign countries;	
 
 	•	 	reduced protection for intellectual property rights;	
 
 	•	 	unexpected changes in tariffs, trade barriers and regulatory requirements;	
 
 	•	 	economic weakness, including inflation or political instability in particular foreign economies and markets;	
 
 	•	 	compliance with tax, employment, immigration and labor laws for employees living or traveling abroad;	
 
 	•	 	foreign taxes, including withholding of payroll taxes;	
 
 	•	 	foreign currency fluctuations, which could result in increased operating expenses and reduced revenue, and other obligations incident to doing business in another country;	
 
 	•	 	workforce uncertainty in countries where labor unrest is more common than in the U.S.;	
 
 	•	 	production shortages resulting from any events affecting raw material supply or manufacturing capabilities abroad; and	
 
 	•	 	business interruptions resulting from geopolitical actions, including war and terrorism, or natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, floods and fires	
We rely on third parties to conduct certain components of our clinical studies, and those third parties may not perform satisfactorily, including failing to meet deadlines for the completion of such studies.
We rely on third parties, such as contract research organizations, or CROs, clinical data management organizations, medical institutions and clinical investigators, to perform various functions for our clinical trials. Our reliance on these third parties for clinical development activities reduces our control over these activities but does not relieve us of our responsibilities. We remain responsible for ensuring that each of our clinical studies is conducted in accordance with the general investigational plan and protocols for the study. Moreover, the FDA requires us to comply with regulations and with standards, commonly referred to as good clinical practices, for conducting, recording and reporting the results of clinical studies to assure that data and reported results are credible and accurate and that the rights, integrity and confidentiality of patients in clinical studies are protected. Furthermore, these third parties may also have relationships with other entities, some of which may be our competitors. If these third parties do not successfully carry out their contractual duties, meet expected deadlines or conduct our
 
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clinical studies in accordance with regulatory requirements or our stated protocols, we will not be able to obtain, or may be delayed in obtaining, regulatory approvals for our planned products and will not be able to, or may be delayed in our efforts to, successfully commercialize our planned products.
If we use biological and hazardous materials in a manner that causes injury, we could be liable for damages.
Our manufacturing processes currently require the controlled use of potentially harmful chemicals. We cannot eliminate the risk of accidental contamination or injury to employees or third parties from the use, storage, handling or disposal of these materials. In the event of contamination or injury, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources or any applicable insurance coverage we may have. Additionally, we are subject to, on an ongoing basis, federal, state and local laws and regulations governing the use, storage, handling and disposal of these materials and specified waste products. These are particularly stringent in California, where our manufacturing facility and several suppliers are located. The cost of compliance with these laws and regulations may become significant and could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In the event of an accident or if we otherwise fail to comply with applicable regulations, we could lose our permits or approvals or be held liable for damages or penalized with fines.
Risks related to intellectual property
Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on the success of our business.
Patent litigation is prevalent in the medical device and diagnostic sectors. Our commercial success depends upon our ability and the ability of our distributors, contract manufacturers, and suppliers to manufacture, market, and sell our planned products, and to use our proprietary technologies without infringing, misappropriating or otherwise violating the proprietary rights or intellectual property of third parties. We may become party to, or be threatened with, future adversarial proceedings or litigation regarding intellectual property rights with respect to our products and technology. Third parties may assert infringement claims against us based on existing or future intellectual property rights. If we are found to infringe a third-party’s intellectual property rights, we could be required to obtain a license from such third-party to continue developing and marketing our products and technology. We may also elect to enter into such a license in order to settle pending or threatened litigation. However, we may not be able to obtain any required license on commercially reasonable terms or at all. Even if we were able to obtain a license, it could be non-exclusive, thereby giving our competitors access to the same technologies licensed to us, and could require us to pay significant royalties and other fees.
We could be forced, including by court order, to cease commercializing the infringing technology or product. In addition, we could be found liable for monetary damages. A finding of infringement could prevent us from commercializing our planned products or force us to cease some of our business operations, which could materially harm our business. Many of our employees were previously employed at universities or other biotechnology or pharmaceutical companies, including our competitors or potential competitors. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information or know-how of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee’s former employer. These and other claims that we have misappropriated the confidential information or trade secrets of third parties can have a similar negative impact on our business to the infringement claims discussed above.
 
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Even if we are successful in defending against intellectual property claims, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to such claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the price of our Common Stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce our resources available for development activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to adequately conduct such litigation or proceedings. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their substantially greater financial resources. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of litigation or other intellectual property related proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.
If we fail to comply with our obligations in our intellectual property agreements, we could lose intellectual property rights that are important to our business.
We are a party to intellectual property arrangements and expect that our future license agreements will impose, various diligence, milestone payment, royalty, insurance and other obligations on us. If we fail to comply with these obligations, any licensor may have the right to terminate such agreements, in which event we may not be able to develop and market any product that is covered by such agreements.
The risks described elsewhere pertaining to our intellectual property rights also apply to any intellectual property rights that we may license, and any failure by us or any future licensor to obtain, maintain, defend and enforce these rights could have a material adverse effect on our business.
Our ability to successfully commercialize our technology and products may be materially adversely affected if we are unable to obtain and maintain effective intellectual property rights for our technologies and planned products, or if the scope of the intellectual property protection is not sufficiently broad.
Our success depends in large part on our ability to obtain and maintain patent and other intellectual property protection in the U.S. and in other countries with respect to our proprietary technology and products.
The patent position of medical device and diagnostic companies generally is highly uncertain and involves complex legal and factual questions for which legal principles remain unresolved. In recent years patent rights have been the subject of significant litigation. As a result, the issuance, scope, validity, enforceability and commercial value of the patent rights we rely on are highly uncertain. Pending and future patent applications may not result in patents being issued which protect our technology or products or which effectively prevent others from commercializing competitive technologies and products. Changes in either the patent laws or interpretation of the patent laws in the U.S. and other countries may diminish the value of the patents we rely on or narrow the scope of our patent protection. The laws of foreign countries may not protect our rights to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. Publications of discoveries in the scientific literature often lag behind the actual discoveries, and patent applications in the U.S. and other jurisdictions are typically not published until 18 months after filing, or in some cases not at all. Therefore, we cannot be certain that we were the first to make the inventions claimed in our patents or pending patent applications, or that we or were the first to file for patent protection of such inventions.
 
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Even if the patent applications we rely on issue as patents, they may not issue in a form that will provide us with any meaningful protection, prevent competitors from competing with us or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Our competitors may be able to circumvent our patents by developing similar or alternative technologies or products in a non-infringing manner. The issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its scope, validity or enforceability, and the patents we rely on may be challenged in the courts or patent offices in the U.S. and abroad. Such challenges may result in patent claims being narrowed, invalidated or held unenforceable, which could limit our ability to stop or prevent us from stopping others from using or commercializing similar or identical technology and products, or limit the duration of the patent protection of our technology and products. Given the amount of time required for the development, testing and regulatory review of new planned products, patents protecting such products might expire before or shortly after such products are commercialized. As a result, our patent portfolio may not provide us with sufficient rights to exclude others from commercializing products similar or identical to ours or otherwise provide us with a competitive advantage.
We may become involved in legal proceedings to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could be expensive, time-consuming, or unsuccessful.
Competitors may infringe or otherwise violate the patents we rely on, or our other intellectual property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time-consuming. Any claims that we assert against perceived infringers could also provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us alleging that we infringe their intellectual property rights. In addition, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that a patent we are asserting is invalid or unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the grounds that the patents we are asserting do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceeding could put one or more patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.
Interference or derivation proceedings provoked by third parties or brought by the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, or USPTO, or any foreign patent authority may be necessary to determine the priority of inventions or other matters of inventorship with respect to patents and patent applications. We may become involved in proceedings, including oppositions, interferences, derivation proceedings inter partes reviews, patent nullification proceedings, or re-examinations, challenging our patent rights or the patent rights of others, and the outcome of any such proceedings are highly uncertain. An adverse determination in any such proceeding could reduce the scope of, or invalidate, important patent rights, allow third parties to commercialize our technology or products and compete directly with us, without payment to us, or result in our inability to manufacture or commercialize products without infringing third-party patent rights. Our business also could be harmed if a prevailing party does not offer us a license on commercially reasonable terms, if any license is offered at all. Litigation or other proceedings may fail and, even if successful, may result in substantial costs and distract our management and other employees. We may also become involved in disputes with others regarding the ownership of intellectual property rights. If we are unable to resolve these disputes, we could lose valuable intellectual property rights.
Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical or management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a substantial adverse effect on the market price of our Common Stock. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing or
 
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distribution activities. Uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of intellectual property litigation or other proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to compete in the marketplace.
If we are unable to protect the confidentiality of our trade secrets, the value of our technology could be materially adversely affected, harming our business and competitive position.
In addition to our patented technology and products, we rely upon confidential proprietary information, including trade secrets, unpatented know-how, technology and other proprietary information, to develop and maintain our competitive position. Any disclosure to or misappropriation by third parties of our confidential proprietary information could enable competitors to quickly duplicate or surpass our technological achievements, thus eroding our competitive position in the market. We seek to protect our confidential proprietary information, in part, by confidentiality agreements with our employees and our collaborators and consultants. We also have agreements with our employees and selected consultants that obligate them to assign their inventions to us. These agreements are designed to protect our proprietary information, however, we cannot be certain that our trade secrets and other confidential information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets, or that technology relevant to our business will not be independently developed by a person that is not a party to such an agreement. Furthermore, if the employees, consultants or collaborators that are parties to these agreements breach or violate the terms of these agreements, we may not have adequate remedies for any such breach or violation, and we could lose our trade secrets through such breaches or violations. Further, our trade secrets could be disclosed, misappropriated or otherwise become known or be independently discovered by our competitors. In addition, intellectual property laws in foreign countries may not protect trade secrets and confidential information to the same extent as the laws of the U.S. If we are unable to prevent disclosure of the intellectual property related to our technologies to third parties, we may not be able to establish or maintain a competitive advantage in our market, which would harm our ability to protect our rights and have a material adverse effect on our business.
We may not be able to protect or enforce our intellectual property rights throughout the world.
Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on all of our planned products throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive to us. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products and, further, may export otherwise infringing products to territories where we have patent protection but where enforcement is not as strong as in the U.S. These products may compete with our products in jurisdictions where we do not have any issued patents and our patent claims or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from so competing. Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of certain countries, particularly certain developing countries, do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection, particularly those relating to biopharmaceuticals, which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents or marketing of competing products in violation of our proprietary rights generally. Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business.
Intellectual property rights do not necessarily address all potential threats to our competitive advantage.
The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:
 
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 	•	 	Others may be able to make products that are similar to our neonatology products or other planned products, but that are not covered by claims in our patents;	
 
 	•	 	The original filers of our patents that we developed or purchased might not have been the first to make the inventions covered by the claims contained in such patents;	
 
 	•	 	We might not have been the first to file patent applications covering an invention;	
 
 	•	 	Others may independently develop similar or alternative technologies or duplicate any of our technologies without infringing our intellectual property rights;	
 
 	•	 	Pending patent applications may not lead to issued patents;	
 
 	•	 	Issued patents may not provide us with any competitive advantages, or may be held invalid or unenforceable, as a result of legal challenges by our competitors;	
 
 	•	 	Our competitors might conduct research and development activities in countries where we do not have patent rights and then use the information learned from such activities to develop competitive products for sale in our major commercial markets;	
 
 	•	 	We may not develop or in-license additional proprietary technologies that are patentable; and	
 
 	•	 	The patents of others may have an adverse effect on our business.	
Should any of these events occur, they could significantly harm our business, results of operations and prospects.
Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.
Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees and various other governmental fees on patents or applications will be due to be paid by us to the USPTO and various governmental patent agencies outside of the U.S. in several stages over the lifetime of the patents or applications. The USPTO and various non-U.S. governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other similar provisions during the patent application process. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of the patent or patent application, resulting in partial or complete loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, our competitors might be able to use our technologies and this circumstance would have a material adverse effect on our business
Recent patent reform legislation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of our issued patents.
In March 2013, under the America Invents Act, or AIA, the U.S. moved to a first-to-file system and made certain other changes to its patent laws. The effects of these changes are currently unclear as the USPTO must still implement various regulations, the courts have yet to address these provisions and the applicability of the act and new regulations on specific patents discussed herein have not been determined and would need to be reviewed. Accordingly, it is not yet clear what, if any, impact the AIA will have on the operation of our business. However, the AIA and its implementation could increase the uncertainties and costs surrounding the prosecution of patent applications and the enforcement or defense of issued patents, all of which could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition.
 
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If we do not obtain a patent term extension in the U.S. under the Hatch-Waxman Act and in foreign countries under similar legislation, thereby potentially extending the term of our marketing exclusivity for our planned products, our business may be materially harmed.
Depending upon the timing, duration and specifics of FDA marketing approval of our products, if any, one or more of the U.S. patents covering any such approved product(s) or the use thereof may be eligible for up to five years of patent term restoration under the Hatch-Waxman Act. The Hatch-Waxman Act allows a maximum of one patent to be extended per FDA approved product. Patent term extension also may be available in certain foreign countries upon regulatory approval of our planned products. Nevertheless, we may not be granted patent term extension either in the U.S. or in any foreign country because of, for example, our failing to apply within applicable deadlines, failing to apply prior to expiration of relevant patents, or otherwise failing to satisfy applicable requirements. Moreover, the term of extension, as well as the scope of patent protection during any such extension, afforded by the governmental authority could be less than we request.
If we are unable to obtain patent term extension or restoration, or the term of any such extension is less than requested, the period during which we will have the right to exclusively market our product will be shortened and our competitors may obtain approval of competing products following our patent expiration, and our revenue could be reduced, possibly materially.
Risks related to government regulation
The regulatory approval process is expensive, time consuming and uncertain, and may prevent us from obtaining approvals for the commercialization of Serenz or our planned products.
The research, testing, manufacturing, labeling, approval, selling, import, export, marketing and distribution of medical devices are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the U.S. and other regulatory authorities in other countries, which regulations differ from country to country. We are not permitted to market our planned products in the U.S. until we received the requisite approval or clearance from the FDA. We have not submitted an application or received marketing approval for Serenz or any planned products. Obtaining PMA or 510(k) clearance for a medical device from the FDA can be a lengthy, expensive and uncertain process. In addition, failure to comply with FDA and other applicable U.S. and foreign regulatory requirements may subject us to administrative or judicially imposed sanctions, including the following:
 
 	•	 	warning letters;	
 
 	•	 	civil or criminal penalties and fines;	
 
 	•	 	injunctions;	
 
 	•	 	suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approval;	
 
 	•	 	suspension of any ongoing clinical studies;	
 
 	•	 	voluntary or mandatory product recalls and publicity requirements;	
 
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 	•	 	refusal to accept or approve applications for marketing approval of new drugs or biologics or supplements to approved applications filed by us;	
 
 	•	 	restrictions on operations, including costly new manufacturing requirements; or	
 
 	•	 	seizure or detention of our products or import bans.	
Prior to receiving approval to commercialize any of our planned products in the U.S. or abroad, we may be required to demonstrate with substantial evidence from well-controlled clinical studies, and to the satisfaction of the FDA and other regulatory authorities abroad, that such planned products are safe and effective for their intended uses. Results from preclinical studies and clinical studies can be interpreted in different ways. Even if we believe the preclinical or clinical data for our planned products are promising, such data may not be sufficient to support approval by the FDA and other regulatory authorities. Administering any of our planned products to humans may produce undesirable side effects, which could interrupt, delay or cause suspension of clinical studies of our planned products and result in the FDA or other regulatory authorities denying approval of our planned products for any or all targeted indications.
Regulatory approval from the FDA is not guaranteed, and the approval process is expensive and may take several years. The FDA also has substantial discretion in the approval process. Despite the time and expense exerted, failure can occur at any stage, and we could encounter problems that cause us to abandon or repeat clinical studies, or perform additional preclinical studies and clinical studies. The number of preclinical studies and clinical studies that will be required for FDA approval varies depending on the planned product, the disease or condition that the planned product is designed to address and the regulations applicable to any particular planned product. The FDA can delay, limit or deny approval of a planned product for many reasons, including, but not limited to, the following:
 
 	•	 	a planned product may not be deemed safe or effective;	
 
 	•	 	FDA officials may not find the data from preclinical studies and clinical studies sufficient;	
 
 	•	 	the FDA might not approve our or our third-party manufacturer’s processes or facilities; or	
 
 	•	 	the FDA may change its approval policies or adopt new regulations.	
If Serenz or any planned products fail to demonstrate safety and effectiveness in clinical studies or do not gain regulatory approval, our business and results of operations will be materially and adversely harmed.
Even if we receive regulatory approval for a planned product, we will be subject to ongoing regulatory obligations and continued regulatory review, which may result in significant additional expense and subject us to penalties if we fail to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.
Once regulatory approval has been obtained, the approved product and its manufacturer are subject to continual review by the FDA or non-U.S. regulatory authorities. Our regulatory approval for CoSense, as well as any additional regulatory approval that we receive for Serenz or for any planned products may be subject to limitations on the indicated uses for which the product may be marketed. Future approvals may contain requirements for potentially costly post-marketing follow-up studies to monitor the safety and effectiveness of the approved product. In addition, we are subject to extensive and ongoing regulatory requirements by the FDA and other regulatory authorities with regard to the labeling, packaging, adverse event reporting, storage, advertising, promotion and recordkeeping for our products.
 
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In addition, we are required to comply with cGMP regulations regarding the manufacture of Serenz, which include requirements related to quality control and quality assurance as well as the corresponding maintenance of records and documentation. Further, regulatory authorities must approve these manufacturing facilities before they can be used to manufacture drug products, and these facilities are subject to continual review and periodic inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities for compliance with cGMP regulations. If we or a third party discover previously unknown problems with a product, such as adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or problems with the facility where the product is manufactured, a regulatory authority may impose restrictions on that product, the manufacturer or us, including requiring withdrawal of the product from the market or suspension of manufacturing.
Failure to obtain regulatory approvals in foreign jurisdictions will prevent us from marketing our products internationally.
We intend to seek a distribution and marketing partner for our neonatology products outside the U.S. and may market planned products in international markets. We have obtained a CE Mark certification for CoSense and Serenz and it is therefore authorized for sale in the E.U.; however, in order to market our planned products in Asia, Latin America and other foreign jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals.
We have had limited interactions with foreign regulatory authorities. The approval procedures vary among countries and can involve additional clinical testing, and the time required to obtain approval may differ from that required to obtain FDA approval. Moreover, clinical studies or manufacturing processes conducted in one country may not be accepted by regulatory authorities in other countries. Approval by the FDA and CE Mark certification does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other countries, and approval by one or more foreign regulatory authorities does not ensure approval by regulatory authorities in other foreign countries or by the FDA. However, a failure or delay in obtaining regulatory approval in one country may have a negative effect on the regulatory process in others. The foreign regulatory approval process may include all of the risks associated with obtaining FDA approval. We may not obtain foreign regulatory approvals on a timely basis, if at all. We may not be able to file for regulatory approvals and even if we file we may not receive necessary approvals to commercialize our products in any market.
Healthcare reform measures could hinder or prevent our planned products’ commercial success.
In the U.S., there have been, and we expect there will continue to be, a number of legislative and regulatory changes to the healthcare system in ways that could affect our future revenue and profitability and the future revenue and profitability of our potential customers. Federal and state lawmakers regularly propose and, at times, enact legislation that would result in significant changes to the healthcare system, some of which are intended to contain or reduce the costs of medical products and services. For example, one of the most significant healthcare reform measures in decades, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Affordability Reconciliation Act, or PPACA, was enacted in 2010. The PPACA contains a number of provisions, including those governing enrollment in federal healthcare programs, reimbursement changes and fraud and abuse measures, all of which will impact existing government healthcare programs and will result in the development of new programs. The PPACA, among other things:
 
 	•	 	imposes a tax of 2.3% on the retail sales price of medical devices sold after December 31, 2012;	
 
 	•	 	could result in the imposition of injunctions;	
 
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 	•	 	requires collection of rebates for drugs paid by Medicaid managed care organizations; and	
 
 	•	 	requires manufacturers to participate in a coverage gap discount program, under which they must agree to offer	
50% point-of-sale discounts off negotiated prices of applicable branded drugs to eligible beneficiaries during their coverage gap period, as a condition for the manufacturer’s outpatient drugs to be covered under Medicare Part D.
While the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of most elements of the PPACA in June 2012, other legal challenges are still pending final adjudication in several jurisdictions. In addition, Congress has also proposed a number of legislative initiatives, including possible repeal of the PPACA. In December of 2015, Congress passed a two-year suspension of the 2.3% medical device tax. If after two years, the suspension is not extended, at this time we believe the 2.3% tax on sales of medical devices will be applicable to sales of CoSense devices and may be applicable to CoSense consumables and Serenz devices, if it has been approved by the FDA. We cannot assure you that after the two-year suspension, the reinstatement of the 2.3% medical device tax would not adversely affect our business and financial results and we cannot predict how future federal or state legislative or administrative changes relating to healthcare reform will affect our business.
In addition, other legislative changes have been proposed and adopted since the PPACA was enacted. For example, the Budget Control Act of 2011, among other things, created the Joint Select Committee on Deficit Reduction to recommend proposals for spending reductions to Congress. The Joint Select Committee did not achieve a targeted deficit reduction of at least $1.2 trillion for the years 2013 through 2021, which triggered the legislation’s automatic reduction to several government programs, including aggregate reductions to Medicare payments to providers of up to 2% per fiscal year, starting in 2013. In January 2013, President Obama signed into law the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012, or the ATRA, which delayed for another two months the budget cuts mandated by the sequestration provisions of the Budget Control Act of 2011. The ATRA, among other things, also reduced Medicare payments to several providers, including hospitals, and increased the statute of limitations period for the government to recover overpayments to providers from three to five years. In March 2013, the President signed an executive order implementing sequestration, and in April 2013, the 2% Medicare reductions went into effect. We cannot predict whether any additional legislative changes will affect our business.
There likely will continue to be legislative and regulatory proposals at the federal and state levels directed at containing or lowering the cost of health care. We cannot predict the initiatives that may be adopted in the future or their full impact. The continuing efforts of the government, insurance companies, managed care organizations and other payors of healthcare services to contain or reduce costs of health care may adversely affect:
 
 	•	 	our ability to set a price that we believe is fair for our products;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to generate revenue and achieve or maintain profitability; and	
 
 	•	 	the availability of capital.	
Further, changes in regulatory requirements and guidance may occur and we may need to amend clinical study protocols to reflect these changes. Amendments may require us to resubmit our clinical study protocols IRBs for reexamination, which may impact the costs, timing or successful completion of a clinical study. In light of widely publicized events concerning the safety risk of certain drug products, regulatory authorities, members of Congress, the Governmental Accounting Office, medical professionals
 
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and the general public have raised concerns about potential drug safety issues. These events have resulted in the recall and withdrawal of drug products, revisions to drug labeling that further limit use of the drug products and establishment of risk management programs that may, for instance, restrict distribution of drug products or require safety surveillance or patient education. The increased attention to drug safety issues may result in a more cautious approach by the FDA to clinical studies and the drug approval process. Data from clinical studies may receive greater scrutiny with respect to safety, which may make the FDA or other regulatory authorities more likely to terminate or suspend clinical studies before completion, or require longer or additional clinical studies that may result in substantial additional expense and a delay or failure in obtaining approval or approval for a more limited indication than originally sought.
Given the serious public health risks of high-profile adverse safety events with certain drug products, the FDA may require, as a condition of approval, costly risk evaluation and mitigation strategies, which may include safety surveillance, restricted distribution and use, patient education, enhanced labeling, special packaging or labeling, expedited reporting of certain adverse events, preapproval of promotional materials and restrictions on direct-to-consumer advertising.
If we fail to comply with healthcare regulations, we could face substantial penalties and our business, operations and financial condition could be adversely affected.
Even though we do not and will not control referrals of healthcare services or bill directly to Medicare, Medicaid or other third-party payors, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business. We could be subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business. The regulations that may affect our ability to operate include, without limitation:
 
 	•	 	the federal healthcare program Anti-Kickback Statute, which prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly and willfully offering, soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, in exchange for or to induce either the referral of an individual for, or the purchase, order or recommendation of, any good or service for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;	
 
 	•	 	indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs;	
 
 	•	 	the federal False Claims Act, which prohibits, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, false claims, or knowingly using false statements, to obtain payment from the federal government, and which may apply to entities like us which provide coding and billing advice to customers;	
 
 	•	 	federal criminal laws that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters;	
 
 	•	 	the federal transparency requirements under the Health Care Reform Law requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies to report to the Department of Health and Human Services information related to physician payments and other transfers of value and physician ownership and investment interests;	
 
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 	•	 	HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, which governs the conduct of certain electronic healthcare transactions and protects the security and privacy of protected health information; and	
 
 	•	 	state law equivalents of each of the above federal laws, such as anti-kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payor, including commercial insurers.	
The PPACA, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute and criminal healthcare fraud statutes. A person or entity no longer needs to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it. In addition, the PPACA provides that the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act.
If our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. Any penalties, damages, fines, curtailment or restructuring of our operations could adversely affect our ability to operate our business and our financial results. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.
Risks related to ownership of our securities
Our stock price may be volatile, and purchasers of our securities could incur substantial losses.
Our stock price has been and is likely to continue to be volatile. The stock market in general, and the market for biotechnology and medical device companies in particular, have experienced extreme volatility that has often been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. During the period from October 1, 2016 through December 31, 2016, the reported high and low prices of our Common Stock ranged from $0.70 to $1.32. As a result of this volatility, investors may not be able to sell their Common Stock at or above the purchase price. The market price for our Common Stock may be influenced by many factors, including the following:
 
 	•	 	our ability to successfully commercialize, and realize significant revenues from sales of Serenz in the E.U. or our neonatology products worldwide;	
 
 	•	 	the success of competitive products or technologies;	
 
 	•	 	results of clinical studies of Serenz in the U.S. or our planned products or those of our competitors;	
 
 	•	 	regulatory or legal developments in the U.S. and other countries, especially changes in laws or regulations applicable to our products;	
 
 	•	 	introductions and announcements of new products by us, our commercialization partners, or our competitors, and the timing of these introductions or announcements;	
 
 	•	 	actions taken by regulatory agencies with respect to our products, clinical studies, manufacturing process or sales and marketing terms;	
 
 	•	 	variations in our financial results or those of companies that are perceived to be similar to us;	
 
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 	•	 	the success of our efforts to acquire or in-license additional products or planned products;	
 
 	•	 	developments concerning our collaborations, including but not limited to those with our sources of manufacturing supply and our commercialization partners;	
 
 	•	 	developments concerning our ability to bring our manufacturing processes to scale in a costeffective manner;	
 
 	•	 	announcements by us or our competitors of significant acquisitions, strategic partnerships, joint ventures or capital commitments;	
 
 	•	 	developments or disputes concerning patents or other proprietary rights, including patents, litigation matters and our ability to obtain patent protection for our products;	
 
 	•	 	our ability or inability to raise additional capital and the terms on which we raise it;	
 
 	•	 	the recruitment or departure of key personnel;	
 
 	•	 	changes in the structure of healthcare payment systems;	
 
 	•	 	market conditions in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors;	
 
 	•	 	actual or anticipated changes in earnings estimates or changes in stock market analyst recommendations regarding our Common Stock, other comparable companies or our industry generally;	
 
 	•	 	trading volume of our Common Stock;	
 
 	•	 	sales of our Common Stock by us or our stockholders;	
 
 	•	 	general economic, industry and market conditions; and	
 
 	•	 	the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section.	
These broad market and industry factors may seriously harm the market price of our Common Stock, regardless of our operating performance. In the past, following periods of volatility in the market, securities class-action litigation has often been instituted against companies. Such litigation, if instituted against us, could result in substantial costs and diversion of management’s attention and resources, which could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and growth prospects.
Future sales of our Common Stock, or the perception that future sales may occur, may cause the market price of our Common Stock to decline, even if our business is doing well.
Sales of substantial amounts of our Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, could materially and adversely affect the price of our Common Stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. All of our shares of Common Stock are freely tradable, without restriction, in the public market, except for any shares held by our affiliates.
We have issued 13,780 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, which are convertible into 13,780,000 shares of our Common Stock, based on a fixed conversion price of $1.00 per share on an as-
 
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converted basis. Under the terms of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, in no event shall shares of Common stock be issued to Sabby upon conversion of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to the extent such issuance of shares of Common Stock would result in Sabby having ownership in excess of 4.99%.
In connection with the sale and issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to Sabby pursuant to the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, we also amended the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants issued to Sabby under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement. The per share exercise price of the Common Stock underlying the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants was reduced from $2.46 per share to $1.75 per share, which may result in sales of substantial amounts of the underlying Common Stock in the public market, or the perception that these sales may occur, and which could materially and adversely affect the price of our Common Stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities.
We are an “emerging growth company,” and we cannot be certain if the reduced reporting requirements applicable to emerging growth companies will make our Common Stock less attractive to investors.
We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act, or the JOBS Act, which was enacted in April 2012. For as long as we continue to be an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a nonbinding advisory vote on executive compensation and stockholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We could be an emerging growth company for up to five years, although circumstances could cause us to lose that status earlier. We will remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (1) the last day of the fiscal year following the fifth anniversary of the completion of the IPO, (2) the last day of the fiscal year in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.0 billion, (3) the date on which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our Common Stock that is held by non-affiliates exceeds $700.0 million as of the prior June 30th, and (4) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt securities during the prior three-year period. We cannot predict if investors will find our Common Stock less attractive because we may rely on these exemptions. If some investors find our Common Stock less attractive as a result, there may be a less active trading market for our Common Stock and our stock price may suffer or be more volatile.
Under the JOBS Act, emerging growth companies can delay adopting new or revised accounting standards issued subsequent to the enactment of the JOBS Act until such time as those standards apply to private companies. We have elected to use the extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards that have different effective dates for public and private companies until the earlier of the date we (i) are no longer an emerging growth company or (ii) affirmatively and irrevocably opt out of the extended transition period under the JOBS Act.
Our executive officers, directors and principal stockholders may continue to maintain the ability to control or significantly influence all matters submitted to stockholders for approval and under certain circumstances Vivo Ventures and its affiliates may have control over key decision making.
Our executive officers, directors and stockholders own a majority of our outstanding Common Stock. Entities associated with Vivo Ventures and our Chairman, Ernest Mario, as of December 31, 2016,
 
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own approximately 58% of our Common Stock. As a result, the forgoing group of stockholders are able to control all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, as well as our management and affairs. For example, these stockholders will control the election of directors and the approval of any merger, consolidation or sale of all or substantially all of our assets. This concentration of voting power could delay or prevent an acquisition of our company on terms that other stockholders may desire.
We have incurred and will continue to incur significant increased costs as a result of operating as a public company, and our management has devoted and will be required to continue to devote substantial time to new compliance initiatives.
We have incurred and will continue to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses as a public company. We are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, the other rules and regulations of the SEC, and the rules and regulations of The NASDAQ Capital Market, or NASDAQ. The expenses of being a public company are material, and compliance with the various reporting and other requirements applicable to public companies requires considerable time and attention of management. For example, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the rules of the SEC and national securities exchanges have imposed various requirements on public companies, including requiring establishment and maintenance of effective disclosure and financial controls. Our management and other personnel need to devote a substantial amount of time to these compliance initiatives. These rules and regulations will continue to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and will make some activities more time-consuming and costly. For example, these rules and regulations may make it difficult and expensive for us to obtain adequate director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits on coverage or incur substantial costs to maintain the same or similar coverage. The impact of these events could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified personnel to serve on our Board of Directors, our board committees, or as executive officers.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective internal control over financial reporting and disclosure controls and procedures. In particular, we must perform system and process evaluation and testing of our internal control over financial reporting to allow management to report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, as required by Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, beginning with our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2014, which was filed March 13, 2015. In addition, we will be required to have our independent registered public accounting firm attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting beginning with our annual report on Form 10-K following the date on which we are no longer an emerging growth company. Our compliance with Section 404 will require that we incur substantial accounting expense and expend significant management efforts. We currently do not have an internal audit group, and we will need to hire additional accounting and financial staff with appropriate public company experience and technical accounting knowledge.
If we are not able to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, or if we or our independent registered public accounting firm identify deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting that are deemed to be material weaknesses, the market price of our stock could decline and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by NASDAQ, the SEC or other regulatory authorities, which would require additional financial and management resources. Our ability to successfully implement our business plan and comply with Section 404 requires us to be able to prepare timely and accurate financial statements. We expect that we will need to continue to improve existing, and implement new operational and financial systems, procedures and controls to manage our business effectively. Any delay in the implementation of, or disruption in the transition to, new or enhanced systems, procedures or controls, may cause our operations to suffer and we may be unable to conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is effective and to obtain an unqualified report on internal controls from our auditors as required under Section 404. This, in turn, could have an adverse impact on trading prices for our Common Stock, and could adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets.
 
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We identified a material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2014 and through the quarter ended September 30, 2015. Although the material weakness was remediated as of December 31, 2015, we may identify additional material weaknesses in the future that may cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations or result in material misstatements of our financial statements. If we fail to establish and maintain effective control over financial reporting, our ability to accurately and timely report our financial results could be adversely affected.
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Prior to the completion of our IPO, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources to address our internal control over financial reporting. During the course of preparing for our IPO, we determined that material adjustments to various accounts were necessary, which required us to restate the financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2012, which had been previously audited by another independent audit firm. These adjustments leading to a restatement of those financial statements led us to conclude that we had a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2012. The material weakness that we identified was that we did not maintain a sufficient complement of resources with an appropriate level of accounting knowledge, experience and training commensurate with our structure and financial reporting requirements. We also found that the weakness persisted through the year ended December 31, 2014 and the quarter ended September 30, 2015.
This material weakness contributed to adjustments to previously issued financial statements principally, but not limited to, the following areas: equity accounting in connection with our issuance of Preferred Stock while we were a private company, and period-end cutoff for development-related expenses, and equity and liability accounting for certain of our warrants. The Company instituted a remediation plan during 2014, which continued in 2015 and which was remediated as of December 31, 2015. Projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
Our ability to use our net operating loss carry forwards and certain other tax attributes may be limited.
Our ability to utilize our federal net operating loss, carryforwards and federal tax credit may be limited under Sections 382 and 383 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, or the Code. The limitations apply if an “ownership change,” as defined by Section 382, occurs. Generally, an ownership change occurs if the percentage of the value of the stock that is owned by one or more direct or indirect “five percent shareholders” increases by more than 50% over their lowest ownership percentage at any time during the applicable testing period (typically three years). If we have experienced an “ownership change” at any time since our formation, we may already be subject to limitations on our ability to utilize our existing net operating losses and other tax attributes to offset taxable income. In addition, future changes in our stock ownership, which may be outside of our control, may trigger an “ownership change” and, consequently, Section 382 and 383 limitations. As a result, if we earn net taxable income, our ability to use our pre-change net operating loss carryforwards and other tax attributes to offset U.S. federal taxable income may be subject to limitations, which could potentially result in increased future tax liability to us.
 
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All of our Common Stock is eligible for sale and as a result, any such sales could depress the market price of our Common Stock.
As of December 31, 2016, we had Series A Warrants outstanding exercisable for an aggregate of 2,425,605 shares of Common Stock, Series C Warrants outstanding exercisable for an aggregate of 590,415 shares of Common Stock, Series D Warrants outstanding exercisable for an aggregate of 2,930,811 shares of Common Stock and other warrants exercisable for an aggregate of 571,906 shares of Common Stock. As of December 31, 2016, we had 12,780 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock outstanding exercisable for an aggregate of 12,780,000 shares of Common Stock. As of December 31, 2016, 2,906,939 options to purchase shares of our Common Stock were issued and outstanding with a weighted average exercise price of $3.41 per share. The sale or even the possibility of sale of the shares of Common Stock, or the exercise of options or warrants to purchase shares of our Common Stock and subsequent sale thereof could substantially reduce the market price for our Common Stock or our ability to obtain future financing.
In connection with the sale and issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to Sabby pursuant to the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, we also amended the 2,702,704 Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants issued to Sabby under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement. The per share exercise price of the Common Stock underlying the Series D Common Stock Warrants was reduced from $2.46 per share to $1.75 per share. The sale or even the possibility of sale of the Common Stock or the underlying shares of Common Stock issuable upon the conversion of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock or the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, or upon exercise of the amended Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants could substantially reduce the market price for our Common Stock or our ability to obtain future financing.
As our warrant holders exercise their warrants into shares of our Common Stock, our stockholders will be diluted.
The exercise of some or all of our warrants results in issuance of common shares that dilute the ownership interests of existing stockholders. Any sales of the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Common Stock.
If holders of our warrants elect to exercise their warrants and sell material amounts of our Common Stock in the market, such sales could cause the price of our Common Stock to decline, and the potential for such downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock may encourage short selling of our Common Stock by holders of our warrants or other parties.
If there is significant downward pressure on the price of our Common Stock, it may encourage holders of our warrants, or other parties, to sell shares by means of short sales or otherwise. Short sales involve the sale, usually with a future delivery date, of Common Stock the seller does not own. Covered short sales are sales made in an amount not greater than the number of shares subject to the short seller’s right to acquire Common Stock, such as upon exercise of warrants. A holder of warrants may close out any covered short position by exercising all, or a portion, of its warrants, or by purchasing shares in the open market. In determining the source of shares to close out the covered short position, a holder of warrants will likely consider, among other things, the price of Common Stock available for purchase in the open market as compared to the exercise price of the warrants. The existence of a significant number of short sales generally causes the price of Common Stock to decline, in part because it indicates that a number of market participants are taking a position that will be profitable only if the price of the Common Stock declines.
 
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In connection with the sale and issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to Sabby pursuant to the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, we also amended the 2,702,704 Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants issued to Sabby under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement. The per share exercise price of the Common Stock underlying the Series D Common Stock Warrants was reduced from $2.46 per share to $1.75 per share. The exercise of some or all of the amended Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants will result in the issuance of Common Stock that dilutes the ownership interests of existing stockholders. Any sales of the Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the warrants could adversely affect prevailing market prices of our Common Stock.
Under certain circumstances we may be required to settle the value of the Series A Warrants and Series C Warrants in cash.
If, at any time while the Series A Warrants and Series C Warrants are outstanding, we enter into a “Fundamental Transaction” (as defined in the Series A Warrant and Series C Warrant Agreements), which includes, but is not limited to, a purchase offer, tender offer or exchange offer, a stock or share purchase agreement or other business combination (including, without limitation, a reorganization, recapitalization, spin-off or other scheme of arrangement), then each registered holder of outstanding Series A Warrants and Series C Warrants as at any time prior to the consummation of the Fundamental Transaction, may elect and require us to purchase the Series A and Series C Warrants held by such person immediately prior to the consummation of such Fundamental Transaction by making a cash payment in an amount equal to the Black Scholes Value of the remaining unexercised portion of such registered holder’s Series A Warrants and Series C Warrants.
We might not be able to maintain the listing of our securities on The NASDAQ Capital Market.
We have listed our Common Stock and Series A Warrants on the NASDAQ Capital Market. We might not be able to maintain the listing standards of that exchange, which includes requirements that we maintain our shareholders’ equity, total value of shares held by unaffiliated shareholders, market capitalization above certain specified levels and minimum bid requirement of $1.00 per common share. On October 24, 2016, we received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of Nasdaq indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of our common stock for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on Nasdaq pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The letter also indicated that we will be provided with a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until April 24, 2017, in which to regain compliance pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A). In addition, we do not expect to become profitable for some time and there is a risk that our shareholders’ equity could fall below the $2.5 million level required by Nasdaq. If we do not regain compliance with the minimum bid requirement or our shareholders’ equity falls below $2.5 million, it will cause us to fail to conform to the Nasdaq listing requirements on an ongoing basis, which in turn could cause our Common Stock to cease to trade on the Nasdaq exchange, and be required to move to the Over the Counter Bulletin Board or the “pink sheets” exchange maintained by OTC Markets Group, Inc. The OTC Bulletin Board and the “pink sheets” are generally considered to be markets that are less efficient, and to provide less liquidity in the shares, than the Nasdaq market.
Due to the speculative nature of warrants, there is no guarantee that it will ever be profitable for holders of the warrants to exercise the warrants.
The warrants we have issued and outstanding do not confer any rights of Common Stock ownership on their holders, such as voting rights or the right to receive dividends, but rather merely
 
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represent the right to acquire shares of Common Stock at a fixed price for a limited period of time. Specifically, holders of Series A Warrants may exercise their right to acquire the Common Stock and pay an exercise price of $6.50 per share prior to the expiration of the five-year term on November 12, 2019, after which date any unexercised Series A Warrants will expire and have no further value. Holders of Series C Warrants may exercise their right to acquire Common Stock and pay an exercise price of $6.25 per share prior to the expiration of the five-year term on March 4, 2020. Following amendment of the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants, the holders may exercise their right to acquire Common Stock and pay an amended exercise price of $1.75 per share prior to the expiration of the five-year term on October 15, 2020. In certain circumstances, the Series A Warrants, Series C Warrants, and Series D Warrants may be exercisable on a cashless basis. There can be no assurance that the market price of the Common Stock will ever equal or exceed the exercise price of the warrants, and, consequently, whether it will ever be profitable for holders of the warrants to exercise the warrants.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research, or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research, about our business, our stock price and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our Common Stock will depend, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. If one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our stock or publish inaccurate or unfavorable research about our business, our stock price would likely decline. In addition, if our operating results fail to meet the forecast of analysts, our stock price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to publish reports on us regularly, demand for our Common Stock could decrease, which might cause our stock price and trading volume to decline.
Provisions in our corporate charter documents and under Delaware law could make an acquisition of us more difficult and may prevent attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management.
Provisions in our corporate charter and our bylaws may discourage, delay or prevent a merger, acquisition or other change in control of us that stockholders may consider favorable, including transactions in which stockholders might otherwise receive a premium for their shares. These provisions could also limit the price that investors might be willing to pay in the future for shares of our Common Stock, thereby depressing the market price of our Common Stock. In addition, these provisions may frustrate or prevent any attempts by our stockholders to replace or remove our current management by making it more difficult for stockholders to replace members of our Board of Directors. Because our Board of Directors is responsible for appointing the members of our management team, these provisions could in turn affect any attempt by our stockholders to replace current members of our management team. Among others, these provisions include the following:
 
 	•	 	our Board of Directors is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms which may delay or prevent a change of our management or a change in control;	
 
 	•	 	our Board of Directors has the right to elect directors to fill a vacancy created by the expansion of our Board of Directors or the resignation, death or removal of a director, which will prevent stockholders from being able to fill vacancies on our Board of Directors;	
 
 	•	 	our stockholders are not able to act by written consent or call special stockholders’ meetings; as a result, a holder, or holders, controlling a majority of our capital stock cannot take certain actions other than at annual stockholders’ meetings or special stockholders’ meetings called by our Board of Directors, the chairman of our board, the chief executive officer or the president;	
 
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 	•	 	our certificate of incorporation prohibits cumulative voting in the election of directors, which limits the ability of minority stockholders to elect director candidates;	
 
 	•	 	amendments of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws require the approval of 66 2/3% of our outstanding voting securities;	
 
 	•	 	our stockholders are required to provide advance notice and additional disclosures in order to nominate individuals for election to our Board of Directors or to propose matters that can be acted upon at a stockholders’ meeting, which may discourage or deter a potential acquiror from conducting a solicitation of proxies to elect the acquiror’s own slate of directors or otherwise attempting to obtain control of our company; and	
 
 	•	 	our Board of Directors are able to issue, without stockholder approval, shares of undesignated preferred stock, which makes it possible for our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to acquire us.	
Moreover, because we are incorporated in Delaware, we are governed by the provisions of Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits a person who owns in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock from merging or combining with us for a period of three years after the date of the transaction in which the person acquired in excess of 15% of our outstanding voting stock, unless the merger or combination is approved in a prescribed manner.
Our employment agreements with our executive officers may require us to pay severance benefits to any of those persons who are terminated in connection with a change in control of us, which could harm our financial condition or results.
Certain of our executive officers are parties to employment agreements that contain change in control and severance provisions providing for aggregate cash payments of up to approximately $2.3 million for severance and other benefits and acceleration of vesting of stock options with a value of approximately $1.1 million, in the event of a termination of employment in connection with a change in control of us. The accelerated vesting of options could result in dilution to our existing stockholders and harm the market price of our Common Stock. The payment of these severance benefits could harm our financial condition and results. In addition, these potential severance payments may discourage or prevent third parties from seeking a business combination with us.
Because we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our Common Stock in the foreseeable future, capital appreciation, if any, will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain.
We have never declared or paid cash dividends on our Common Stock. We currently intend to retain all of our future earnings, if any, to finance the growth and development of our business. In addition, the terms of existing or any future debt agreements may preclude us from paying dividends. As a result, capital appreciation, if any, of our Common Stock will be our stockholders’ sole source of gain for the foreseeable future.
The sale of our Common Stock to Aspire Capital and Sabby may cause substantial dilution to our existing stockholders and the sale of Common Stock by Aspire Capital and Sabby could cause the price of our Common Stock to decline.
We are registering for sale 9,291,667 shares of Common Stock that we may sell to Aspire Capital under the Aspire Purchase Agreement plus 708,333 shares of Common Stock that were commitment shares that we issued to Aspire Capital. It is anticipated that the shares sold to Aspire Capital pursuant to the
 
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Purchase Agreement and registered in this offering will be sold over a period of up to approximately thirty months from the date of this prospectus. The number of shares ultimately offered for sale by Aspire Capital under this prospectus is dependent upon the number of shares we elect to sell to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. Depending upon market liquidity at the time, sales of shares of our Common Stock under the Aspire Purchase Agreement may cause the trading price of our Common Stock to decline. Aspire Capital may ultimately purchase all, some or none of the $17.0 million worth of common stock that, together with the 708,333 Commitment Shares, is the subject of this prospectus. Aspire Capital may sell all, some or none of our shares that it holds or comes to hold under the Aspire Purchase Agreement. Sales by the selling stockholder of shares registered under the registration statement, of which this prospectus is a part, may result in dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock by Aspire Capital, or anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales. However, except as limited by the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, we have the right to control the timing and amount of sales of our shares to Aspire Capital, and the Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any penalty or cost to us.
We have also registered for sale the shares of Common Stock underlying the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock sold and issued, or available for sale and issuance, to Sabby pursuant to the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement. Sabby may sell all, some or none of our shares that it holds under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement. The issuance of the shares of Common Stock underlying the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock and the amended Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants to Sabby may cause substantial dilution to our existing stockholders, and the sale of the underlying shares of Common Stock by Sabby could cause the price of our Common Stock to decline. The sale of a substantial number of shares of our Common Stock by Sabby, or anticipation of such sales, could make it more difficult for us to sell equity or equity-related securities in the future at a time and at a price that we might otherwise wish to effect sales. The 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement also contains certain covenants restricting our ability to issue equity securities (subject to certain carveouts), and provides Sabby a right to participate in any future sale of our equity securities.
 
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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This prospectus and the documents incorporated by reference herein, contain forward-looking statements regarding management’s expectations, beliefs, strategies, goals, outlook and other non-historical matters. In some cases you can identify these statements by forward-looking words, such as “believe,” “may,” “will,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,”“would,” “project,” “plan,” “potential,” “seek,” “expect,” “goal,” or the negative or plural of these words or similar expressions.
These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning the following:
 
 	•	 	our ability to successfully build a distribution network and commercial infrastructure for CoSense globally and Serenzin the E.U.;	
 
 	•	 	the timing and the success of additional approvals of any of our products pursuant to our clinical and regulatory efforts;	
 
 	•	 	whether the results of the trials will be sufficient to support domestic or global regulatory approvals for any of our products;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to obtain and/or maintain regulatory approval of our products;	
 
 	•	 	our expectation that our existing capital resources will be sufficient to enable us to successfully meet the capital requirements for all of our current and future products;	
 
 	•	 	the benefits of the use of our products;	
 
 	•	 	the projected dollar amounts of future sales of established and novel diagnostics for neonatal hemolysis;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to successfully commercialize any products;	
 
 	•	 	the rate and degree of market acceptance of our products;	
 
 	•	 	our expectations regarding government and third-party payor coverage and reimbursement;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to manufacture our products in conformity with the applicable regulatory requirements and to scale up manufacturing of our products to commercial scale;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to compete with companies that may enter the market with products that compete with our products;	
 
 	•	 	our reliance on third parties to conduct clinical studies;	
 
 	•	 	our reliance on third-party contract manufacturers to manufacture and supply our products for us;	
 
 	•	 	our reliance on our collaboration partners’ performance over which we do not have control;	
 
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 	•	 	our ability to retain and recruit key personnel, including development of a sales and marketing function;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to obtain and maintain intellectual property protection for our products;	
 
 	•	 	our estimates of our expenses, ongoing losses, future revenue, capital requirements and our needs for or ability to obtain additional financing;	
 
 	•	 	our expectations regarding the time during which we will be an emerging growth company under the Jobs Act;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to identify, develop, acquire and in-license additional products;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to successfully establish and successfully maintain appropriate collaborations and derive significant revenue from those collaborations;	
 
 	•	 	our financial performance; and	
 
 	•	 	developments and projections relating to our competitors or our industry.	
These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, including those described in “Risk Factors” herein. Moreover, we operate in a very competitive and rapidly changing environment. New risks emerge from time to time. It is not possible for our management to predict all risks, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements we may make. In light of these risks, uncertainties and assumptions, the forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this prospectus may not occur and actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated or implied in the forward-looking statements.
You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that the future results, levels of activity, performance or events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or occur. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this prospectus to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.
You should read this prospectus and the documents that we reference in this prospectus and have filed with the SEC as exhibits to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part with the understanding that our actual future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances may be materially different from what we expect.
SALE OF COMMON STOCK TO ASPIRE CAPITAL
General
On January 27, 2017, we entered into the Purchase Agreement which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $17.0 million of our shares of common stock over the term of the Purchase Agreement. In consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement, concurrently with the execution of the Purchase Agreement, we issued to Aspire Capital the 708,333 Commitment Shares. Concurrently with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we also entered into the Registration Rights Agreement, in
 
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which we agreed to file one or more registration statements as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the shares of our common stock that have been and may be issued to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement.
As of January 31, 2017, there were 18,146,272 shares of our common stock outstanding (10,745,829 shares held by non-affiliates). If all of such 10,000,000 shares of our common stock issuable to Aspire Capital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and offered hereby were issued and outstanding as of the date hereof, such shares would represent 36.45% of the total common stock outstanding or 49.91% of the non-affiliate shares of common stock outstanding as of the date hereof.
Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, we are registering 10,000,000 shares of our common stock under the Securities Act, which includes the 708,333 Commitment Shares that have already been issued to Aspire Capital and 9,291,667 shares of common stock which we may issue to Aspire Capital after this registration statement is declared effective under the Securities Act. All 10,000,000 shares of common stock are being offered pursuant to this prospectus. Under the Purchase Agreement, we have the right but not the obligation to issue more than the 10,000,000 shares of common stock included in this prospectus to Aspire Capital. As of the date hereof, and other than a proposed financing in connection with the contemplated merger with Essentialis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, pursuant to the Agreement and Plan of Merger dated December 22, 2016, which is described in further detail below, we do not have any plans or intent to issue to Aspire Capital any shares of common stock in addition to the 10,000,000 shares of common stock issuable to Aspire Capital pursuant to the Purchase Agreement and offered hereby.
After the SEC has declared effective the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, on any trading day on which the closing sale price of our common stock is not less than $0.25 per share, we have the right, in our sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a Purchase Notice, directing Aspire Capital (as principal) to purchase up to 100,000 shares of our common stock per business day, up to $17.0 million of our common stock in the aggregate at a Purchase Price calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock over the preceding 10-business day period (as more specifically described below). However, in no event shall the purchase amount exceed $300,000 per business day.
In addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital for 100,000 Purchase Shares and our stock price is not less than $0.25 per share, we also have the right, in our sole discretion, to present Aspire Capital with a VWAP Purchase Notice directing Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of the Company’s common stock traded on the NASDAQ on the next trading day, subject to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum and the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold. The VWAP Purchase Price is calculated by reference to the prevailing market price of our common stock (as more specifically described below).
On the date of the closing of the Financing (as defined in that certain Agreement And Plan Of Merger dated as of December 22, 2016 by and among us and the parties thereto, or the Merger Agreement, filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on December 27, 2016), we shall sell to Aspire Capital, and Aspire Capital shall purchase from us, an aggregate of $2.0 million of our common stock, with the per share purchase price equal to the per share price in the Financing paid to us by the Financing Investors (as defined in the Merger Agreement), however, in no event shall the per share purchase price exceed $0.96.
The Purchase Agreement provides that the Company and Aspire Capital shall not effect any sales under the Purchase Agreement on any purchase date where the closing sale price of our common stock is
 
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less than $0.25. There are no trading volume requirements or restrictions under the Purchase Agreement, and we will control the timing and amount of any sales of our common stock to Aspire Capital. Aspire Capital has no right to require any sales by us, but is obligated to make purchases from us as we direct in accordance with the Purchase Agreement. There are no limitations on use of proceeds, financial or business covenants, restrictions on future fundings, rights of first refusal, participation rights, penalties or liquidated damages in the Purchase Agreement. Aspire Capital may not assign its rights or obligations under the Purchase Agreement. The Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time, at our discretion, without any penalty or cost to us.
Purchase Of Shares Under The Purchase Agreement
Under the Purchase Agreement, on any trading day selected by us on which the closing sale price of our common stock exceeds $0.25 per share, we may direct Aspire Capital to purchase up to 100,000 shares of our common stock per trading day. The Purchase Price of such shares is equal to the lesser of:
 
 	•	 	the lowest sale price of our common stock on the purchase date; or	
 
 	•	 	the arithmetic average of the three lowest closing sale prices for our common stock during the ten consecutive trading days ending on the trading day immediately preceding the purchase date.	
In addition, on any date on which we submit a Purchase Notice to Aspire Capital for purchase of 100,000 shares, we also have the right to direct Aspire Capital to purchase an amount of stock equal to up to 30% of the aggregate shares of our common stock traded on the NASDAQ on the next trading day, subject to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum and the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold, which is equal to the greater of (a) 80% of the closing price of the Company’s common stock on the business day immediately preceding the VWAP Purchase Date or (b) such higher price as set forth by the Company in the VWAP Purchase Notice. The VWAP Purchase Price of such shares is the lower of:
 
 	•	 	the Closing Sale Price on the VWAP Purchase Date; or	
 
 	•	 	97% of the volume-weighted average price for our common stock traded on the NASDAQ :	
 
 	•	 	on the VWAP Purchase Date, if the aggregate shares to be purchased on that date have not exceeded the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum or	
 
 	•	 	during that portion of the VWAP Purchase Date until such time as the sooner to occur of (i) the time at which the aggregate shares traded on the NASDAQ exceed the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum or (ii) the time at which the sale price of the Company’s common stock falls below the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold.	
The purchase price will be adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, or other similar transaction occurring during the trading day(s) used to compute the purchase price. We may deliver multiple Purchase Notices and VWAP Purchase Notices to Aspire Capital from time to time during the term of the Purchase Agreement, so long as the most recent purchase has been completed.
 
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Minimum Share Price
Under the Purchase Agreement, we and Aspire Capital may not effect any sales of shares of our common stock under the Purchase Agreement on any trading day that the closing sale price of our common stock is less than $0.25 per share.
Events of Default
Generally, Aspire Capital may terminate the Purchase Agreement upon the occurrence of any of the following events of default:
 
 	•	 	the effectiveness of any registration statement that is required to be maintained effective pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement between us and Aspire Capital lapses for any reason (including, without limitation, the issuance of a stop order) or is unavailable to Aspire Capital for sale of our shares of common stock, and such lapse or unavailability continues for a period of ten consecutive business days or for more than an aggregate of thirty business days in any 365-day period, which is not in connection with a post-effective amendment to any such registration statement; in connection with any post-effective amendment to such registration statement that is required to be declared effective by the SEC such lapse or unavailability may continue for a period of no more than 40 consecutive business days;	
 
 	•	 	the suspension from trading or failure of our common stock to be listed on our principal market for a period of ten consecutive business days;	
 
 	•	 	the delisting of our common stock from the NASDAQ, provided however, that in the event the Company’s common stock is not immediately thereafter listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Over-The-Counter Bulletin Board interdealer quotation system or either one of the OTCQB or the OTCQX market places of the OTC Markets Group, Inc.;	
 
 	•	 	our transfer agent’s failure to issue to Aspire Capital shares of our common stock which Aspire Capital is entitled to receive under the Purchase Agreement within five business days after an applicable purchase date;	
 
 	•	 	any breach by us of the representations or warranties or covenants contained in the Purchase Agreement or any related agreements which could have a material adverse effect on us, subject to a cure period of five business days;	
 
 	•	 	if we become insolvent or are generally unable to pay our debts as they become due; or	
 
 	•	 	any participation or threatened participation in insolvency or bankruptcy proceedings by or against us.	
Our Termination Rights
The Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time, at our discretion, without any penalty or cost to us.
 
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No Short-Selling or Hedging by Aspire Capital
Aspire Capital has agreed that neither it nor any of its agents, representatives and affiliates shall engage in any direct or indirect short-selling or hedging of our common stock during any time prior to the termination of the Purchase Agreement.
Effect of Performance of the Purchase Agreement on Our Stockholders
The Purchase Agreement does not limit the ability of Aspire Capital to sell any or all of the 10,000,000 shares that may be sold to Aspire Capital and registered in this offering. It is anticipated that shares registered in this offering will be sold over a period of up to approximately thirty months from the date of this prospectus. The sale by Aspire Capital of a significant amount of shares registered in this offering at any given time could cause the market price of our common stock to decline and/or to be highly volatile. Aspire Capital may ultimately purchase all, some or none of the 10,000,000 shares of common stock not yet issued but registered in this offering. After it has acquired such shares, it may sell all, some or none of such shares. Therefore, sales to Aspire Capital by us pursuant to the Purchase Agreement also may result in substantial dilution to the interests of other holders of our common stock. However, we have the right to control the timing and amount of any sales of our shares to Aspire Capital and the Purchase Agreement may be terminated by us at any time at our discretion without any penalty or cost to us.
PERCENTAGE OF OUTSTANDING SHARES AFTER GIVING EFFECT TO THE
PURCHASED SHARES ISSUED TO ASPIRE CAPITAL
In connection with entering into the Purchase Agreement, we authorized the sale to Aspire Capital of up to $17.0 million of our shares of common stock. However, we estimate that we will sell no more than 10,000,0000 shares to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement (including the 708,333 Commitment Shares), all of which are included in this offering. Subject to any required approval by our board of directors, we have the right but not the obligation to issue more than the 10,000,0000 shares included in this prospectus to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. In the event we elect to issue more than 10,000,000 shares under the Purchase Agreement, we will be required to file a new registration statement and have it declared effective by the SEC. The number of shares ultimately offered for sale by Aspire Capital in this offering is dependent upon the number of shares purchased by Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement. The following table sets forth the number and percentage of outstanding shares to be held by Aspire Capital after giving effect to the sale of shares of common stock issued to Aspire Capital at varying purchase prices:

Assumed Average
Purchase Price	  	Proceeds from the Sale of
Shares to Aspire Capital
Under the Purchase
Agreement Registered in
this Offering	 	  	Number of Shares to be
Issued in this Offering at
the Assumed Average
Purchase Price(1)	 	  	Percentage of Outstanding
Shares After Giving Effect
to the Purchased Shares
Issued to Aspire Capital(2)	 	
$0.25	  	$	871,461	  	  	 	3,485,844	  	  	 	19.39	% 	
$1.00	  	$	2,500,000	  	  	 	2,500,000	  	  	 	15.54	% 	
$1.75	  	$	5,250,000	  	  	 	3,000,000	  	  	 	17.54	% 	
$2.00	  	$	7,000,000	  	  	 	3,500,000	  	  	 	19.44	% 	
$4.00	  	$	14,400,000	  	  	 	3,600,000	  	  	 	19.81	% 	
$5.00	  	$	15,000,000	  	  	 	3,000,000	  	  	 	17.54	% 	
 
(1)	Excludes 708,333 Commitment Shares issued under the Purchase Agreement between the Company and Aspire Capital.	
(2)	The denominator is based on 18,146,272 shares outstanding as of January 31, 2017, which includes the 708,333 commitment shares previously issued to Aspire Capital and the number of shares set forth in the adjacent	
 
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 	column which we would have sold to Aspire Capital at the corresponding assumed purchase price set forth in the adjacent column. The numerator is based on the number of shares which we may issue to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement (that are the subject of this offering) at the corresponding assumed purchase price set forth in the adjacent column and 708,733 Commitment Shares.	
 
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USE OF PROCEEDS
We may receive proceeds up to $17.0 million under the Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital. The proceeds received from the sale of the shares under the Purchase Agreement will be used for working capital and general corporate purposes. This anticipated use of net proceeds from the sale of our common stock to Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement represents our intentions based upon our current plans and business conditions. In addition, this prospectus also relates to shares of our common stock that may be offered and sold from time to time by the selling stockholders. We will not receive any proceeds upon the sale of shares by the selling stockholders.
PRICE RANGE OF COMMON STOCK AND DIVIDEND POLICY
Our common stock is currently listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CAPN” and our Series A Warrants are quoted on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CAPNW.” Our Series B Warrants and Series C Warrants are not and will not be traded on a national securities exchange.
The following table contains, for the periods indicated, the intraday high and low sale prices per share of our common stock.

 	  	High	 	  	Low	 	
2015	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
First Quarter	  	$	9.90	  	  	$	1.02	  	
Second Quarter	  	$	8.24	  	  	$	2.64	  	
Third Quarter	  	$	4.04	  	  	$	1.07	  	
Fourth Quarter	  	$	2.46	  	  	$	1.51	  	
2016	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
First Quarter	  	$	1.85	  	  	$	1.14	  	
Second Quarter	  	$	1.36	  	  	$	1.09	  	
Third Quarter	  	$	1.18	  	  	$	0.90	  	
Fourth Quarter	  	$	1.03	  	  	$	0.73	  	
As of January 31, 2017, the last reported sale price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Capital Market was $0.85.
As of December 31, 2016, there were approximately 86 shareholders of record for our common stock. A substantially greater number of stockholders may be “street name” or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions. We have never declared or paid, and do not anticipate declaring or paying, any cash dividends on any of our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings for use in the operation of our business and do not anticipate paying any dividends in the foreseeable future. Future determination as to the declaration and payment of dividends, if any, will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend on then existing conditions, including our operating results, financial conditions, contractual restrictions, capital requirements, business prospects and other factors our board of directors may deem relevant.
 
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CAPNIA MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015
The following discussion and analysis should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this prospectus. This prospectus contains “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. These statements are often identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “could,” “should,” “estimate,” “plan,” or “continue,” and similar expressions or variations. Such forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results and the timing of certain events to differ materially from future results expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include, but are not limited to, those discussed in the section titled “Risk Factors,” set forth in other parts of this prospectus. The forward-looking statements in this prospectus represent our views as of the date of this prospectus. We anticipate that subsequent events and developments will cause our views to change. However, while we may elect to update these forward-looking statements at some point in the future, we have no current intention of doing so except to the extent required by applicable law. You should, therefore, not rely on these forward-looking statements as representing our views as of any date subsequent to the date of this prospectus.
Business Overview
We develop and commercialize neonatology devices and diagnostics. We also have a therapeutics platform based on our proprietary technology for precision metering of gas flow.
Our first commercial product, CoSense ®, End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide (ETCO) Monitor, aids in the detection of hemolysis, a condition in which red blood cells degrade rapidly. When present in neonates with jaundice, hemolysis is a dangerous condition which can lead to long-term developmental disability. CoSense received initial 510(k) clearance for sale in the U.S. in the fourth quarter of 2012, with a more specific Indication for Use related to hemolysis in the first quarter of 2014 and received CE Mark clearance for sale in the E.U. in the third quarter of 2013. We initiated our commercialization of CoSense in October 2014 using our own sales efforts. CoSense combines a portable detection device with a single-use disposable sampling set to measure CO, in the portion of the exhaled breath that originates from the deepest portion of the lung, which is referred to as the “end-tidal” component of the breath.
In January of 2016, we entered into a distribution agreement with Bemes, Inc., or Bemes, a leading medical equipment Master Distributor, to market and distribute CoSense and Precision Sampling Sets or PSS. Under the terms of the agreement, Bemes will have the exclusive right for sales, marketing, distribution and field service activities for CoSense in the United States. Bemes and its network of sub distributors will allow nationwide distribution of CoSense with 44 sales representatives covering almost every state.
As a result of our acquisition of the assets of NeoForce Group, Inc., or NeoForce, which was completed on September 8, 2015, we also develop and market innovative pulmonary resuscitation solutions for the inpatient and ambulatory neonatal markets. NeoForce’s primary product is the T-piece resuscitator and related consumable, which delivers consistent pre-set inspiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressures. Other products include temperature probes, scales, surgical tables and surfaces.
Our therapeutic technology involves the use of precisely metered nasal CO2 for the potential relief of symptoms related to various diseases. Several randomized placebo-controlled trials have shown its efficacy in the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis, or AR and we continue to evaluate our options to further develop this product. In addition, we have recently announced new initiatives for the development of this technology for the treatment of trigeminally-mediated pain disorders, such as cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia, or TN. In December of 2015, we received orphan drug designation for TN in the U.S. We have filed an IND with the FDA and started enrolling TN patients in a pilot clinical trial in 2016.
 
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We continue to focus our research and development efforts on additional diagnostic products based on our Sensalyze Technology Platform, a portfolio of proprietary methods and algorithms which enables CoSense and can be applied to detect a variety of analytes in exhaled breath, as well as other products for the neonatology market. Our current development pipeline includes proposed diagnostic devices for asthma in children, assessment of blood carbon dioxide, or CO 2  concentration in neonates and malabsorption. We may also license elements of our Sensalyze Technology Platform to other companies that have complementary development or commercial capabilities.
In November, 2014, we completed our IPO, pursuant to which we issued 1,650,000 units (each unit consisting of one share of Common Stock, one Series A Warrant and one Series B Warrant) and received net proceeds of approximately $8.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and IPO related expenses. In connection with the completion of our IPO, all shares of convertible preferred stock converted into 865,429 shares of common stock and all of our convertible preferred stock warrants were converted into warrants to purchase common stock. In addition, the outstanding convertible notes and accrued interest issued during 2010 and 2012 converted into an aggregate of 3,165,887 shares of common stock and the issuance of 523,867 warrants to purchase common stock. The outstanding convertible notes issued during April, August and October, 2014 converted into an aggregate of 552,105 units in the IPO.
In March 2015, holders of 589,510 Series B Warrants exercised their warrants for cash, and we received approximately $3.8 million in gross proceeds. In conjunction with these exercises, we issued the same number of Series C Warrants to purchase common stock at an exercise price of $6.25 per share which are exercisable through March 4, 2020. In April 2015, we filed a registration statement to offer and exchange to the remaining Series B Warrant holders to cash exercise their existing warrants and receive a Series C Warrant. We also received approximately $0.2 million from holders of Series A Warrants who exercised their warrants for cash during the three months ended March 31, 2015.
On July 24, 2015, we entered into the Aspire Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million in value of shares of our common stock over the 24-month term of the purchase agreement (see Note 7). During the year ended December 31, 2015, we issued an aggregate of 506,585 shares of common stock to Aspire Capital in exchange for approximately $1.4 million.
On October 12, 2015, we entered into the Sabby Purchase Agreement with funds affiliated by Sabby Management, LLC, to purchase up to $10 million of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, or preferred stock, together with related Series D Warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. The sale of the preferred stock was set to take place in two separate closings. On October 15, 2015, the date of the first closing, we received proceeds of approximately $4.1 million, net of $0.4 million in estimated expenses. On January 8, 2016, the date of the second closing, we received proceeds of approximately $5 million, net of $0.5 million in estimated expenses.
During the year ended December 31, 2015 we received $0.3 million from the exercise of stock options.
Management believes that the Company has sufficient capital resources to sustain operations through at least the next twelve months.
As of December 31, 2015, we had an accumulated deficit of $86 million, primarily as a result of research and development and general and administrative expenses. While we may in the future generate revenue from a variety of sources, potentially including sales of our neonatology products, therapeutic products, other diagnostic products, license fees, milestone payments, and research and development payments in connection with potential future strategic partnerships, we have, to date, generated revenue only from the 2013 license agreement pertaining to Serenz and a minimal amount of revenue from our neonatology products. The GSK agreement terminated in June 2014, and we may not generate future licensing revenue. We may never be successful in commercializing our neonatology products, therapeutic products or in developing additional products. Accordingly, we expect to incur significant losses from operations for the foreseeable future, and there can be no assurance that we will ever generate significant revenue or profits.
 
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We may also apply our research and development efforts to additional products based on our Sensalyze Technology Platform, a portfolio of proprietary methods and algorithms which enables CoSense and can be applied to detect a variety of analytes in exhaled breath.
Prior to 2010, our efforts were primarily focused on development of therapeutics. We have previously obtained CE Mark certification in the E.U. for Serenz, an as-needed treatment for AR that has shown statistically significant improvements in AR symptoms in randomized, controlled Phase 2 clinical trials completed by us. We outlicensed Serenz to GSK in 2013, realizing revenue in the form of a non-refundable up-front payment of $3.0 million. In June 2014, the agreement terminated and GSK returned the licensed rights to Serenz back to us. We recently reactivated the CE Mark certification for Serenz. We plan to move forward with pilot sales of Serenz to pharmacies in the E.U. during the second quarter of 2016 to gather commercial feedback in preparation of a possible full launch of Serenz later in 2016.
Financial overview
Summary
We have not generated net income from operations to date, and, at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, we had an accumulated deficit of approximately $86 million and $70 million, respectively, primarily as a result of research and development and general and administrative expenses. We may never be successful in commercializing our neonatology products, including CoSense, therapeutic products or in developing additional products. Accordingly, we expect to incur significant losses from operations for the foreseeable future, and there can be no assurance that we will ever generate significant revenue or profits.
Revenue recognition
We apply the provisions of Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, Accounting Standards Codification, or ASC, Topic 605,  Revenue Recognition , to recognize revenue. We begin recognizing revenue when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, such as a contract or purchase order, delivery has occurred, no significant obligations with regard to implementation or integration exist, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collectability is reasonably assured.
Research and development expenses
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development costs consist primarily of salaries and benefits, consultant fees, prototype expenses, certain facility costs and other costs associated with clinical trials, net of reimbursed amounts. Costs to acquire technologies to be used in research and development that have not reached technological feasibility, and have no alternative future use, are expensed to research and development costs when incurred.
Sales and marketing expenses
Sales and marketing expenses consist principally of personnel-related costs, professional fees for consulting expenses, and other expenses associated with commercial activities. We anticipate these expenses will increase significantly in future periods, reflecting the increased level of sales and marketing activity necessary for the commercial launch of CoSense.
General and administrative expenses
General and administrative expenses consist principally of personnel-related costs, professional fees for legal, consulting, audit and tax services, insurance, rent, and other general operating expenses not otherwise
 
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included in research and development. We anticipate general and administrative expenses will increase in future periods, reflecting an expanding infrastructure, other administrative expenses and increased professional fees associated with being a public reporting company.
Other income (expense), net
Other income (expense), net is primarily comprised of changes in the fair value of the Series A, Series B and Series C stock warrant liabilities.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our audited financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable in the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2 to our audited financial statements contained herein.
Series B Warrants
We account for the Series B Warrants issued in connection with our IPO in accordance with the guidance in Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 815-40. The warrants have a cashless exercise provision that allows for exercise of the warrants at any time between four and fifteen months after issuance, on a cashless basis for a number of common shares that increases as the market price of our common stock decreases, and exercisable at a discount to the price of our common stock at the time. The terms of the Series B Warrants do not explicitly limit the potential number of shares, thereby the exercise of the Series B Warrants could result in our obligation to deliver potentially unlimited number of shares upon settlement. As such, share settlement in not within our control and as provided under ASC 815-40, the warrants do not meet the criteria for equity treatment and are recorded as a liability. Accordingly, we classified the Series B Warrants as liabilities at their fair market value at the date of the IPO and will re-measure the warrants at each balance sheet date until they are exercised or they expire. Any change in the fair value is recognized as other income (expense) in our statement of operations.
The fair value of the warrant liability was determined using a Monte Carlo simulation model. This model is dependent upon several variables such as the warrant’s term, exercise price, current stock price, risk-free interest rate estimated over the expected term, estimated volatility of our stock over the term of warrant and the estimated market price of our stock during the cashless exercise period. The risk-free rate is based on U.S. Treasury securities with similar maturities as the expected terms of the warrants. The volatility is estimated based on blending the volatility rates for a number of similar publicly-traded companies.
In addition to the Series B Warrants, we issued Series A Warrants in connection with our IPO, have other warrants issued prior to the IPO in connection with convertible debt and have other warrants classified as part of our permanent equity. Under ASC 815-40-35, we have adopted a sequencing policy that reclassifies contracts from equity to assets or liabilities for those with the latest inception date first. We have taken the position that the Series A Warrants issued in the IPO have an earlier inception date than the Series B Warrants issued as part of our IPO, and accordingly are treated as an equity instrument.
Future issuance of securities will be evaluated as to reclassification as a liability under our sequencing policy of latest inception date first until either all of the Series B Warrants are settled or expire.
 
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In accordance with the guidance under ASC 815-40-25, we have evaluated that we have a sufficient number of authorized and unissued shares as December 31, 2015, to settle all existing commitments.
Series D Warrants
We account for the Series D Warrants in accordance with the guidance in ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. The Warrants contain standard anti-dilution provisions for stock dividends, stock splits, subdivisions, combinations and similar types of recapitalization events. They also contain a cashless exercise feature that provides for their net share settlement at the option of the holder in the event that there is no effective registration statement covering the continuous offer and sale of the warrants and underlying shares. We are required to comply with certain requirements to cause or maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement for the offer and sale of these securities. Such change in control events include tender offers or hostile takeovers, which are not within our sole control as the issuer of these warrants. However, the Series D Warrant agreement specifically provides that under no circumstances will we be required to settle any Series D Warrant exercise for cash, whether by net settlement or otherwise. Accordingly, we have classified the value of the Series D Warrants as permanent equity.
Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
We classified our Series A Convertible Stock as permanent equity on our balance sheet in accordance with authoritative guidance for the classification and measurement of hybrid securities and distinguishing liability from equity instruments. The preferred stock is not redeemable at the option of the holder.
Further, we evaluated our Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and determined that it is considered an equity host under ASC 815,  Derivatives and Hedging . In making this determination, we followed the whole instrument approach which compares an individual feature against the entire preferred stock instrument which includes that feature. Our analysis was based on a consideration of the economic characteristics and risks of each series of preferred stock. More specifically, we evaluated all of the stated and implied substantive terms and features, including (i) whether the preferred stock included redemption features, (ii) how and when any redemption features could be exercised, (iii) whether the holders of preferred stock were entitled to dividends, (iv) the voting rights of the preferred stock and, (v) the existence and nature of any conversion rights. As a result, we concluded that the preferred stock represents an equity host, the conversion feature of all series of preferred stock is considered to be clearly and closely related to the associated preferred stock host instrument. Accordingly, the conversion feature in the preferred stock is not considered an embedded derivative that requires bifurcation.
Research and development expense
Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. Research and development expense includes payroll and personnel expenses; consulting costs; external contract research and development expenses; and allocated overhead, including rent, equipment depreciation and utilities, and relate to both company-sponsored programs as well as costs incurred pursuant to reimbursement arrangements. Nonrefundable advance payments for goods or services that will be used or rendered for future research and development activities are deferred and capitalized and recognized as an expense as the goods are delivered or the related services are performed.
As part of the process of preparing our financial statements, we are required to estimate our accrued research and development expenses. This process involves reviewing contracts and purchase orders, reviewing the terms of our intellectual property agreements, communicating with our applicable personnel to identify services that have been performed on our behalf, and estimating the level of service performed and the associated cost incurred for the service when we have not yet been invoiced or otherwise notified of actual cost. The majority of our service providers invoice us monthly in arrears for services performed. We make estimates of our accrued expenses as of each balance sheet date in our financial statements based on facts and circumstances known to us at that time. We
 
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periodically confirm the accuracy of our estimates with the service providers and make adjustments if necessary. Examples of estimated accrued research and development expenses include fees to:
 
 	•	 	contract manufacturers in connection with the production of clinical trial materials;	
 
 	•	 	contract research organizations and other service providers in connection with clinical studies;	
 
 	•	 	investigative sites in connection with clinical studies;	
 
 	•	 	vendors in connection with preclinical development activities; and	
 
 	•	 	professional service fees for consulting and related services.	
We base our expenses related to clinical studies on our estimates of the services received and efforts expended pursuant to contracts with multiple research institutions and contract research organizations that conduct and manage clinical studies on our behalf. The financial terms of these agreements are subject to negotiation, vary from contract to contract, and may result in uneven payment flows and expense recognition. Payments under some of these contracts depend on factors such as the successful enrollment of patients and the completion of clinical trial milestones. In accruing service fees, we estimate the time period over which services will be performed and the level of effort to be expended in each period. If the actual timing of the performance of services or the level of effort varies from our estimate, we adjust the accrual accordingly. Our understanding of the status and timing of services performed relative to the actual status and timing of services performed may vary and may result in our reporting changes in estimates in any particular period. To date, there have been no material differences from our estimates to the amounts actually incurred. However, due to the nature of these estimates, we cannot assure you that we will not make changes to our estimates in the future as we become aware of additional information about the status or conduct of our clinical studies or other research activity.
Stock-based compensation expense
For the years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 stock-based compensation expense was $942,369 and $345,435, respectively. As of December 31, 2015 we had $1,917,245 of total unrecognized compensation expense, which we expect to recognize over a period of approximately 2.5 years. The intrinsic value of all outstanding stock options as of December 31, 2015 was approximately $67,165. We expect to continue to grant equity incentive awards in the future as we continue to expand our number of employees and seek to retain our existing employees, and to the extent that we do, our actual stock-based compensation expense recognized in future periods will likely increase.
Stock-based compensation costs related to stock options granted to employees are measured at the date of grant based on the estimated fair value of the award, net of estimated forfeitures. We estimate the grant date fair value, and the resulting stock-based compensation expense, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. The grant date fair value of stock-based awards is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the award. Stock options we grant to employees generally vest over four years.
The Black-Scholes option-pricing model requires the use of highly subjective assumptions to estimate the fair value of stock-based awards. If we had made different assumptions, our stock-based compensation expense, net loss and net loss per share of common stock could have been significantly different. These assumptions include:
 
 	•	 	Expected volatility: We calculate the estimated volatility rate based on a peer index of common stock of comparable companies.	
 
 	•	 	Expected term: We do not believe we are able to rely on our historical exercise and post-vesting termination activity to provide accurate data for estimating the expected term for use in estimating the fair value-based measurement of our options. Therefore, we have opted to use the “simplified method” for estimating the expected term of options.	
 
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 	•	 	Risk-free rate: The risk-free interest rate is based on the yields of U.S. Treasury securities with maturities similar to the expected time to liquidity.	
 
 	•	 	Expected dividend yield: We have never declared or paid any cash dividends and do not presently plan to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Consequently, we used an expected dividend yield of zero.	
There were 926,384 options granted in the year ended December 31, 2014. There were 955,713 options granted in the year ended December 31, 2015. In addition to the assumptions used in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model, we must also estimate a forfeiture rate to calculate the stock-based compensation expense for our awards. We will continue to use judgment in evaluating the expected volatility, expected terms, and forfeiture rates utilized for our stock-based compensation expense calculations on a prospective basis.
Impairment of Goodwill
Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of assets acquired and liabilities assumed. Good will is presumed to have an indefinite life and is not subject to amortization. Goodwill is reviewed for impairment annually and whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of the goodwill may not be recoverable.
We determined that we have only one operating segment and reporting unit under the criteria in ASC 280, Segment Reporting, and accordingly, all of our goodwill is associated with our company. Our review of goodwill for indicators of impairment is performed at the company level.
The goodwill impairment test consists of a two-step process. The first step of the goodwill impairment test, used to identify potential impairment, compares the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying value. If the fair value of the reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is considered not impaired, and the second step of the impairment test is not required.
We use an income approach to establish a fair value by estimating the present value of our projected future cash flows expected to be generated from the reporting unit. The discount rate applied to the projected future cash flows to arrive at the present value reflects all risks of ownership and the associated risks of realizing the stream of projected future cash flows. The most significant assumptions included in our discounted cash flow methodology are the discount rate, the residual value and expected future revenues, gross margins and operating costs.
Goodwill was tested for impairment as of December 31, 2015. We concluded that the fair value of the reporting unit exceeded the carrying value and no impairment existed.
Income Taxes
We use the liability method of accounting for income taxes, whereby deferred tax assets or liability account balances are calculated at the balance sheet date using current tax laws and rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are provided when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount that will more likely than not be realized.
We make certain estimates and judgments in determining income tax expense for financial statement purposes. These estimates and judgments occur in the calculation of tax credits, benefits and deductions and in the calculation of certain tax assets and liabilities, which arise from differences in the timing of recognition of revenues and expenses for tax and financial statement purposes. Significant changes to these estimates may result in an increase or decrease to our tax provision in a subsequent period.
 
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In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, we consider whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will be realized on a jurisdiction by jurisdiction basis. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of taxable income in the future. We have recorded a deferred tax asset in jurisdictions where ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is more likely than not to occur.
We make estimates and judgments about our future taxable income that are based on assumptions that are consistent with our plans and estimates. Should the actual amounts differ from our estimates, the amount of our valuation allowance could be materially impacted. Any adjustment to the deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be recorded in the income statement for the periods in which the adjustment is determined to be required.
We account for uncertainty in income taxes as required by the provisions of ASC Topic 740, Income Taxes, which clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. The first step is to evaluate the tax position for recognition by determining if the weight of available evidence indicates that it is more likely than not that the position will be sustained on audit, including resolution of related appeals or litigation processes, if any. The second step is to estimate and measure the tax benefit as the largest amount that is more than 50% likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. It is inherently difficult and subjective to estimate such amounts, as this requires us to determine the probability of various possible outcomes. We consider many factors when evaluating and estimating our tax positions and tax benefits, which may require periodic adjustments and may not accurately anticipate actual outcomes.
In addition, the use of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be limited under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code in certain situations where changes occur in the stock ownership of a company. In the event that we have had a change in ownership, utilization of the carryforwards could be restricted.
Results of Operations
Comparison of the Years Ended December 31, 2015 and 2014

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	 	 	 	  	Increase (decrease)	 	
 	  	2015	 	 	2014	 	 	 	 	  	Amount	 	 	Percentage	 	
Revenue	  	$	607,472	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	 	 	  	$	607,472	  	 	 	N/A	  	
Cost of goods sold	  	 	352,683	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	352,683	  	 	 	N/A	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross profit	  	 	254,789	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	254,789	  	 	 	N/A	  	
Operating expenses:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	4,536,244	  	 	 	2,242,216	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	2,294,028	  	 	 	102	% 	
Sales and marketing	  	 	1,737,470	  	 	 	252,359	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	1,485,111	  	 	 	100	% 	
General and administrative	  	 	6,140,821	  	 	 	2,665,154	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	3,475,667	  	 	 	130	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total	  	 	12,414,535	  	 	 	5,159,729	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	7,254,806	  	 	 	141	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income (Loss) from operations	  	 	(12,159,746	) 	 	 	(5,159,729	) 	 	 	 	 	  	 	(7,000,017	) 	 	 	136	% 	
Interest income	  	 	—  	  	 	 	1,085	  	 	 	 	 	  	 	(1,085	) 	 	 	(100	)% 	
Interest expense	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(4,130,394	) 	 	 	 	 	  	 	4,130,394	  	 	 	(100	)% 	
Other income (expense), net	  	 	(3,748,800	) 	 	 	(3,948,578	) 	 	 	 	 	  	 	199,778	  	 	 	(5	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(15,908,546	) 	 	$	(13,237,616	) 	 	 	 	 	  	$	(2,670,930	) 	 	 	20	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue
No revenue was recognized in the year ended December 31, 2014.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we recognized $219,917 of government grant revenue from a new grant awarded during the second quarter of 2015, and $387,555 of product revenue from sales of CoSense, Precision Sampling Sets and NFI products, of which $279,000 related to NFI products subsequent to the acquisition of NeoForce’s assets in September 2015.
 
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Research and development expense
Research and development expense in the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $2.3 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to increased headcount and development materials for the development of our CoSense product.
Sales and marketing expense
Sales and marketing expense in the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $1.5 million over the year ended December 31, 2014 primarily due to the addition of the Chief Commercial Officer in April of 2015, the addition of sales personnel and commercial launch activities for CoSense.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expense in the year ended December 31, 2015 increased $3.5 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to an increase in consulting costs and employee related expenses as a result of increased executive headcount in 2015 versus 2014, including stock based compensation and the costs of being a public company.
Interest expense, net
Interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2015 decreased $4.1 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Interest expense during 2014 was due to the outstanding debt balance of $18 million from the 2010-2014 convertible notes that converted at the time of the IPO in November 2014.
Other expense
Other expense in the year ended December 31, 2015 decreased $0.2 million as compared to the year ended December 31, 2014. Of the $3.7 million expense in 2015, $0.2 million was due to the value of the commitment shares of common stock issued to Aspire Capital and $3.1 million was due to the issuance of the Series C Warrants which were treated as an inducement. The change in the fair value of the warrants decreased from $3.9 million in 2014 to $0.5 million in 2015.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Since our inception and through November 18, 2014, we have financed our operations primarily through private placements of our equity securities and debt financing. On November 18, 2014, we completed our IPO, pursuant to which we issued 1,650,000 units (each unit consisting of one share of common stock, one Series A Warrant and one Series B Warrant) and received net proceeds of approximately $8.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and IPO related expenses.
In March 2015, holders of 589,510 Series B Warrants exercised their warrants for cash, and we received approximately $3.8 million in gross proceeds. In conjunction with these exercises, we issued the same number of Series C Warrants to purchase common stock at an exercise price of $6.25 per share which are exercisable through March 4, 2020. In April 2015, we filed a registration statement to offer and exchange to the remaining Series B Warrant holders to cash exercise their existing warrants and receive a Series C Warrant. We also received approximately $0.2 million from holders of Series A Warrants who exercised their warrants for cash during the three months ended March 31, 2015.

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On July 24, 2015, we entered into the Aspire Purchase Agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million in value of shares of our common stock over the 24-month term of the purchase agreement. During the quarter ended September 30, 2015, we issued an aggregate of 506,585 shares of common stock to Aspire Capital in exchange for approximately $1.4 million.
On October 12, 2015, we entered into the Sabby Purchase Agreement with funds affiliated by Sabby Management, LLC, to purchase up to $10 million of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, or preferred stock, together with related Series D Warrants to purchase shares of our common stock. The sale of the preferred stock is expected to take place in two separate closings. On October 15, 2015, the date of the first closing, we received proceeds of approximately $4.1 million, net of $0.4 million in estimated expenses. On January 8, 2016, the date of the second closing, we received proceeds of approximately $5 million, net of $0.5 million in estimated expenses.
At December 31, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of $5.5 million, a majority of which is invested in a money market fund at an AAA-rated financial institution.
We believe that, based on our current level of operations, our existing cash resources will provide adequate funds for ongoing operations, planned capital expenditures and working capital requirements for at least the next 12 months.
We expect to incur substantial expenditures in the foreseeable future for the development and potential commercialization of Serenz and CoSense products, as well as clinical trials for our therapeutic products. We may continue to require additional financing to develop our future products and fund operations for the foreseeable future. We will continue to seek funds through equity or debt financings, collaborative or other arrangements with corporate sources, or through other sources of financing. We anticipate that we may need to raise substantial additional capital, the requirements of which will depend on many factors, including:
 
 	•	 	the rate of progress in the commercialization of our products and the generation of revenue from product sales;	
 
 	•	 	the degree and rate of market acceptance of any products launched by us or future partners;	
 
 	•	 	the cost of commercializing our products, including the costs of sales, marketing, and distribution;	
 
 	•	 	the costs of developing our anticipated internal sales and marketing capabilities;	
 
 	•	 	the cost of preparing to manufacture our products on a larger scale;	
 
 	•	 	the costs of filing, prosecuting, defending and enforcing any patent claims and other intellectual property rights;	
 
 	•	 	our ability to enter into additional collaboration, licensing, commercialization or other arrangements and the terms and timing of such arrangements;	
 
 	•	 	the emergence of competing technologies or other adverse market developments; and,	
 
 	•	 	the cost of clinical trials for Cluster Headache, TN and Serenz.	
If we are unable to raise additional funds when needed, our ability to attain commercial success with CoSense, or our other potential products, may be impaired. We may also be required to delay, reduce, or terminate some or all of our development programs and clinical trials. We may also be required to sell or license to others technologies or future products or programs that we would prefer to develop and commercialize ourselves.
 
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Cash flows
The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents for each of the periods presented below:

 	  	Year Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	        2015        	 	  	        2014        	 	
Cash Flows from Continuing Operations:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	  	$	(10,299,330	) 	  	$	(4,484,362	) 	
Net cash used in investing activities	  	 	(1,320,777	) 	  	 	(30,683	) 	
Net cash provided by financing activities	  	 	9,157,920	  	  	 	11,202,985	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	  	$	(2,462,187	) 	  	$	6,687,940	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Cash used in operating activities
During the year ended December 31, 2015, net cash used in operating activities was $10.2 million, which was primarily due to the use of funds in our operations, as well as adjustments for non-cash items including the $0.5 million change in fair value of warrants and the Series C Warrants inducement charge of $3.0 million and the $0.9 million of stock based compensation expense, offset by increases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $1.5 million.
Net cash used in operating activities in the year ended December 31, 2014 totaled $4.5 million, which was primarily due to a net loss, as well as adjustments for non-cash items, including the change in the fair value of preferred stock warrants of $3.9 million and the non-cash interest expense relating to convertible promissory notes of $4.1 million.
Cash used in investing activities
During the year ended December 31, 2015, we used $1.0 million to acquire NeoForce. Cash used in investing activities in the year ended December 31, 2015 consisted primarily of investment in equipment, change in restricted cash and payment to acquire patents.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, cash used in investing activities consisted primarily of investment in equipment.
Cash provided by financing activities
During the year ended December 31, 2015 cash provided by financing activities was $9.2 million, consisting primarily of $4.2 million in proceeds from issuance of common stock as a result of the exercise of Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants, issuance of common stock to Aspire Capital for $1.4 million and the $0.3 million received from the exercise of common stock options, offset by payment of IPO costs and Series B transaction costs of $0.7 million and the repayment of the outstanding balance on our line of credit of $0.1 million.
During the year ended December 31, 2014, cash provided by financing activities was $11.2 million, primarily from the cash received from the IPO.
As of December 31, 2015, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $5.5 million. We believe that our cash resources are sufficient to meet our cash needs for at least the next 12 months.
Contractual obligations and commitments
As of December 31, 2015, we had net lease obligations totaling $2,413,733, consisting of operating leases for our operating facilities in Redwood City, California. We signed a lease for our current operating facilities at
 
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1235 Radio Road in Redwood City in July 2015, which expires in July of 2019. We had previously signed a sublease for our prior operating facilities at 3 Twin Dolphins Drive in Redwood City, with an expiration date of June 2018.
The following table summarizes our contractual obligations as of December 31, 2015.

 	  	Payments due by period	 	
 	  	Less than
1 year	 	  	1 to 3
years	 	  	    4 to 5    
years	 	  	    After 5    
years	 	  	Total	 	
Lease obligations	  	$	698,945	  	  	$	1,714,788	  	  	$	—	  	  	$	—	  	  	$	2,413,733	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	698,945	  	  	$	1,714,788	  	  	$	—	  	  	$	—	  	  	$	2,413,733	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
We are obligated to make future payments to third parties under in-license agreements, including sublicense fees, royalties, and payments that become due and payable on the achievement of certain development and commercialization milestones. As the amount and timing of sublicense fees and the achievement and timing of these milestones are not probable and estimable, such commitments have not been included on our balance sheet or in the contractual obligations tables above. We are also obligated to make certain payments of deferred compensation to management upon completion of certain types of transactions. As the amount and timing of such payments are not probable and estimable, such commitments have not been included on our balance sheet or in the contractual obligations tables above.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2015, we had no off-balance sheet arrangements as defined in Item 303(a)(4) of Regulation S-K as promulgated by the SEC.
Accounting Guidance Update
Recently Adopted Accounting Guidance
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other standard setting bodies and adopted by us as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
In April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest—Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs , which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. ASU 2015-03 applies to all business entities and is effective for public business entities for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted. We do not expect that the adoption of ASU 2015-03 will have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605,  Revenue Recognition . This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. The ASU is effective for public entities for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. In April 2015, the FASB proposed to defer for one year the effective date of the new revenue standard, with an option that would permit companies to adopt the standard as early as the original effective date. Early adoption prior to the original effective date is not permitted. We have not determined the potential effects of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
 
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In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period . ASU 2014-12 requires that a performance target that affects vesting and could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition. ASU 2014-12 is effective for the Company in its first quarter of 2016 with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect its pending adoption of ASU 2014-12 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern . The new standard provides guidance around management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. The new standard requires that inventory within the scope of the guidance be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Inventory measured using last-in, first-out (LIFO) and the retail inventory method (RIM) are not impacted by the new guidance. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not determined the potential effects of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes. This ASU requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as non-current in a statement of financial position. The Company early adopted ASU 2015-17 effective December 31, 2015 on a retrospective basis. Adoption of this ASU resulted in a reclassification of the Company’s net current deferred tax asset to the net non-current deferred tax asset in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard provides guidance intended to improve financial reporting about leasing transaction. The ASU affects all companies that lease assets such as real estate, airplanes and manufacturing equipment. The ASU will require companies that lease assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. The new standard will take effect for fiscal years, and interim periods with those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. We have not determined the potential effects of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
We have considered all other recently issued accounting pronouncements and does not believe the adoption of such pronouncements will have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements.
 
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CAPNIA MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS FOR THE THREE AND NINE MONTHS ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2016
The interim consolidated financial statements of Capnia included in this prospectus and this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2015, and the related Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, contained in Capnia’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 and included elsewhere in this prospectus. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act. These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those set forth in the section captioned “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus that could cause actual results to differ materially from historical results or anticipated results.
Overview
We are a diversified healthcare company that develops and commercializes innovative diagnostics, devices and therapeutics addressing unmet medical needs. We have a number of commercial products based on our proprietary technologies, including those which utilize precision metering of gas flow. Our most recent product to launch commercially utilizing our precision metering of gas flow technology is Serenz ®  Allergy Relief, or Serenz, which has a CE Mark certification for sale in the E.U. Serenz is a proprietary handheld device that delivers non-inhaled CO 2  topically to the nasal mucosa. Serenz is used only when needed, and does not need to be used on a scheduled basis. Pilot commercial sales of Serenz began in the U.K. and Ireland in the second quarter of 2016.
We are also selling the CoSense® End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide (ETCO) Monitor, or CoSense, which measures ETCO and aids in the detection of excessive hemolysis, a condition in which red blood cells degrade rapidly. When present in neonates with jaundice, excessive hemolysis is a dangerous condition which can lead to adverse neurological outcomes. CoSense is 510(k) cleared for sale in the U.S. and received CE Mark certification for sale in the E.U. In addition, through our wholly-owned subsidiary NFI, we also develop and globally market assets relating to innovative pulmonary resuscitation solutions for the inpatient and ambulatory neonatal markets. NFI’s primary product is the NeoPip T-piece resuscitator and related consumable, which delivers consistent pre-set inspiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressures. Other NFI products include temperature probes, scales, surgical tables and patient surfaces.
Our therapeutic technology consists of the use of nasal, non-inhaled CO2 for the treatment of the symptoms of allergic rhinitis, or AR, as well as for the treatment of pain associated with migraine, cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia, or TN. Serenz is a treatment for symptoms related to AR, which, when triggered by seasonal allergens, is commonly known as hay fever or seasonal allergies. We are also pursuing new initiatives for the development of our precision metering of gas flow technology for the treatment of trigeminally-mediated pain disorders such as cluster headache and TN. On December 18, 2015, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, granted us orphan drug designation for our nasal, non-inhaled CO 2  technology for the treatment of TN in the U.S. We filed an investigational new drug application, or IND, with the FDA and started enrolling TN patients in a pilot clinical trial in 2016.
We continue to focus our research and development efforts on diagnostic products based on our Sensalyze™ Technology Platform, a portfolio of patented and proprietary methods and systems, which enables CoSense to measure ETCO and that can be applied to detect a variety of analytes in exhaled breath, as well as other products for the neonatology market. Our current development pipeline includes proposed diagnostic devices for asthma in children, assessment of blood CO 2  concentration in neonates and malabsorption. We may also license elements of our Sensalyze Technology Platform to other companies that have complementary development or commercial capabilities.
 
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In July 2015, we commenced enrollment in a pilot, single-center, investigator-sponsored clinical trial evaluating our proprietary nasal, non-inhaled CO 2  technology for the treatment of cluster headaches. The primary efficacy endpoint of the trial is the greatest change from pre-treatment headache pain intensity to post treatment. We expect to report top-line data from this trial in 2016.
In January of 2016, we entered into a distribution agreement with Bemes, Inc., or Bemes, a leading medical equipment Master Distributor, to market and distribute CoSense and Precision Sampling Sets or PSS. Under the terms of the agreement, Bemes will have the exclusive right for sales, marketing, distribution and field service activities for CoSense in the United States. Bemes and its network of sub distributors will allow nationwide distribution of CoSense with 44 sales representatives covering almost every state.
In March 2015, holders of 589,510 Series B Warrants exercised their Series B Warrants for cash, and we received approximately $3.8 million in gross proceeds. In conjunction with these exercises, we issued the same number of Series C Warrants to purchase Common Stock at an exercise price of $6.25 per share which are exercisable through March 4, 2020. In April 2015, we filed a registration statement to offer and exchange to the remaining Series B Warrant holders to cash exercise their existing Series B Warrants and receive a Series C Warrant. We also received approximately $0.2 million from holders of Series B Warrants who exercised their Series B Warrants for cash during the nine months ended March 31, 2015.
On July 24, 2015, we entered into the Aspire Purchase Agreement with Aspire, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million in value of shares of our Common Stock over the 24-month term of the Purchase Agreement. Since July 24, 2015, we issued an aggregate of 506,585 shares of Common Stock to Aspire in exchange for approximately $1.4 million.
On October 12, 2015, we entered into the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement with funds managed by Sabby to purchase up to $10 million of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock together with related Series D Warrants to purchase shares of our Common Stock. The sale of the Series Convertible A Preferred Stock occurred in two separate closings. On October 15, 2015, the date of the first closing under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement, we received proceeds of approximately $4.1 million, net of $0.4 million in estimated expenses. On January 8, 2016, the date of the second closing under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement, we received proceeds of approximately $5 million, net of $0.5 million in estimated expenses.
On June 29, 2016, we entered into the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement with Sabby, pursuant to which we agreed to sell to Sabby, in a private placement, an aggregate of up to 13,780 shares of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at an aggregate purchase price of $13,780,000, which shares are convertible into 13,780,000 shares of our Common Stock, based on a fixed conversion price of $1.00 per share on an as-converted basis. Under the terms of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, in no event shall shares of Common stock be issued to Sabby upon conversion of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to the extent such issuance of shares of Common Stock would result in Sabby having ownership in excess of 4.99%. In connection with the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, we also repurchased an aggregate of 7,780 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock held by Sabby for an aggregate amount of $7,780,000, which shares were originally purchased by Sabby under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement and which shares represent 4,205,405 shares of Common Stock on an as-converted basis. The sale of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock occurred in two separate closings. On July 5, 2016, the date of the first closing under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, the Company received proceeds of approximately $1.3 million, net of $0.1 million in estimated expenses. On September 29, 2016, the date of the second closing under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, the Company received proceeds of approximately $4.4 million, net of $0.3 million in estimated expenses. After repurchase of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and estimated transaction expenses, the Company received approximately $5.6 million of net proceeds.
During the year ended December 31, 2015 and the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we received $0.3 million and $0.1 million, respectively, from the exercise of stock options.
 
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As of September 30, 2016, we had an accumulated deficit of $95.7 million, primarily as a result of research and development and general and administrative expenses. While we may in the future generate revenue from a variety of sources, potentially including sales of our neonatology products, therapeutic products, other diagnostic products, license fees, milestone payments, and research and development payments in connection with potential future strategic partnerships, we have, to date, generated revenue only from the 2013 license agreement pertaining to Serenz, $1.6 million in revenue from our neonatology products and $0.2 million in government grants. We may never be successful in commercializing our neonatology products, therapeutic products or in developing additional products. Accordingly, we expect to incur significant losses from operations for the foreseeable future, and there can be no assurance that we will ever generate significant revenue or profits.
Critical Accounting Policies and Significant Judgments and Estimates
Our management’s discussion and analysis of financial condition and results of operations are based upon our unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of these consolidated financial statements requires us to make estimates and judgments that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our critical accounting policies and estimates. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable in the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions. Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 3 of the accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
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Results of Operations
Comparison of the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015

 	  	Nine Months Ended
September 30,	 	 	Increase (decrease)	 	
 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	Amount	 	 	Percentage	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Government grant revenue	  	$	—  	  	 	$	220	  	 	$	(220	) 	 	 	(100	)% 	
Product revenue	  	 	1,167	  	 	 	146	  	 	$	1,021	  	 	 	699	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total revenue	  	 	1,167	  	 	 	366	  	 	 	801	  	 	 	219	% 	
Cost of goods sold	  	 	1,287	  	 	 	96	  	 	 	1,191	  	 	 	1,241	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross profit (loss)	  	 	(120	) 	 	 	270	  	 	 	(390	) 	 	 	(144	)% 	
Operating expenses:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	4,231	  	 	 	3,252	  	 	 	979	  	 	 	30	% 	
Sales and marketing	  	 	1,457	  	 	 	1,239	  	 	 	218	  	 	 	18	% 	
General and administrative	  	 	4,846	  	 	 	4,432	  	 	 	414	  	 	 	9	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total	  	 	10,534	  	 	 	8,923	  	 	 	1,611	  	 	 	18	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	  	 	(10,654	) 	 	 	(8,653	) 	 	 	(2,001	) 	 	 	23	% 	
Change in fair value of warrants	  	 	1,323	  	 	 	(1,177	) 	 	 	2,500	  	 	 	(212	)% 	
Inducement charge for Series C Warrants	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(3,050	) 	 	 	3,050	  	 	 	(100	)% 	
Cease-use expense	  	 	(94	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(94	) 	 	 	N/A	  	
Interest expense, net	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(1	) 	 	 	1	  	 	 	(100	)% 	
Other income (expense), net	  	 	(27	) 	 	 	(183	) 	 	 	156	  	 	 	(85	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest and other income (expense), net	  	 	1,202	  	 	 	(4,411	) 	 	 	5,613	  	 	 	(127	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(9,452	) 	 	$	(13,064	) 	 	$	3,612	  	 	 	(28	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue
Total revenue in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased 219% as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015. During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we recognized $344 thousand of product revenue from sales of CoSense and Precision Sampling Sets and $820 thousand from NFI products. In the nine months ended September 30, 2015, we recognized $85 thousand of product revenue from sales of CoSense and Precision Sampling Sets and $61 thousand from NFI products. NeoForce was acquired in September 2015 and thus the $61 thousand represents one month’s revenue. Grant revenue was $220 thousand for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 and $0 in the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
Research and development expense
Research and development expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $979 thousand as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015. The increase was primarily due to increased headcount, development materials for the improvement of our CoSense product, costs associated with the launch of Serenz in the E.U. and an increase in costs for the TN and cluster headache clinical trials.
Sales and marketing expense
Sales and marketing expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $218 thousand over the nine months ended September 30, 2015 primarily due to commercial activities associated with the continued commercialization of CoSense and the launch of Serenz in the E.U.
 
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General and administrative expense
General and administrative expense in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $414 thousand as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015. The increase was primarily due to an increase in IP legal fees, increased headcount associated with the NFI operations, and partially offset by external printing and filing costs associated with SEC filings incurred in 2015.
Other income (expense)
Other income (expense) in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 increased $5.6 million as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015. Of the $4.4 million expense in 2015, $3.1 million was due to the issuance of the Series C Warrants, a one-time charge which was treated as an inducement. The change in the fair value of the warrants decreased from an other expense of $1.2 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2015 to $1.3 million in other income in the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Other expense decreased $156 thousand primarily due to the value of shares issued to Aspire Capital in 2015.
Comparison of the three months September 30, 2016 and 2015

 	  	Three Months Ended
September 30,	 	 	Increase (decrease)	 	
 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	Amount	 	 	Percentage	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Government grant revenue	  	$	—  	  	 	$	155	  	 	$	(155	) 	 	 	(100	)% 	
Product revenue	  	 	329	  	 	 	92	  	 	 	237	  	 	 	258	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total revenue	  	 	329	  	 	 	247	  	 	 	82	  	 	 	33	% 	
Cost of product revenue	  	 	399	  	 	 	56	  	 	 	343	  	 	 	613	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross profit (loss)	  	 	(70	) 	 	 	191	  	 	 	(261	) 	 	 	(137	)% 	
Operating expenses:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	1,131	  	 	 	1,193	  	 	 	(62	) 	 	 	(5	)% 	
Sales and marketing	  	 	342	  	 	 	467	  	 	 	(125	) 	 	 	(27	)% 	
General and administrative	  	 	1,398	  	 	 	1,714	  	 	 	(316	) 	 	 	(18	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total	  	 	2,871	  	 	 	3,374	  	 	 	(503	) 	 	 	(15	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Loss from operations	  	 	(2,941	) 	 	 	(3,183	) 	 	 	242	  	 	 	(8	)% 	
Change in fair value of warrants	  	 	200	  	 	 	73	  	 	 	127	  	 	 	174	% 	
Other income (expense), net	  	 	(9	) 	 	 	(183	) 	 	 	174	  	 	 	(95	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest and other income (expense), net	  	 	191	  	 	 	(110	) 	 	 	301	  	 	 	(274	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(2,750	) 	 	$	(3,293	) 	 	$	543	  	 	 	(16	)% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Revenue
Total revenue in the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased 33% as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we recognized $71 thousand of product revenue from sales of CoSense and Precision Sampling Sets and $257 thousand from NFI products. During the three months ended September 30, 2015, we recognized $31 thousand of product revenue from the sales of CoSense and Precision Sampling Sets and $61 thousand (one month) from NFI products. Grant revenue was $155 thousand for the three months ended September 30, 2015 and $0 in the three months ended September 30, 2016.
Research and development expense
Research and development expense in the three months ended September 30, 2016 decreased 5% as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015. The decrease was primarily due to decreased development materials for our CoSense product as we focus more on commercialization.
 
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Sales and marketing expense
Sales and marketing expense in the three months ended September 30, 2016 decreased 27% over the three months ended September 30, 2015 primarily due to the shift in commercialization efforts from internal resources to the external distribution model.
General and administrative expense
General and administrative expense in the three months ended September 30, 2016 decreased 18% as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015 due to external printing and filing costs associated with SEC filings in 2015.
Other income (expense)
Other income in the three months ended September 30, 2016 increased $301 thousand as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015. The change in the fair value of the warrants increased $127 thousand from the three months ended September 30, 2015 due to decreases in the warrant liability values. Other expense in 2015 was due to the value of the shares of Common Stock issued to Aspire Capital as part of the Aspire Purchase Agreement.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The following table sets forth the primary sources and uses of cash and cash equivalents for each of the periods presented below:

 	  	Nine Months Ended
September 30,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	
 	  	(in thousands)	 	
Cash Flows from Continuing Operations:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net cash used in operating activities	  	$	(10,810	) 	  	$	(6,921	) 	
Net cash used in investing activities	  	 	(39	) 	  	 	(1,289	) 	
Net cash provided by financing activities	  	 	10,769	  	  	 	4,973	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	  	$	(80	) 	  	$	(3,237	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Cash used in operating activities
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, net cash used in operating activities was $10.8 million, which was primarily due to the use of funds for operations, including costs incurred to launch Serenz in the E.U., as well as adjustments for non-cash items including the $1.3 million change in fair value of warrants and $0.6 million of stock based compensation expense, decreases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $0.5 million and increases of inventory of $0.2 million.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, net cash used in operating activities was $6.9 million, which was primarily due to the use of funds in our operations, as well as adjustments for non-cash items including the $4.2 million change in fair value of warrants and the Series C Warrants inducement charge and the $0.7 million of stock based compensation expense, offset by increases in accounts payable and accrued liabilities of $1.3 million.
Cash used in investing activities
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we used $39 thousand in investing activities. Cash used in investing activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 consisted primarily of investment in equipment.
 
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During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company used $1.0 million to acquire NeoForce. Cash used in investing activities in the nine months ended September 30, 2015 consisted primarily of investment in equipment, change unrestricted cash and payment to acquire patents.
Cash provided by financing activities
During the nine months ended September 30, 2016 cash provided by financing activities was $10.8 million as a result of the second close under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement and the first and second close under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement.
During the nine months ended September 30, 2015 cash provided by financing activities was $5.0 million, consisting primarily of $4.2 million in proceeds from issuance of Common Stock as a result of the exercise of Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants, issuance of Common Stock to Aspire Capital for $1.4 million and the $0.3 million received from the exercise of Common Stock options, offset by payment of IPO costs and Series B transaction costs of $0.7 million and the repayment of the outstanding balance on our line of credit of $0.1 million.
As of September 30, 2016, we had cash and cash equivalents of approximately $5.4 million.
Recent Developments
Merger with Essentialis
On December 22, 2016, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (referred to in this prospectus as the merger agreement) with Essentialis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Essentialis. Consummation of the merger is subject to various closing conditions, including our consummation of a financing of at least $8 million at, or substantially contemporaneous with, the closing of the merger and the receipt of stockholder approval of the merger at a special meeting of our stockholders.
Essentialis is a privately held, clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the development of breakthrough medicines for the treatment of rare metabolic diseases where there is increased mortality and risk of cardiovascular and endocrine complications. To date, Essentialis’s efforts have focused primarily on developing and testing product candidates that target the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, a metabolically regulated membrane protein whose modulation has the potential to impact a wide range of rare metabolic, cardiovascular, and CNS diseases. Essentialis has tested Diazoxide Choline Controlled Release Tablet, or DCCR, as a treatment for Prader-Willi syndrome, a complex metabolic/neurobehavioral disorder.
 
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BUSINESS
Company Overview
We are a diversified healthcare company that develops and commercializes innovative diagnostics, devices and therapeutics addressing unmet medical needs. We have a number of commercial products based on our proprietary technologies, including those which utilize precision metering of gas flow. Our most recent product to launch commercially is Serenz ®  Allergy Relief, or Serenz, which has a CE Mark certification for sale in the European Union, or E.U. Serenz is a proprietary handheld device that delivers non-inhaled CO 2  topically to the nasal mucosa. Serenz is used only when needed, and does not need to be used on a regular basis. We are also selling the CoSense ®  End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide (ETCO) Monitor, or CoSense, measures ETCO and aids in the detection of excessive hemolysis, a condition in which red blood cells degrade rapidly. When present in neonates with jaundice, excessive hemolysis is a dangerous condition which can lead to adverse neurological outcomes. CoSense is 510(k) cleared for sale in the U.S. and received CE Mark certification for sale in the E.U.
In September 2015, through our wholly owned subsidiary NeoForce, Inc., or NFI, we acquired substantially all of the assets of NeoForce Group, Inc., or NeoForce. As a result of this acquisition, we also develop and market globally innovative pulmonary resuscitation solutions for the inpatient and ambulatory neonatal markets. NFI’s primary product is the NeoPip T-piece resuscitator and related consumable, which delivers consistent pre-set inspiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressures. Other products include temperature probes, scales, surgical tables and patient surfaces.
Our therapeutic technology involves the use of precisely metered nasal carbon dioxide, or CO2, for the potential relief of symptoms related to various diseases and conditions. Several randomized, placebo-controlled trials have shown its effectiveness in the symptomatic treatment of allergic rhinitis. Serenz has launched commercially in a limited number of pharmacies in the U.K. and Ireland as we continue to evaluate our options to further develop this product for the U.S. market. In addition, we are pursuing new initiatives for the development of this technology for the treatment of trigeminally-mediated pain disorders such as cluster headache and trigeminal neuralgia, or TN. In December 2015, we were granted orphan drug designation for our nasal, non-inhaled CO 2  technology for the treatment of TN. We have filed an investigational new drug, or IND, application with the U.S Food and Drug Administration, or FDA, and started enrolling TN patients in a pilot clinical trial in 2016.
Our research and development efforts are primarily focused on additional products based on our Sensalyze Technology Platform, a portfolio of patented and proprietary methods and systems which enables CoSense to measure ETCO and that can be applied to detect a variety of analytes in exhaled breath, as well as other products for the neonatology market. Our current development pipeline includes proposed diagnostic devices for malabsorption, asthma in children and assessment of blood CO 2 concentration in neonates. We may also license elements of our Sensalyze Technology Platform to other companies that have complementary development or commercial capabilities.
Serenz Allergy Relief
Allergic rhinitis, or AR, which is commonly and colloquially referred to as “allergies,” is characterized by symptoms that are often episodic and include nasal congestion, itching, sneezing and runny nose. It is one of the most common ailments in the western world and is growing rapidly, making AR one of the largest potential pharmaceutical markets. There are approximately 39 million sufferers in the U.S. and 48 million in France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom, and an additional 36 million in Japan, according to research firm GlobalData. Prevalence of AR is growing rapidly in the developed world. The most common AR drug therapies include antihistamines and intranasal steroids. Leukotriene inhibitors and other drugs are also currently prescribed to AR patients. Several of these drugs have generated sales in excess of $1 billion per year as branded products. However, these products have significant limitations and AR sufferers remain dissatisfied with the available treatments. Thus, there is a need for a more effective treatment with a faster onset of action and improved safety profile.
 
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AR is a cause of significant morbidity in spite of available treatments. According to the Allergies In America Survey conducted in 2006, most AR sufferers reported themselves to be less than “very satisfied” with the products they were taking for allergy relief. Fifty-two percent reported they had suffered from impaired work performance or missed work due to their AR symptoms even though 69% had used medication at some point in the prior four weeks. Current treatments provide incomplete relief from symptoms and have significant side effects such as drowsiness.
Serenz is based upon the observation that non-inhaled CO2 delivered at a low-flow rate into the nasal cavity, alleviates the symptoms of AR by cleansing the nasal mucosa. Serenz is a convenient, hand-held device that delivers low-flow CO 2  to the nasal mucosa. It contains a pressurized canister of gas, with approximately enough gas to dose as-needed for one to two weeks. The device is disposable and engineered for ease of use. Our proprietary technology ensures very precise control of aspects such as flow rate and volume, which we believe are both critical to achieve the desired clinical performance.
In our clinical trials to date, Serenz has shown a statistically significant effect within 30 minutes and is well tolerated. We believe that such a therapeutic benefit will position Serenz to be a potential first-line treatment for any AR sufferer. Contrary to dosing with commonly used medications such as antihistamines and nasal steroids, which must be dosed on a regular basis regardless of the presence of symptoms, Serenz is used on an as-needed basis and only when symptoms are present.
One Serenz device contains enough gas for approximately 20 doses, which we believe will treat AR for an average of one to two weeks, depending on frequency of use. We have not determined final pricing for Serenz, but expect to price it at a premium to existing therapies for AR due to the benefits we believe the product provides to patients over such therapies.
Based on clinical trials to date, we believe Serenz exhibits the ideal characteristics of an AR therapeutic, including:
 
 	•	 	Rapid relief	
 
 	•	 	Relief from all nasal congestion, sneezing and itchy/runny nose	
 
 	•	 	Non-sedating	
 
 	•	 	Tolerant side effect profile	
 
 	•	 	Acts locally in the nasal cavity	
 
 	•	 	Non-steroidal	
 
 	•	 	No known long-lasting side effects	
 
 	•	 	Usable on an as-needed basis	
Clinical Trials of Serenz in Allergic Rhinitis
We have conducted six randomized, controlled clinical trials involving 975 patients, testing the safety and effectiveness of nasal CO 2  in treating the symptoms of AR. Four of these clinical trials were in patients with seasonal AR, or SAR, and two of these clinical trials was in patients with perennial AR, or PAR. In addition, GlaxoSmithKline conducted a trial in 147 patients to assess the consumer appeal of Serenz for patients with nasal congestion. The trials using the as-needed approach showed statistically significant and clinically meaningful effects in both SAR and PAR. The effect is seen on each of the individual nasal and non-nasal symptoms, with as little as a 10 second per nostril application of Serenz. Given the rapid onset and generally mild side effect profile, we believe Serenz is ideally suited for marketing to patients for use on an as-needed basis.
 
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These studies show statistically significant and clinically meaningful effects in both SAR and PAR. The effect is seen on each of the individual nasal and non-nasal symptoms, with as little as a 10 sec/nostril application. The magnitude of the effect appears to be substantially larger than that of antihistamines and in the range of that seen with intranasal corticosteroids. Given the rapid onset and benign side effect profile, Serenz is ideally suited for use on an as-needed basis.
The As-Needed Only Treatment Paradigm
The traditional therapeutics used for the symptomatic treatment of AR have left a significant unmet need in this population. These agents (mostly antihistamines and nasal steroids) are approved for use on a scheduled basis (once a day, twice a day, etc.). This is counter-intuitive given that the symptoms of AR are typically episodic (such as when a subject is exposed to a pollen when they step outdoors in allergy season). The reason for chronic treatment of this episodic disorder is that the available treatments for AR take too long to act. Antihistamines typically take hours to have an effect. They are not very effective and the efficacy decreases further over time for patients and as exposure to allergens continues (whether seasonal or perennial). In addition, antihistamines in general do not have any effect on congestion. Nasal steroids can take days before onset of effect. While they are more efficacious than antihistamines, they must be taken regularly during the allergy season (or indefinitely for perennial allergies). In addition, they have bothersome side effects and are associated with the perception issues that relate to steroid use in general. What is needed is a treatment that can act rapidly – so that it can be taken only when needed. In addition, it should not have any lasting or significant side effects. Serenz has the characteristics of such a treatment.
Serenz as an As-Needed Only Application
The targeted indication as-needed use is supported by the following studies:
 
 	•	 	SAR-2005—This was the first randomized, placebo-controlled trial in subjects with SAR. Symptomatic subjects were treated with a single application of active (nasal CO 2 ) or placebo 60 sec/nostril one time. Symptoms were measured just before and at several time points after the treatment. Statistically significant improvements in symptoms were noted as early as 10 minutes, lasting for as long as 24 hours.	
 
 	•	 	C211 (PAR)—This was a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in subjects with PAR. Symptomatic subjects were treated with a single application of active or placebo. Subjects were assigned to one of six treatment groups: CO 2  at 5 mL/sec for 10 sec/nostril, CO 2  at 10 mL/sec for 10 sec/nostril, CO 2  at 5 mL/sec for 30 sec/nostril, CO 2 at 10 mL/sec for 30 sec/nostril, placebo for 10 sec/nostril, and placebo for 30 sec/nostril in a 2:2:2:2:1:1 ratio. Symptoms were measured just before and at several time points after the treatment. Statistically significant improvements in symptoms were noted at 30 minutes in the CO 2  at 10 mL/sec for 10 sec/nostril group. There was sustained (4-6 hours) relief of symptoms in this group.	
 
 	•	 	C216 (SAR)—This was the first multi-application, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which the nasal CO 2  device was used as needed in subjects with SAR. Subjects applied active or placebo 10 sec/nostril only as needed up to six times a day for 14 days. Symptoms were measured just before and at 30 minutes after each treatment during the 14-day treatment period. Statistically significant improvements (p<0.0001) in symptoms were noted at 30 minutes after each treatment during the 14-day treatment period. These results show that the nasal CO 2  device is effective for the prn treatment of SAR symptoms. The effect is rapid and the effect size is large.	
Scheduled Dosing Studies with Serenz
Other studies conducted for AR have evaluated the more traditional paradigm of scheduled dosing. Effectiveness measurements in these studies, based on a Guidance Document published by the FDA, are recorded in the morning and evening, regardless of the time of the treatment or pre-treatment symptoms. These
 
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measurements therefore reflect the overall symptomatic relief during the day as opposed to measuring the true effect of a treatment. Measurement of post-treatment scores in this scheduled dosing paradigm show the efficacy to be predictably lacking since pre-treatment scores are low (subjects treat when they are scheduled to, regardless of whether they need to based on worse symptoms). The following two studies evaluated twice a day and four times a day scheduled dosing in subjects with SAR:
 
 	•	 	C215 (SAR)—This was the first multi-application, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in subjects with SAR. Significantly symptomatic subjects were treated with a multi-application of active or placebo 10 sec/nostril two times a day for 14 days. Symptoms were measured just before the treatment. Prior to initiating the 14-day treatment period, subjects applied either active or placebo 10 sec/nostril in the clinic. Symptoms were measured just before and at several time points after this initial application. There were no statistically significant improvements in TNSS during the 14-day treatment period. However, a statistically significant improvement in symptoms was noted at 30 minutes and persisted for 6 hours after the first application, once again supporting the paradigm of as needed only use.	
 
 	•	 	C218 (SAR)—This was a multi-application, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in which the nasal CO2 device was used four times a day in subjects with SAR. Significantly symptomatic subjects applied active or placebo 10 sec/nostril four times a day for 14 days. Symptoms were measured just before and at 30 minutes after the treatment during the 14-day treatment period. There were no statistically significant improvements in TNSS during the 14-day treatment period. Predictably, the average pre-treatment symptoms were low in this study- which may have been the primary driver of the lack of response.	
Safety of Serenz
There were no application-related or device-related serious adverse events in any of the clinical trials conducted. Adverse events were generally mild and application-related, and resolved immediately upon cessation of application. The most common adverse events were transient nasal sensation and tearing of the eyes, or lacrimation, that lasted for the duration of the application only.
The nasal sensation commonly encountered during these clinical trials was described by patients differently, and ranges from tingling to burning to pain. We also observed that these sensations were generally not severe enough for patients to discontinue use of nasal CO 2 , and for more than 1,000 patients treated in all of the AR clinical trials, only six patients discontinued use of nasal CO 2  due to an adverse event. We believe that these clinical trials provide evidence that gentle cleansing of the nasal mucosa with Serenz is safe, acts locally and provides rapid relief of allergy symptoms.
Serenz Regulatory Status
A CE Mark was granted to us for marketing of Serenz in the E.U. in December 2011. Following out-licensing of Serenz to GSK in 2013 the CE mark was withdrawn due its nontransferability. In June 2014, the GSK agreement terminated and the licensed rights to Serenz were returned to us. We recently reactivated the CE Mark certification for Serenz.
The approval route for Serenz in the U.S. may be through a device approval or a drug-device combination approval. In the case of a drug-device combination, a new drug application, or NDA, filing with the FDA will be required. If it is a device approval pathway, it may be either via the PMA process, a  de novo  510(k) pathway, or traditional 510(k). We are currently reviewing regulatory pathway options. Additional randomized, controlled clinical trials may be necessary to obtain approval.

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Market opportunity
Independent market research has confirmed that nearly 23% of the population in the U.K., France, Germany, Italy and Spain suffers from AR. An estimated 9% of the population is being treated by their physician, and 2% self-treats for allergies. Greater than 75% of physician-treated patients and 100% of self- treated individuals use OTC allergy products as part of their regimen, resulting in the OTC market segment for adults aged 18 or older at approximately 25 million people in these five countries. Quantitative market research in three major European countries was conducted to determine the level of consumer interest in an OTC allergy relief product with the benefits of Serenz. Despite many lower priced treatment options available to consumers, approximately 27% of those surveyed indicated a willingness to pay a premium for a product like Serenz. We believe that the population of consumers willing to pay a premium for an OTC allergy product to be the market opportunity for Serenz.
The length of allergy season varies across Europe, but on average, it ranges from April to September. Allergy season is weather dependent, and a cold, rainy season can naturally improve symptoms for many sufferers, reducing the need for OTC treatments. Based on our research, we expect that consumers will treat themselves two to three times per day during the course of allergy season. Both previous market research and current experience with our U.K. pilot test market show strong product satisfaction and repurchase rates. We expect approximately 75% of individuals who try Serenz to repurchase the product throughout the duration of allergy season.
Although some allergy sufferers experience symptoms throughout the year, we plan to focus our sales and marketing efforts on seasonal AR which represents the vast majority of treatment needs. We plan to generate awareness through direct to consumer, or DTC, marketing through internet and social media advertising campaigns and through pharmacy marketing channels. We do not have plans for physician marketing in 2016 or 2017, which may limit our ability to create demand with physician-treated patients. We have seen positive feedback from DTC customers in the U.K. who value the format and delivery system of Serenz for rapid allergy relief, and we believe we can reach a significant portion of the OTC audience through the DTC and pharmacy channels.
Sales and Marketing
In the second quarter of 2016, we initiated a pilot launch of Serenz in the U.K and Ireland. We entered into distribution agreements with UK-based pharmacy chains, Paydens Group and Weldricks Pharmacy Limited, providing access to more than 160 retail pharmacy locations in the UK, as well as through their respective online website sales channel,
In Ireland, we entered into a distribution agreement with Medinutrix, a leading developer of OTC health products and natural therapies. Under the terms of the agreement, Medinutrix is initially providing Serenz to 25 community pharmacies as part of the pilot launch in Ireland.
Serenz market segmentation will focus on allergy sufferers who wish to try a solution that is:
 
 	•	 	Local topical and safe treatment	
 
 	•	 	Only used as needed	
 
 	•	 	Well-tolerated side effect profile (side effects, if they occur, are transient and resolve once cleansing is done	
 
 	•	 	Rapid relief	
 
 	•	 	Portable and convenient	
 
 	•	 	Affordable	
 
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For the remainder of 2016, we plan to pursue additional pilot sales launches in select geographies through leading local and regional distributors and retailers. We also plan to engage consumers with geography-focused, direct to consumer marketing efforts utilizing digital and traditional media to optimize our media mix and consumer messaging.
Based on initial consumer feedback from the limited commercial launch, we plan to proceed in 2017 with a full commercial launch of Serenz in the U.K.,Germany, France, Italy and Spain.
Pricing
Since Serenz offers a number of benefits to allergy sufferers over existing treatment regiments, we plan to price the product at a premium relative to other OTC therapies. Our market research has identified a large segment of allergy sufferers who are willing to pay a premium for rapid, as needed relief with convenient, no-mess delivery. Our marketing efforts will focus on targeting and growing awareness with the segment of allergy sufferers willing to pay a premium. In some of the E.U. markets such as the U.K., consumers pay very little out-of-pocket for allergy medication, which may slow our ability to grow uptake with a premium price. Our commercial strategy will focus on out-of-pocket OTC sales, with no plans to apply for reimbursement until 2018.
Competition
The main competitors in the space are oral and nasal antihistamines and nasal steroids. Oral antihistamines (such as Claritin, Clarinex, Cetrizine, etc.) account for a substantial proportion of the OTC market. Prescription as well as OTC nasal steroids (Rhinocort, Budesonide, Nasocort, etc.) are commonly used as well. Other pharmaceutical products such as leukotriene inhibitors are also prescribed and nasal saline rinses are are also widely available OTC.
CoSense
CoSense is our first Sensalyze Technology Platform product to receive 510(k) clearance from the FDA and CE Mark certification. CoSense measures ETCO, which can be elevated due to endogenous causes such as excessive breakdown of red blood cells, or hemolysis, or exogenous causes such as CO poisoning and smoke inhalation. Our first target market is for the use of ETCO measurements to aid in detection of hemolysis in neonates, a disorder in which CO and bilirubin are produced in excess as byproducts of the breakdown of red blood cells. Hemolysis can place neonates at high risk for hyperbilirubinemia and resulting neurodevelopmental disability. The AAP recommends the use of ETCO monitoring to evaluate neonates for hemolysis, but, other than CoSense, there is no device currently on the market as accurate as CoSense for physicians to effectively monitor ETCO in clinical practice.
Hemolysis and Bilirubin
We estimate that approximately one third of the 9.2 million newborns in the U.S. and E.U. each year are at risk for hemolysis under current practice, representing approximately 3.1 million newborns. We believe that many of these newborns are tested for hemolysis, but using relatively inaccurate and/or invasive diagnostic methods. Retrospective analysis of data, including data from over 54,000 newborns compiled by the Collaborative Perinatal Project sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, or NIH, suggests that the only factor that predisposes newborns with jaundice to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes is the concurrent presence of hemolysis. Hemolysis can be caused by a number of factors, including physical trauma and bruising, blood group incompatibility, autoimmune disorders, and genetic causes such as sickle cell disease and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme deficiency. Because bilirubin is the chemical byproduct of the destruction of hemoglobin from red blood cells, hemolysis causes bilirubin production to spike. Bilirubin is yellow in color, and if present in excessive amounts in the body, known as hyperbilirubinemia, it can be deposited in tissues such as the skin and conjunctiva. The condition manifests as a yellowing of skin and
 
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conjunctiva and is called jaundice. Elevated levels of bilirubin are particularly dangerous to neonates, who have immature livers and lack the adult ability to excrete bilirubin. Neonates also lack a well-formed blood-brain barrier to prevent bilirubin from entering the central nervous system, or CNS, where bilirubin is known to be toxic to neuronal tissue.
Adverse Effects of Jaundice and Hyperbilirubinemia
Every year approximately 143 million babies are born world-wide, of which 4.0 million are in the U.S. and 5.2 million in the E.U. It is estimated that up to 60% of term neonates and 80% of preterm neonates may have jaundice. Many neonates have jaundice, which is related to a decreased capacity of the neonate to excrete bilirubin into the intestinal tract for elimination from the body, or from a decreased capacity of the liver to conjugate bilirubin for excretion. These neonates will often normalize their bilirubin levels without a need for treatment. When treatment is required, it is usually via phototherapy, which typically involves isolating the baby in a chamber that directs blue-wavelength light to the baby’s skin. The light penetrates the skin and breaks down bilirubin via a photochemical reaction over a period of several hours. When treatment is performed in a timely fashion, adverse outcomes can be avoided. Some neonates with jaundice, however, will develop adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes related to hyperbilirubinemia if not properly treated.
According to the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, neonatal jaundice is the single largest cause for hospital readmission of neonates in the U.S. This results in inefficient care and can also be highly stressful and disruptive for the parents and neonate.
Exposure to excess bilirubin in the central nervous system as a result of hyperbilirubinemia is toxic and may cause long-term developmental disabilities. These abnormalities may be subtle, and include hearing problems and low IQ. Subtle forms of disability are known as Bilirubin-Induced Neurological Dysfunction, or BIND. More severe bilirubin-induced disabilities, including respiratory failure and resulting death, can be referred to as Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy, or ABE. Bilirubin toxicity can ultimately result in a chronic, severe, and disabling condition called kernicterus. Kernicterus is a cerebral palsy-like condition in which the patient lacks muscle tone and motor control, cannot operate self-sufficiently, and typically requires long-term care. The National Quality Forum has in the past described kernicterus as a “never event,” one which physicians should ensure never occurs in their practice.
Limitations of Current Diagnostic Methods
It has been reported in peer-reviewed publications that the presence of hemolysis in a neonate with jaundice is a predictor of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. If neonates with high rates of hemolysis could be identified before they are discharged from the hospital, treatment could begin earlier, exposure to excessive bilirubin would be minimized and readmissions for jaundice would be reduced. Prior to the introduction of CoSense accurate tools for diagnosing hemolysis in neonates were not available in the market. Tests that are commonly performed to assess hemolysis such as serial hematocrit levels, reticulocyte counts, Coombs test and peripheral smear, are all invasive blood tests, involving painful heel sticks to draw the blood and are less useful in neonates due to physiologic changes resulting from childbirth. For example, hematocrit levels and reticulocyte counts may be elevated in neonates unrelated to pathological conditions and may therefore confound the diagnosis of hemolysis, which typically involves low hematocrit and high reticulocyte counts. The Coombs test is a blood test that detects antibodies that can cause hemolysis, is used extensively as a measure of hemolysis; however, it often requires a painful heel stick to draw a blood sample, and other conditions besides hemolysis may trigger a false positive or false negative Coombs test. In spite of this limitation, we believe that the Coombs test remains the most frequently used diagnostic for hemolysis by physicians.
Today, the AAP recommends that all neonates be routinely tested for bilirubin levels at some point prior to being discharged from the hospital, although other organizations such as the United States Preventive Services Task Force, or USPSTF, have not made similar recommendations. In many hospitals this is done via a blood test,
 
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although transcutaneous bilirubin meters are now available to test bilirubin levels non-invasively through the skin. Inaccurate results with use of these devices have been reported based on serum bilirubin level, measurement site, race, and ethnicity. In addition, bilirubin levels reflect only a point in time rather than the rate of increase, and therefore, may not address the risk of subsequent adverse outcomes. These tests do not capture the rate of bilirubin production or the presence/absence of hemolysis, leaving the physician uncertain as to the patient’s level of risk. Since many babies have bilirubin levels in a range described as “low and high intermediate risk” by current treatment guidelines, it is difficult for physicians to decide whether to treat aggressively or more conservatively.
Phototherapy is widely used to treat jaundice, and is applied to approximately 8% of all births in the U.S. However, phototherapy treatment disrupts the opportunity for parent-newborn bonding and is often highly stressful for infants and new parents. In some cases, particularly among low-risk newborns who are jaundiced, but not hemolyzing, phototherapy may not be necessary. In other cases, observation of jaundice and early testing for hemolysis may accelerate diagnosis and treatment with phototherapy. In all cases, understanding the rate of hemolysis is a critical part of providing timely and effective care. There is a significant need for a test to aid in the detection of hemolysis that is rapid, accurate, and easy to use across all acuity levels within neonatal care.
Also, neonates are typically discharged from the hospital at approximately 48 hours of normal birth in the U.S. and hospitals are under pressure to discharge even earlier, in order to reduce costs and manage inpatient capacity. Bilirubin levels, however, typically peak more than 72 hours post birth. We believe that neonates with hemolysis can experience bilirubin levels in the intermediate risk range at time of discharge, but can spike rapidly to neurotoxic levels in the post-discharge period, out of the range expected based on the “Bhutani nomogram.”
Physicians need to identify the cause of the jaundice and, based upon these findings, determine whether the infant is at serious risk for BIND, ABE, or kernicterus. However, physicians often have a diagnostic dilemma as to what is causing the jaundice. It is often not possible, with current diagnostic techniques and clinical workflow, to test whether it is merely a physiologic jaundice that poses little risk, or some other process that presents a serious risk to the neonate. Risk arises primarily from the presence of hemolysis, which leads to hyperbilirubinemia that persists rather than resolving spontaneously. As a result of the serious consequences of hyperbilirubinemia, the AAP recommends that all neonates be closely monitored for jaundice, and has called for physicians to determine the presence or absence of hemolysis in order to make appropriate treatment decisions. As a result, there are both clinical need and physician interest in the development of accurate and non-invasive methods for detecting hemolysis. CoSense addresses this need by serving as a tool to measure a baby’s exhaled CO to detect the rate of hemolysis accurately, and does so via a point-of-care measurement that does not require a heel stick. CoSense delivers results within minutes, which may enable more timely treatment than the current standard of care.
CoSense: FDA 510(k) Clearance and CE Mark Certification
CoSense, our first Sensalyze Technology Platform product to receive 510(k) clearance from the FDA and CE Mark certification, is a monitor of ETCO. CO is a direct byproduct of hemolysis, and based on extensive published data such as that from Stanford University, the rate of bilirubin production can be measured by analyzing the concentration of CO in a neonate’s exhaled breath.
CoSense is a point-of-care device that consists of a light-weight, portable monitoring device and a single-use nasal cannula, which we refer to as our Precision Sampling Set, or PSS. The PSS is placed just inside the nostril of the patient and is connected to the device. The CoSense device is turned on and acquires the breath signal while the patient breathes. Appropriate sample acquisition takes an average of 30 seconds. The PSS can then be removed from the patient and the device takes another four minutes to report the test result.
The AAP recommends the use of ETCO monitoring for the detection of hemolysis. We believe ETCO monitoring will enable more rapid and appropriate treatment decisions and reduce overall costs of patient care. However, there is currently no device on the market other than CoSense that effectively measures ETCO in neonates.
 
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With CoSense data, physicians may be able to quickly identify neonates with jaundice who are at risk of adverse neurological outcomes or other disability due to a high rate of hemolysis. The physician may then initiate earlier treatments for jaundice, such as phototherapy, when necessary. We believe the potential impact of CoSense should result in reduced neurodevelopmental abnormalities in neonates. In addition, CoSense may also help identify neonates who do not have excessive hemolysis, and therefore may not require phototherapy or serial bilirubin measurements. As a result, these neonates may be discharged from the hospital earlier, or with less intensive clinical follow-up. We believe this will reduce the total number of blood draws that are necessary. We also believe this will reduce the rate of readmissions, resulting in significant cost savings for the hospital.
CoSense has the following advantages that we believe will drive its adoption by hospitals, other medical institutions and physicians:
 
 	•	 	rapid administration at the point-of-care, yielding results in approximately five minutes;	
 
 	•	 	minimally disruptive to the newborn and parent;	
 
 	•	 	no blood draw/heel stick required;	
 
 	•	 	no requirement for specific breath maneuver;	
 
 	•	 	simple user interface that allows the healthcare professional to use it correctly with minimal training;	
 
 	•	 	no on-site calibration necessary; and	
 
 	•	 	accuracy and precision over a range of CO concentrations clinically relevant (less than 10 parts per million, or ppm, with 0.1ppm resolution) to detect the rate of hemolysis.	
In addition, we believe the CoSense device is priced at a level that falls below the typical capital equipment purchasing threshold for a hospital or other medical institution in the U.S.
Clinical Trials
Seven investigator-sponsored clinical trials have been performed to validate the ability of CoSense to detect the presence of hemolysis. Four of these were performed in neonates. One was performed in neonates and children up to 17 years old. Two were performed in children with sickle cell anemia, or SCA, a disease which results in chronic hemolysis.
In a pilot clinical trial at Stanford University, a bench to bedside evaluation of CoSense was undertaken to identify hemolysis in neonates, and to correlate ETCO levels with bilirubin production as defined by levels of carboxyhemoglobin, or COHb, in the blood. When red blood cells are broken down, the pigment heme is released. In turn, when heme is broken down, CO and biliverdin are produced in equimolar amounts. Biliverdin is a precursor of bilirubin, and is converted into bilirubin. CO combines with hemoglobin in the blood with high affinity to form carboxyhemoglobin, or COHb. Therefore, the level of COHb provides an accurate measurement of bilirubin production, or hemolysis. CO from COHb is released when the blood circulates through the lungs and as a result, levels of ETCO correlates to levels of COHb, bilirubin production and hemolysis. For accurate measurements of low levels of CO, gas chromatography is the method of choice.
In bench studies, inter-device accuracy and intra-device imprecision were evaluated in three different CoSense devices. In the clinical setting, 83 neonates who all had a gestational age, or GA, of more than 30 weeks and had birth weights of at least 1500 grams were tested. ETCO measurements, in triplicate, were compared to COHb levels measured by gas chromatography in the subset of 24 of the 83 neonates who consented to testing for COHb and were suspected of having hemolysis. Gas chromatography is a technique better suited to the laboratory than to high-volume clinical use, particularly in the point-of-care neonatal diagnostic setting. It requires a large, complicated chromatography instrument and highly trained staff.
 
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A strong linear correlation between COHb and ETCO was seen (r= 0.93), confirming that ETCO values with CoSense accurately measure bilirubin production and therefore hemolysis. The results of this study were published in an article titled, “Evaluation of a new end-tidal carbon monoxide monitor from the bench to the bedside,” in Acta Paediatrica 2015.
The ability of CoSense to identify hemolysis in neonates with significant hyperbilirubinemia was evaluated at The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine in Hangzhou, China. Significant hyperbilirubinemia was defined as total serum bilirubin, TSB, levels that require phototherapy according to AAP guidelines. Investigators compared ETCO, as measured with CoSense, with current blood tests for hemolysis, such as hematocrit, or Hct, which measures the number of red blood cells, reticulocyte count, or Retic, which measures new red cell production levels, serum bilirubin test, and the Coombs Test. While these tests are often performed to detect hemolysis in neonates, they are not considered to be reliable in the neonatal setting. The information that is gained from a combination of all these tests is therefore used to inform a determination of the presence or absence of hemolysis. Certain tests may be better than others for a given type of hemolysis, whereas ETCO levels are elevated due to hemolysis regardless of the cause.
Fifty-six neonates with significant hyperbilirubinemia participated in this non-randomized open-label trial. These data from the study showed that ETCO measurement with CoSense can provide the physician with similar information to that currently provided by invasive blood tests regarding the patient’s hemolytic status, but with a simple, non-invasive breath test.
In a clinical trial at Children’s Hospital & Research Center in Oakland, California, ETCO concentration was measured in children with SCA, who are known to have chronic hemolysis, using CoSense. Children between five and fourteen years old with SCA, who were not on regular transfusions, were eligible to participate in the trial. Children with exposure to second-hand smoke, acute respiratory infection or symptomatic asthma were excluded. Healthy children between five and fourteen years old served as matched controls. Up to three measurements were taken for each subject using CoSense, and the highest ETCO value was used. One control subject had a high ETCO value and was excluded from the analysis since the subject was found to have asthma and was on anti-epileptic medication. The data from this trial showed that CoSense may be useful to monitor the rate of hemolysis in children with SCA. This results from this study were published in an article titled, “Point-of-care end-tidal carbon monoxide reflects severity of hemolysis in sickle cell anemia,” in Pediatric Blood & Cancer 2015.
Recently, another clinical trial was conducted at Children’s Hospital & Research Center in Oakland, California and UCSF Benioff Children’s Hospital, in sickle cell disease, or SCD, subjects ages 2 to18 years old and age-matched controls to validate the accuracy of a CoSense device that had an extended temperature operating range and to determine if the modified device could differentiate between children with sickle cell disease and healthy controls. Eleven SCD subjects and ten healthy age-matched controls were enrolled. The mean ETCO for SCD subjects was statistically significant. Thus, this study showed that the modified CoSense device provided a reliable detection of hemolysis in the sickle cell subjects. Capnia would like to continue to develop this modified device to be used as a screening tool in countries with limited resources, the greatest amount of SCD births and where early mortality due to SCD is observed.
A study of 20 neonates and children with known hemolytic disorders, such as hereditary spherocytosis or pyruvate kinase deficiency, and 20 age-matched controls was conducted to compare ETCO measurements at Intermountain Healthcare Institutions in Utah (McKay-Dee NICU, McKay-Dee Pediatric Clinics, McKay-Dee Perinatal Research Outpatient Service, and Primary Children’s Hospital Hematology Clinic). The known hemolytic disorders subjects were required to have a hemoglobin (Hbg) at least 10 g/dL based on lab tests performed in the last six months and confirmed within six weeks prior to breath sample collection. Neither group of subjects were to have had a blood cell transfusion within four weeks prior to breath sample collection. One ETCOc measurement was collected from each subject. Twelve out of the infants and children enrolled in each group (24 out of 40) were less than 1 year of age at the time of the ETCO measurement. Of these 12 subjects,
 
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seven were less than 1 month old at the time of the ETCO measurement (14 out of 40). The ETCO values of the 20 neonates and children with hemolytic diseases were higher than 20 age-matched controls. Thus, this study may show that CoSense can detect the differences in the rate of hemolysis between neonates and children who have known hemolytic anemia and healthy age-matched neonates and children.
In a separate study at Intermountain Healthcare Institutions, ETCO was measured in 30 healthy, term (at least 37 weeks GA) newborns within the first hours after birth and again just before discharge from to home to quantify the rate of hemolysis during the first days of life. Testing was 100% successful, whether newborns were awake or asleep. The 95% confidence intervals were 1.4 to 1.7 ppm. No differences were seen in ETCO values between neonates born vaginally versus by Cesarean section, nor between those whose mothers received pitocin during labor or did not receive pitocin to augment labor. This suggests that the hemolysis was not the result of bruising during delivery. This study provides further evidence that low-grade hemolysis occurs normally in the first days after birth.
The results of these two studies were published in an article titled, “End-tidal carbon monoxide as an indicator of hemolytic rate,” in Blood Cells, Molecules and Diseases 2015.
In another study conducted at Intermountain Healthcare Institutions, ETCO was measured in 100 neonates with a total bilirubin greater than the 75 th  percentile on the Bhutani nomogram during birth hospitalization. Thirty-seven had elevated ETCO values (ETCO greater than 2 ppm) and 11 of these 37 were found to be Coombs positive and the remaining 26 had other etiologies. Thirty-six of the 37 with elevated ETCO had repeat total bilirubin monitoring within 24 hours of discharge from the hospital. Of the 100 neonates, none was re-hospitalized for jaundice treatment. In comparison, 3,535 neonates who did not have an ETCO measurement during this period at these hospitals had a TB greater than the 75 th  percentile on the Bhutani nomogram. Of these 3,535 neonates, 106 were re-hospitalized for jaundice between 3 and 11 days of life (rate = 2.99 per 100 neonates). This study showed that it is feasible to use CoSense to measure ETCO and, when an elevated ETCO is found during birth hospitalization, parents were likely to comply with advice to have the TB level rechecked within 24 hours of discharge. The results of this study were published in an article titled, “Measuring End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide of Jaundiced Neonates in the Birth Hospital to Identify Those with Hemolysis,” in Neonatalogy 2016.
A multi-center investigator-sponsored trial to define the normative data (mean, median, range and interquartile ranges) for all term and late-preterm newborns for CoSense. The investigating institutions include Stanford University School of Medicine, Albert Einstein Medical Center, Beaumont Children’s Hospital, University of Pittsburg Medical Center and McKay-Dee Hospital/Intermountain Healthcare. Enrollment in this study was completed in February 2016. Three-hundred sixty-six newborns were enrolled into this study. The data for all subjects enrolled are currently under review and analysis.Based on the data collected at Stanford University in this multi-center trial, an article titled, “Identification of neonatal hemolysis: an approach to pre-discharge management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia,” was published in January 2016 in Acta Paediatr23. This article included results from 79 newborns with a GA of 35 weeks or greater and birthweight 2,000 grams or greater, who were enrolled at Stanford’s Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital. For each newborn, up to four ETCO measurements were taken once per day for up to four days of life in conjunction with total bilirubin, or TB, levels. This confirmed that pre-discharge measurements of TB together with ETCO can be used as an index of increased bilirubin ratesdue to hemolysis.
Market Opportunity
Independent market research that we conducted has identified a large market opportunity for the CoSense device in the well-baby nursery, as well as, labor and delivery units in term neonates (more than than 37 weeks), as well as in the neonatal intensive care unit, or NICU, in preterm births (less than 34 weeks) and late preterm births (between 34 and 37 weeks).

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In the U.S. and E.U., there are approximately 8.1 million term births and 1.1 million preterm and late preterm births each year. Approximately 60% of term births, or approximately 4.9 million babies, and 80% of preterm and late preterm babies, or approximately 900,000 babies, are jaundiced. These babies who have concurrent hemolysis are at greatest risk for adverse outcomes. We believe that neonates who are at risk for hemolysis and are candidates to receive one or more CoSense tests during their hospital stay.
Today, the presence of jaundice triggers either a transcutaneous or serum bilirubin test. With the availability of CoSense, physicians may complement bilirubin testing with an ETCO measurement in order to perform a more complete clinical assessment. Neonates who are jaundiced but not hemolyzing may receive conservative management or phototherapy. Neonates with jaundice found to be hemolyzing will likely receive early phototherapy and also additional testing such as the Coombs test, Hct or Retic to diagnose the underlying cause of hemolysis. We believe that CoSense will allow physicians to reduce the number of neonates that receive these more invasive and more costly tests for hemolysis.
In the U.S., with the implementation of the PPACA, hospitals are actively looking for ways to decrease newborn length of stay, or LOS and reduce readmissions. By implementing ETCO testing with CoSense into the newborn care pathway, we believe that hospitals can improve their newborn discharge management resulting in reduced LOS and readmissions.
Sales and Marketing
CoSense is indicated for the measurement of ETCO, which can be used for the detection of the rate of hemolysis. The initial target market for CoSense is to measure ETCO levels in neonates to evaluate for the presence, or the rate, of hemolysis. In January of 2016, we entered into a distribution agreement with Bemes to market and distribute CoSense and our consumable PSS exclusively for sales, marketing, distribution and field service activities in the U.S. Under the terms of this agreement, Bemes currently has the exclusive right for sales, marketing, distribution and field service activities for CoSense in the U.S. Bemes relies on a network of sub-distributors, which will allow nationwide distribution of CoSense with 52 sales representatives in eight independent territories covering almost every state. Sales training for the distributors was completed at the end of March 2016. While our efforts will continue to focus on establishing an installed base of CoSense devices and building clinical support for the device, we expect sales of the consumable PSS to be the largest component of our revenue over time. In addition, we are currently reviewing whether to terminate this agreement with Bemes and work directly with the network of sub-distributors.
In the rest of the world, we expect to partner with distributors in each country or region, with oversight and marketing assistance from our own personnel. In 2016, we have entered into distribution agreements with independent distributors located in China, India and Canada. We continue discussions with distributors in additional geographies.
We expect the majority of our revenues to result from sales of our PSS consumables. Because we believe customers will order these repeatedly once they have adopted CoSense as part of their standard procedures, we expect that our sales force can drive higher revenue per salesperson than might otherwise be the case.
Key elements of our sales and marketing strategy include:
 
 	•	 	Focus efforts on growing the volume of tests performed and associated consumables used. We plan to focus specifically on sales to the neonatal intensive care unit, or NICU, well-baby nursery, and labor/delivery units within each hospital. Because CoSense is a point-of-care device, each of these units of the hospital is a separate opportunity for CoSense placement.	
 
 	•	 	Establish and engage a network of distributors in the E.U., as well as elsewhere in the world. We may establish continuing operations at a location in the E.U. to ensure close coordination and effective execution of the CoSense sales and marketing plan in the E.U.	
 
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 	•	 	Price the CoSense device at a level that allows hospitals to purchase it without protracted review via a “capital purchase committee” or analogous body. We believe that the cost of goods of CoSense devices allows us flexibility in setting this price, and we also believe we can offer customer hospitals attractive financing options to smooth out costs associated with the device purchase.	
 
 	•	 	Price the PSS consumable sampling sets at a price that is competitive with the current costs of performing the Coombs Test and other associated invasive assays. We believe that this cost offset, complemented by potential improvements in discharge planning and clinical outcomes, will provide hospital decision-makers with a compelling economic case for adoption of CoSense.	
 
 	•	 	Build awareness of the AAP treatment guidelines, and of the benefits of CoSense, via medical education efforts to key clinical audiences, including neonatologists, pediatricians, obstetricians, and pediatric nurses.	
 
 	•	 	Collaborate with key specialty societies, including the AAP, Pediatric Academic Societies, American Academy of Family Physicians, or AAFP, and patient advocacy groups such as Parents of Infants and Children with Kernicterus, to ensure ongoing support for ETCO testing in clinical guidelines and to identify opportunities for expanding awareness of ETCO among their respective constituencies.	
 
 	•	 	Support clinical trials and publications that expand the base of evidence supporting broad adoption of CoSense. We expect these efforts will build support for the clinical benefits to patients as well as economic benefits to various stakeholders in the healthcare system.	
We expect that we and our distributor will expand our sales efforts to encompass lower-volume birthing centers in the U.S., once a sufficient proportion of the larger hospitals have begun to use CoSense. We may also selectively initiate direct sales to certain countries in the E.U. Furthermore, we see potential to use CoSense to make more rapid assessments of jaundiced babies in the outpatient pediatric setting, where new parents are frequently directed for follow-up care after hospital discharge. We will continue to evaluate expansion opportunities and pursue those where the potential to accelerate our business is deemed sufficient for the investment we put at risk.
Pricing and Reimbursement
We expect to continue to sell the CoSense device at a price below the typical capital expenditure approval threshold levels of most hospitals and other medical institutions in the U.S. The decision to buy, therefore, will likely be driven at the departmental rather than at the institutional level. The primary decision makers are expected be the neonatologists and nurse managers in the pediatrics and neonatology departments. Our initial efforts are focused on expanding the installed base of devices and will be followed by efforts to increase use of the disposable sampling set. The business model anticipates a significant proportion of the revenues coming from the disposable sales, even more so in later years as the number of total CoSense devices in use in the field increases. With manufacturing scale up, we expect to achieve reduced cost of goods that will lead to scaleable future growth.
In the U.S., since the use of CoSense is almost entirely in the inpatient setting around the time of discharge of a newborn, reimbursement may be in the form of a Diagnosis-Related Group, or DRG. Frequently referred to as a bundled payment, the DRG is a specific flat-fee payment amount for all services performed by a medical institution pursuant to a single diagnosis. We can, therefore, be reimbursed for the cost of a test directly from an institution without the need to approach payors such as insurance companies, or to obtain a separate reimbursement cost code. Hospital decisions to adopt new technologies for inpatient care are usually driven by improved outcomes and reduced costs of patient care. We expect that the use of CoSense will both improve outcomes related to hyperbilirubinemia and reduce the need for certain diagnostic tests in a subset of neonates
 
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with jaundice, which, as a result, will reduce overall testing costs. We also believe that positive identification of infants with hemolysis will lead to a reduced rate of readmissions for jaundice, and this array of benefits may support adoption of CoSense by clinicians and their institutions. We also plan to undertake a comprehensive effort to partner with key physician specialty societies, physician opinion leaders and patient advocacy groups to educate and inform payer stakeholders. The AAP guidelines recommend ETCO detection to confirm the presence of hemolysis in neonates requiring phototherapy, neonates unresponsive to phototherapy or readmitted for phototherapy, and neonates with bilirubin levels approaching transfusion levels. In general, payor policies related to the care of neonates with jaundice reflect third-party treatment guidelines, and in this case the AAP guidelines favor use of ETCO testing, which CoSense is able to perform.
Competition for CoSense
Currently CoSense is the only device commercially available with the sensitivity and accuracy necessary to measure ETCO levels that are meaningful for detecting the rate of hemolysis in neonates, and we do not know of any such device that is under development by any party. From 2001 to 2004, Natus Medical marketed the CO-Stat device for detection of ETCO in neonates. The Natus product was withdrawn from the market due to poor sales. We believe Natus’ CO-Stat did not achieve commercial success due to several disadvantages that we have overcome with our product, including a lack of consistent accuracy, limited ability to compensate for environmental factors such as humidity and heat, high price, and poor ease of use, including a requirement for frequent calibration.
In addition, devices are commercially available to measure CO poisoning from external sources, but these are less-sensitive devices that are not appropriate for detecting ETCO in the low concentrations (less than 10 ppm), small volumes and high breath rates that are clinically relevant in neonates. CoSense has the ability to overcome these problems using our Sensalyze technology. Several companies and academic groups have capabilities sufficient to develop such devices, and these parties may have significant resources to devote to research, development, and commercialization of devices that may compete with CoSense as well as technologies that compete with our Sensalyze Technology Platform generally. Competition within our target market will depend on several factors, including:
 
 	•	 	quality and strength of clinical and analytical validation data;	
 
 	•	 	confidence of health care providers in diagnostic results;	
 
 	•	 	reimbursement and payment factors;	
 
 	•	 	inclusion in practice guidelines;	
 
 	•	 	cost-effectiveness;	
 
 	•	 	ease of use; and	
 
 	•	 	the strength of our intellectual property.	
Today, physicians primarily diagnose hemolysis via Coombs and other blood tests, and these will represent the primary competition to CoSense initially. These tests do not measure a by-product of hemolysis, ETCO, and are not able to detect the rate of bilirubin production or the presence/absence of hemolysis, leaving the physician uncertain as to the patient’s level of risk. We believe that we can demonstrate compelling advantages over such tests, including faster results, the ability to avoid painful blood draws, greater accuracy and provide the physician with a tool that can provide details about the newborn’s hemolytic status. We also believe we will be able to demonstrate economic and workflow advantages over the existing diagnostic practice.

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Our Sensalyze Technology Platform
A variety of medical diagnostic testing is routinely performed via measurement of gas concentrations, either from blood samples, exhaled breath or transcutaneously. Examples include arterial blood gas measurements, capnometry and pulse oximetry, respectively. Devices used for detecting the presence of various analytes in exhaled breath typically rely on the patient performing a specified breath maneuver such as breath holding and forced expiration. The use of these devices is limited to those who can perform such maneuvers, such as adults and older children.
The limitations of existing breath-based technologies are particularly problematic in neonates. Neonates typically have very rapid and irregular breathing patterns. They also inhale and exhale relatively small volumes, which limits the accuracy of devices that require the larger-volume sample sizes exhaled by older patients. In addition, they are not able to perform specified breath maneuvers. Our Sensalyze Technology Platform allows the measurement of analytes in all patients, from neonates to adults, regardless of their ability to actively perform a breath maneuver.
Our Sensalyze Technology Platform combines hardware, sensors, and software to provide the following novel capabilities:
 
 	•	 	Identification of full breaths that follow a normal pattern, also known as “physiologically representative” breaths. Our platform can identify these breaths even if the patient is breathing very rapidly, a capability that is particularly relevant in infants.	
 
 	•	 	Capture of individual exhaled breaths, and segmentation of the breath into different components such as “end-tidal”, “upper airway”, and “lower airway”. This may allow the localization of the source of a given analyte to a specific anatomic area.	
 
 	•	 	Ability to move a specific micro-liter component of breath to a sensor module. When combined, these capabilities provide a novel patent protected platform for non-invasive detection of various analytes.	
Sensalyze Technology Platform — Research and Development of Additional Diagnostic Products
Our primary focus is currently on the commercialization of CoSense. Once the CoSense business is generating adequate revenue, we intend to utilize our research and development expertise to develop devices that leverage the capabilities of our Sensalyze Technology Platform. We expect to introduce additional products of our own over time and intend to develop additional diagnostic tests for analytes that might be found in the exhaled breath. These include the following diagnostic opportunities:
 
 	•	 	Nitric oxide or NO, for assessment and management of asthma in infants and young children;	
 
 	•	 	End-tidal CO2, monitoring for neonates;	
 
 	•	 	Hydrogen breath testing for infants with malabsorption problems;	
 
 	•	 	Carbon monoxide levels for Sickle Cell Screening;	
 
 	•	 	Acetone, nitrites for diabetes;	
 
 	•	 	Volatile Organic Compounds, or VOC, for cancer, heart failure and multiple sclerosis; and	
 
 	•	 	Alkanes, transplant rejection.	

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We may also license elements of our Sensalyze Technology Platform to other companies that have complementary development or commercial capabilities.
NeoForce Pulmonary Solutions
Approximately 10% of newborns require some assistance to begin breathing at birth and represents the number of patients that would benefit from our products. Of this 10%, approximately 1% requires extensive resuscitative measures. Although the vast majority of newly born infants do not require intervention to make the transition from intrauterine to extra uterine life, because of the large number of births, a sizable number will require some degree of resuscitation.
Respiratory Adaptation
In utero, most of the blood flow is shunted away from the lungs and directed to the placenta where fetoplacental gas exchange occurs. After birth, the airways and the alveoli must be cleared of fetal lung fluid so that the lungs can operate as a functional respiratory unit providing adequate gas exchange. Pulmonary blood flow must increase, and spontaneous respirations must be established.
NeoForce T-Piece Resuscitation Platform
A T-piece resuscitator is a manually operated resuscitation delivery device used for infants and small children (less than 10 kg) to effectively deliver inhalation breaths at preset peak inspiratory pressures, or PIP, and a small back pressure to keep the lungs from collapsing on exhalation, known as positive end expiratory pressures, or PEEP, at a preset Fi02, or percent oxygen. There are two components to T-piece Resuscitation, the “Box or T-piece Resuscitator” and a single patient use circuit. The circuit connects to the box on one end and the patient on the other through a mask. The box controls the PIP, and the circuit controls the PEEP through an adjustable valve. In general, it is a modern replacement for the traditional bag and mask which requires significant user training and experience to deliver breaths to infants with tiny and very delicate lungs and may result in injury due to inappropriately high pressure and/or larger volumes.
Resuscitation and the First Breaths of Life
Neonatal resuscitation skills are essential for all health care providers who are involved in the delivery of newborns. The transition from fetus to newborn requires intervention by a skilled individual or team in approximately 10% of all deliveries. In the U.S., 81% of all babies are born in nonteaching level I or II hospitals. In these hospitals, the volume of delivery service may not provide sufficient economic justification for the continuous in-hospital presence of specialists with high-risk delivery room experience, as recommended by the AAP Neonatal Resuscitation Guidelines, or NRP, and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, or ACOG. Perinatal asphyxia and extreme prematurity are the 2 complications of pregnancy that most frequently necessitate complex resuscitation by skilled personnel. However, only 60% of asphyxiated newborns can be predicted ante partum. The remaining newborns are not identified until the time of birth. Additionally, approximately 80% of low-birth-weight infants (infants less than 2kg) require resuscitation and cardio pumonary stabilization at post delivery.
Nearly one half of newborn deaths (many of which involve extremely premature infants) occur during the first 24 hours after birth. Many of these early deaths also have a component of asphyxia or respiratory depression as an etiology. For the surviving infants, effective management of asphyxia in the first few minutes of life can influence long-term outcome.
Even though prenatal care can identify many potential fetal difficulties ante partum, allowing maternal transfer to a referral center for care, many women who experience preterm labor are not identified prospectively and therefore are not appropriately transferred to a tertiary perinatal center. Consequently, many deliveries of extremely premature infants occur in smaller hospitals.
 
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For these reasons, all personnel involved in delivery room care of the newborn should be trained adequately in all aspects of neonatal resuscitation. Additionally, equipment that is appropriately sized to resuscitate infants of all gestational ages should be available in all delivering institutions, even if the institution does not care for preterm or intensive care infants.
Market Opportunity
The United Nations estimates the annual number of births worldwide to be approximately 143 million. Of these births, the number requiring assisted ventilation is approximately 10% of all births which represents the theoretical maximum addressable market potential. The addressable market is however much lower since a large number of infants are born in regions that do not have access to advanced resuscitation facilities, people or equipment. In general the market can be segmented along the economic development status of the country region where the infant is born and our current solutions are aligned to more developed regions such as the U.S., E.U., and portions of the Middle East.
In the U.S. and E.U., there are approximately 8.1 million term births and 1.1 million preterm and late preterm births each year. Approximately 10% of term births, or approximately 800,000 babies, and 80% of preterm and late preterm babies, or approximately 88,000 babies, will need assisted ventilation during the birthing process or later in the NICU as a supplement to long term ventilation management,
In the U.S., approximately the majority of all birthing hospitals have or use some form of T-piece resuscitation and are potential consumers of our T-piece solutions which include a delivery device (NeoPiP T-piece Resuscitator) or our universal T-piece single patient use circuit (NeoPiP Circuit).
Sales and Marketing
We intend to leverage the existing channels that we have in place to sell the newly acquired products from NeoForce. NFI has a well-established and efficient telemarketing presence that will supplement and extend our current distribution channel. In the U.S., we will continue to sell via a direct sales force, with potential augmentation of our reach via distributors. In the E.U., we expect to partner with distributors in each country, with oversight and marketing assistance from our personnel in the U.S.
Our U.S. direct sales efforts will continue to focus on large hospital systems with high volumes of births as the call points and decision makers for both NFI and CoSense customers are nearly identical. NFI has an installed base of over 300 customers and the existing relationships are anticipated to have a positive impact on creating interest in CoSense.
The majority of NFI revenues will continue to be sales of our consumable T-piece circuits.
Key elements of our sales and marketing strategy include:
 
 	•	 	Focus efforts on growing the volume of consumables used as our universal circuit will work with all installed base devices of NFI and its competitors.	
 
 	•	 	Establish and engage a network of distributors in the E.U. and other international markets as conditions warrant.	
We will continue to evaluate expansion opportunities and pursue those where the potential to accelerate our business is deemed sufficient for the investment we put at risk.
Pricing and Reimbursement
NFI sells its products into a relatively mature market with established pricing and acquisition methods in place where the hospital focuses on price, clinical utility and improved safety as measures to “switch”. The decision to buy, therefore, will continue to be driven at the departmental level controlled by the nursing management team overseeing the newborn areas of the institution, in conjunction with respiratory therapy.
 
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NFI is under contract with MedAssets, a GPO that represents approximately 35% of all hospitals in the US and sets fixed pricing as a function of volume. We will continue to utilize this contract to help expand sales of our neonatology products and will assess other GPO organizations as conditions warrant.
There are no reimbursement issues for the NFI line of products as the devices and consumables for resuscitation are considered mission critical and covered under the hospitals operating budget at the department level.
Competition for NeoForce Resuscitation Solutions
T-piece resuscitation has been around since the early 1900’s but only became mainstream in the past 30 years mostly due to the efforts of Fisher and Paykel and their NeoPuff ®  line of resuscitation devices. Their efforts in conjunction with the widespread integration of T-piece devices built into the radiant warmers used in the delivery room has created a substantial installed base of units that can use our consumable circuit.
Companies that currently produce a T-piece solution include; GE Health Care, Fisher and Paykel, Drager Medical, Mercury Medical and CarFusion. Many of our competitors are part of large companies where T-piece is treated as an accessory or an extension of a larger portfolio of unrelated adult and pediatric solutions. Our focus on this market combined with our small size allows us to be nimble and responsive to changing market dynamics.
Nasal CO2 Technology
Trigeminal Neuralgia
TN is a clinical condition characterized by debilitating pain in regions innervated by one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve. The pain is typically described as intense, sharp and stabbing, and is often described as one of the most painful conditions known to humans. It may develop without apparent cause or be a result of another diagnosed disorder. Peripheral TN is caused by a variety of diseases, including multiple sclerosis and herpes zoster.
The International Headache Society describes TN as a disorder characterized by recurrent unilateral brief electric shock-like pains, abrupt in onset and termination, limited to the distribution of one or more divisions of the trigeminal nerve and triggered by innocuous stimuli. There may be persistent background facial pain of moderate intensity. Based on extensive review of literature,we currently estimate that approximately 180,000 people are afflicted with TN in the U.S.
In December 2015, we received orphan drug designation for our nasal, non-inhaled CO2 technology for the treatment of TN. We have filed an IND with the FDA and started enrolling patients in a pilot clinical trial in early 2016.
Cluster Headache
Cluster headaches affect approximately 0.2% of the population, and are characterized by recurring bouts of excruciating pain in one side of the head. In episodic cluster headaches, episodes of pain typically last from 15 minutes to three hours and can occur several times a day over several months before remitting. The same pattern often recurs multiple times over a patient’s lifetime. Approximately 10% to 15% of cluster patients have chronic cluster headaches, which are characterized by continuing pain with no remission. The pain of cluster headache may be significantly greater than other conditions, such as severe migraine.
In February 2015, we entered into an agreement with Clinvest, a division of Banyan Group, Inc., to conduct an investigator-sponsored clinical trial evaluating our nasal, non-inhaled carbon dioxide on up to 25 patients with episodic cluster headaches.
 
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In July 2015, we commenced enrollment in a pilot, single-center, investigator-sponsored clinical trial evaluating our proprietary nasal, non-inhaled CO 2  technology for the treatment of cluster headaches. The primary efficacy endpoint of the trial is the greatest change from pre-treatment headache pain intensity to post treatment.
Manufacturing
We currently manufacture CoSense monitors at our facility in Redwood City, California. We assemble components from a variety of original equipment manufacturer, or OEM, sources. Our manufacturing facility is registered with the FDA and certified to the ISO 13485 standard, the internationally harmonized regulatory requirement for quality management systems of medical device companies. We may, depending on sales volume and ongoing requirements in specific sales geographies, outsource manufacturing of components, or finished goods, to various OEMs in the future.
We have manufactured the Serenz device in partnership with an OEM supplier based in Shenzhen, China and intend to manufacture future supply with this same OEM supplier.
NFI has its operations in Ivyland, Pennsylvania and is FDA registered and ISO 13485 certified. NFI assembles and tests the NeoPip resuscitators at its facility in Ivyland. The NeoPiP circuit is manufactured in Taiwan at an FDA registered ISO 13485 facility, with inventory stocked at NFI for distribution.
Intellectual Property
Our Sensalyze Technology Platform Patent Portfolio
Our patent portfolio surrounding our Sensalyze Technology Platform, including CoSense, consists of two issued U.S. patents, and nine pending U.S. and corresponding Patent Cooperation Treaty, or PCT, patent applications. It is our intent to pursue the issuance of these P.C.T. applications, and future cases, in other major commercial geographies over time. Our issued U.S. patents (no.’s 8,021,308 and 9,095,276) expire in 2027 and 2026. The pending patent applications, if issued, would likely expire on dates ranging from 2023 through 2034.
The issued patents and pending patent applications include:
 
 	•	 	use of Sensalyze Technology in various medical applications to test and screen for a variety of medical conditions;	
 
 	•	 	breath selection, algorithmically and physically, to tailor the analysis to the underlying medical condition;	
 
 	•	 	detection and storage of discrete portions of a breath;	
 
 	•	 	diversion and isolation of gases to enable measurement within a breath pattern;	
 
 	•	 	specific compositions of valving and pumps to route airflow in a tightly controlled manner;	
 
 	•	 	microfluidic collection methods for increasing the precision of measurement of small volumes of gas; and	
 
 	•	 	various methods for arrangement and specification of components to enhance precision and compensate for factors that cause inaccurate measurements.	
 
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In May 2010, we entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement with BioMedical Drug Development, Inc., or BDDI, pursuant to which BDDI agreed to sell certain technology to us and BDDI received and was entitled to receive, among other consideration, certain royalty payments related to the technology. In June 2012, George Tidmarsh and BDDI entered into an Asset Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which, among other things, the Asset Purchase Agreement was assigned and transferred to Mr. Tidmarsh. In June 2015, we entered into an Agreement and First Amendment to Asset Purchase Agreement with Mr. Tidmarsh and BDDI, whereby, among other things patent was purchased by us and, the royalty payments under the Asset Purchase Agreement were terminated.
Serenz Patent Portfolio
Successful application of therapeutic gases to the nasal mucosa is generally dependent on specific dosing, concentration, and rate of gas outflow. The CO 2  gas used in the Serenz product is packaged in small sealed cylinders with relatively high internal pressure; regulating the flow of gas from this high pressure cylinder to the relatively low flow rates required for Serenz presents significant technical challenges. Our Serenz patent portfolio addresses these challenges.
Our Serenz patent portfolio consists of 37 issued patents (12 in the U.S. and 25 outside the U.S.) and 29 pending patent applications (four in the U.S. and 25 outside the U.S.). The expiration dates for the issued patents and pending applications vary, with the latest being in 2033. Patent term extension due to regulatory review may be requested in the U.S. based upon one or more of the issued U.S. patents under the Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act of 1984, also known as the Hatch-Waxman Act.
 
 	•	 	Our issued patents and pending patent applications include claims directed to:	
 
 	•	 	gas dispensing devices, including various nosepiece configurations, and features for providing consistent doses of gas;	
 
 	•	 	methods for delivering therapeutic gases to patients;	
 
 	•	 	the treatment of various medical conditions via delivery of therapeutic gases to the nasal cavity; and	
 
 	•	 	combined delivery of gases with other therapeutic agents.	
Government Regulation Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
In the U.S., diagnostic assays are regulated by the FDA as medical devices under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, or FFDCA. We received initial FDA 510(k) clearance for CoSense in the fourth quarter of 2012 for the monitoring of CO from endogenous and exogenous sources in exhaled breath, particularly in smoking cessation programs for the screening of CO poisoning and smoke inhalation. In the first quarter of 2014, CoSense received 510(k) clearance for the monitoring of CO from endogenous sources, including hemolysis, and exogenous sources, including CO poisoning and smoke inhalation, in exhaled breath. Serenz has not yet commenced any process for regulatory approval in the U.S. We also plan to seek FDA clearance or approval for other diagnostic products currently under development.
There are two regulatory pathways to receive authorization to market diagnostics: a 510(k) premarket notification and a premarket approval application, or PMA. The FDA makes a risk-based determination as to the pathway for which a particular diagnostic is eligible. CoSense was cleared via the 501(k) premarket notification pathway as a Class II medical device.
The information that must be submitted to the FDA in order to obtain clearance or approval to market a new medical device varies depending on how the medical device is classified by the FDA. Medical devices are classified into one of three classes on the basis of the controls deemed by the FDA to be necessary to reasonably
 
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ensure their safety and effectiveness. Class I devices are subject to general controls, including labeling, registration and listing and adherence to FDA’s quality system regulation, which are device-specific good manufacturing practices. Class II devices are subject to general controls and special controls, including performance standards and postmarket surveillance. Class III devices are subject to most of these requirements, as well as to premarket approval. Most Class I devices are exempt from premarket submissions to the FDA; most Class II devices require the submission of a 510(k) premarket notification to the FDA; and Class III devices require submission of a PMA. Most diagnostic kits are regulated as Class I or II devices and are either exempt from premarket notification or require a 510(k) submission.
510(k) premarket notification. A 510(k) notification requires the sponsor to demonstrate that a medical device is substantially equivalent to another marketed device, termed a “predicate device,” that is legally marketed in the U.S. and for which a PMA was not required. A device is substantially equivalent to a predicate device if it has the same intended use and technological characteristics as the predicate; or has the same intended use but different technological characteristics, where the information submitted to the FDA does not raise new questions of safety and effectiveness and demonstrates that the device is at least as safe and effective as the legally marketed device. Under current FDA policy, if a predicate device does not exist, the FDA may make a risk-based determination based on the complexity and clinical utility of the device that the device is eligible for  de novo  510(k) review instead of a requiring a PMA. The  de novo  510(k) review process is similar to clearance of the 510(k) premarket notification, despite the lack of a suitable predicate device.
The FDA’s performance goal review time for a 510(k) notification is 90 days from the date of receipt, however, in practice, the review often takes longer. In addition, the FDA may require information regarding clinical data in order to make a decision regarding the claims of substantial equivalence. Clinical studies of diagnostic products are typically designed with the primary objective of obtaining analytical or clinical performance data. If the FDA believes that the device is not substantially equivalent to a predicate device, it will issue a “Not Substantially Equivalent” letter and designate the device as a Class III device, which will require the submission and approval of a PMA before the new device may be marketed. Under certain circumstances, the sponsor may petition the FDA to make a risk-based determination of the new device and reclassify the new device as a Class I or Class II device. Any modifications made to a device, its labeling or its intended use after clearance may require a new 510(k) notification to be submitted and cleared by FDA. Some modifications may only require documentation to be kept by the manufacturer, but the manufacturer’s determination of the absence of need for a new 510(k) notification remains subject to subsequent FDA disagreement.
The FDA has undertaken a systematic review of the 510(k) clearance process that includes both internal and independent recommendations for reform of the 510(k) system. The internal review, issued in August 2010, included a recommendation for development of a guidance document defining a subset of moderate risk (Class II) devices to include implantable, life-supporting or life-sustaining devices, called Class IIb, for which additional clinical or manufacturing data typically would be necessary to support a substantial equivalence determination. In the event that such new Class IIb sub-classification is adopted, we believe that most of the tests that we may pursue would be classified as Class IIa devices having the same requirements of the current Class II designation. In July 2011, the Institute of Medicine, or IOM, issued its independent recommendations for 510(k) reform. As the FDA receives public comment on the IOM recommendations and reconciles its plan of action to respond to both the internal and IOM recommendations, the availability of the 510(k) pathway for our diagnostic tests, and the timing and data burden required to obtain 510(k) clearance, could be adversely impacted. We cannot predict the impact of the 510(k) reform efforts on the development and clearance of our future diagnostic tests.
De Novo 510(k). If a previously unclassified new medical device does not qualify for the 510(k) pre-market notification process because there is no predicate device to which it is substantially equivalent, and if the device may be adequately regulated through general controls or special controls, the device may be eligible for  de novo  classification through what is called the  de novo  review process. In order to use the  de novo  review process, a company must receive a letter from the FDA stating that, because the device has been found not
 
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substantially equivalent to a legally marketed Class I or II medical device or to a Class III device marketed prior to May 28, 1976 for which the FDA has not required the submission of a PMA application, it has been placed into Class III. After receiving this letter, we, within 30 days, must submit to the FDA a request for a risk based down classification of the device from Class III to Class I or II based on the device’s moderate or low risk profile which meets the definition of a Class I or Class II medical device. The FDA then has 60 days in which to decide whether to down classify the device. If the FDA agrees that a lower classification is warranted, it will issue a new regulation describing the device type and, for a Class II device, publish a Special Controls guidance document. The Special Controls guidance document specifies the scope of the device type and the recommendations for submission of subsequent devices for the same intended use. If a product is classified as Class II through the  de novo  review process, then that device may serve as a predicate device for subsequent 510(k) pre-market notifications.
Premarket approval. The PMA process is more complex, costly and time consuming than the 510(k) process. A PMA must be supported by more detailed and comprehensive scientific evidence, including clinical data, to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the medical device for its intended purpose. If the device is determined to present a “significant risk,” the sponsor may not begin a clinical trial until it submits an investigational device exemption, or IDE, to the FDA and obtains approval from the FDA to begin the trial.
After the PMA is submitted, the FDA has 45 days to make a threshold determination that the PMA is sufficiently complete to permit a substantive review. If the PMA is complete, the FDA will file the PMA. The FDA is subject to a performance goal review time for a PMA of 180 days from the date of filing, although in practice this review time is longer. Questions from the FDA, requests for additional data and referrals to advisory committees may delay the process considerably. Indeed, the total process may take several years and there is no guarantee that the PMA will ever be approved. Even if approved, the FDA may limit the indications for which the device may be marketed. The FDA may also request additional clinical data as a condition of approval or after the PMA is approved. Any changes to the medical device may require a supplemental PMA to be submitted and approved.
Regulation of Pharmaceuticals or Combination Products. In the U.S., the FDA may determine that Serenz should be regulated as a combination product or as a drug. The sales and marketing of pharmaceutical products in the U.S. are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA. The FFDCA and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling, and import and export of pharmaceutical products. Failure to comply with applicable FDA or other requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as the FDA’s refusal to approve pending applications, a clinical hold, warning letters, recall or seizure of products, partial or total suspension of production, withdrawal of the product from the market, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or criminal prosecution.
FDA approval is required before any new unapproved drug or dosage form, including a new use of a previously approved drug, can be marketed in the U.S. The process required by the FDA before a drug may be marketed in the U.S. generally involves:
 
 	•	 	completion of pre-clinical laboratory and animal testing and formulation studies in compliance with the FDA’s current good laboratory practice regulation;	
 
 	•	 	submission to the FDA of an investigational new drug, or IND, application for human clinical testing which must become effective before human clinical trials may begin in the U.S.;	
 
 	•	 	approval by an IRB at each clinical trial site before a trial may be initiated at the site;	
 
 	•	 	performance of adequate and well-controlled human clinical trials in accordance with current good clinical practices, or GCP regulations, to establish the safety and efficacy of the proposed drug product for each intended use;	
 
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 	•	 	satisfactory completion of an FDA pre-approval inspection of the facility or facilities at which the product is manufactured to assess compliance with the FDA’s cGMP regulations, and for devices and device components, the FDA’s Quality Systems Regulation, or QSR, and to assure that the facilities, methods and controls are adequate to preserve the drug’s identity, strength, quality and purity;	
 
 	•	 	submission to the FDA of an NDA;	
 
 	•	 	satisfactory review by an FDA advisory committee, if applicable; and	
 
 	•	 	FDA review and approval of the NDA.	
The pre-clinical and clinical testing and approval process requires substantial time, effort and financial resources, and we cannot be certain that any approvals for our future products will be granted on a timely basis, if at all. Pre-clinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation, stability and toxicity, as well as animal studies to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The results of pre-clinical tests, together with manufacturing information, analytical data and a proposed clinical trial protocol and other information, are submitted as part of an IND to the FDA. Some pre-clinical testing may continue even after the IND is submitted. The IND automatically becomes effective 30 days after receipt by the FDA, unless the FDA, within the 30-day time period, raises concerns or questions relating to one or more proposed clinical trials and places a trial on clinical hold, including concerns that human research subjects will be exposed to unreasonable health risks. In such a case, the IND sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns before the clinical trial can begin. As a result, our submission of an IND may not result in FDA authorization to commence a clinical trial. A separate submission to an existing IND must also be made for each successive clinical trial conducted during product development.
Further, an independent IRB, covering each site proposing to conduct the clinical trial must review and approve the plan for any clinical trial and informed consent information for subjects before the trial commences at that site and it must monitor the study until completed. The FDA, the IRB, or the sponsor may suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a finding that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk or for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements, or may impose other conditions.
Clinical trials involve the administration of an investigational drug to human subjects under the supervision of qualified investigators in accordance with GCP requirements, which include the requirement that all research subjects provide their informed consent in writing for their participation in any clinical trial. Sponsors of clinical trials generally must register and report, at the NIH-maintained website ClinicalTrials.gov, key parameters of certain clinical trials. For purposes of an NDA submission and approval, human clinical trials are typically conducted in the following sequential phases, which may overlap or be combined:
Phase 1: The drug is initially introduced into healthy human subjects or patients and tested for safety, dose tolerance, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion and, if possible, to gain an early indication of its effectiveness.
Phase 2: The drug is administered to a limited patient population to identify possible adverse effects and safety risks, to preliminarily evaluate the efficacy of the product for specific targeted indications and to determine dose tolerance and optimal dosage. Multiple Phase 2 clinical trials may be conducted by the sponsor to obtain information prior to beginning larger and more extensive Phase 3 clinical trials.
Phase 3: These are commonly referred to as pivotal studies. When Phase 2 evaluations demonstrate that a dose range of the product appears to be effective and has an acceptable safety profile, Phase 3 trials are undertaken in large patient populations to further evaluate dosage, to obtain additional evidence of clinical efficacy and safety in an expanded patient population at multiple, geographically-dispersed clinical trial sites, to establish the overall risk-benefit relationship of the drug and to provide adequate information for the labeling of the drug.
 
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Phase 4: In some cases, the FDA may condition approval of an NDA for a future product on the sponsor’s agreement to conduct additional clinical trials to further assess the drug’s safety and effectiveness after NDA approval. Such post-approval trials are typically referred to as Phase 4 studies.
The results of product development, pre-clinical studies and clinical trials are submitted to the FDA as part of an NDA. NDAs must also contain extensive information relating to the product’s pharmacology, CMC and proposed labeling, among other things.
For combination products, the FDA’s review may include the participation of both the FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research and the FDA’s Center for Devices and Radiological Health, which may complicate or prolong the review.
Before approving an NDA, the FDA may inspect the facility or facilities where the product is manufactured. The FDA will not approve an application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP, and if applicable, QSR, requirements and are adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to assure compliance with GCP before approving an NDA.
After the FDA evaluates the NDA and, in some cases, the related manufacturing facilities, it may issue an approval letter, or it may issue a Complete Response Letter, or CRL, to indicate that the review cycle for an application is complete and that the application is not ready for approval. CRLs generally outline the deficiencies in the submission and may require substantial additional testing or information in order for the FDA to reconsider the application. Even with submission of this additional information, the FDA ultimately may decide that the application does not satisfy the regulatory criteria for approval. If and when the deficiencies have been addressed to the FDA’s satisfaction, the FDA will typically issue an approval letter. An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the drug with specific prescribing information for specific indications.
Once issued, the FDA may withdraw product approval if ongoing regulatory requirements are not met or if safety problems are identified after the product reaches the market. In addition, the FDA may require post-approval testing, including Phase 4 studies, and surveillance programs to monitor the effect of approved products which have been commercialized, and the FDA has the authority to prevent or limit further marketing of a product based on the results of these post-marketing programs. Drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label, and, even if the FDA approves a product, it may limit the approved indications for use for the product or impose other conditions, including labeling or distribution restrictions or other risk-management mechanisms. Further, if there are any modifications to the drug, including changes in indications, labeling, or manufacturing processes or facilities, the sponsor may be required to submit and obtain FDA approval of a new or supplemental NDA, which may require the development of additional data or conduct of additional pre-clinical studies and clinical trials.
Continuing FDA Regulation
Devices. Under the medical device regulations, the FDA regulates quality control and manufacturing procedures by requiring us to demonstrate and maintain compliance with the quality system regulation, which sets forth the FDA’s current good manufacturing practices requirements for medical devices. The FDA monitors compliance with the quality system regulation and current good manufacturing practices requirements by conducting periodic inspections of manufacturing facilities. We could be subject to unannounced inspections by the FDA. Violations of applicable regulations noted by the FDA during inspections of our manufacturing facilities, or the manufacturing facilities of these third parties, could adversely affect the continued marketing of our tests.
The FDA also enforces post-marketing controls that include the requirement to submit medical device reports to the agency when a manufacturer becomes aware of information suggesting that any of its marketed products may have caused or contributed to a death, serious injury or serious illness or any of its products has malfunctioned and that a recurrence of a malfunction would likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury
 
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or illness. The FDA relies on medical device reports to identify product problems and utilizes these reports to determine, among other things, whether it should exercise its enforcement powers. The FDA may also require postmarket surveillance studies for specified devices.
FDA regulations also govern, among other things, the preclinical and clinical testing, manufacture, distribution, labeling and promotion of medical devices. In addition to compliance with good manufacturing practices and medical device reporting requirements, we will be required to comply with the FDCA’s general controls, including establishment registration, device listing and labeling requirements. If we fail to comply with any requirements under the FDCA, we could be subject to, among other things, fines, injunctions, civil penalties, recalls or product corrections, total or partial suspension of production, denial of premarket notification clearance or approval of products, rescission or withdrawal of clearances and approvals, and criminal prosecution. We cannot assure you that any final FDA policy, once issued, or future laws and regulations concerning the manufacture or marketing of medical devices will not increase the cost and time to market of new or existing tests. Furthermore, any current or future federal and state regulations also will apply to future tests developed by us.
If our promotional activities fail to comply with these FDA regulations or guidelines, we may be subject to warnings from, or enforcement action by, these authorities. In addition, our failure to follow FDA rules and guidelines relating to promotion and advertising may cause the FDA to issue warning letters or untitled letters, suspend or withdraw a product from the market, require a recall or institute fines or civil fines, or could result in disgorgement of money, operating restrictions, injunctions or criminal prosecution.
Pharmaceuticals. Once an NDA is approved, a product will be subject to pervasive and continuing regulation by the FDA, including, among other things, requirements relating to drug-device listing, recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product.
In addition, drug manufacturers and other entities involved in the manufacture and distribution of approved drugs are required to register their establishments with the FDA and state agencies, and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and these state agencies for compliance with cGMP or QSR requirements. Changes to the manufacturing process are strictly regulated and generally require prior FDA approval before being implemented. FDA regulations also require investigation and correction of any deviations from cGMP or QSR and impose reporting and documentation requirements upon us and any third-party manufacturers that we may decide to use. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money, and effort in the area of production and quality control to maintain cGMP or QSR compliance.
Once an approval is granted, the FDA may withdraw the approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market, though the FDA must provide an application holder with notice and an opportunity for a hearing in order to withdraw its approval of an application. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency, or with manufacturing processes, or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in, among other things:
 
 	•	 	restrictions on the marketing or manufacturing of the product, complete withdrawal of the product from the market or product recalls;	
 
 	•	 	fines, warning letters or holds on post-approval clinical trials;	
 
 	•	 	refusal of the FDA to approve pending applications or supplements to approved applications, or suspension or revocation of product approvals;	
 
 	•	 	product seizure or detention, or refusal to permit the import or export of products; and	
 
 	•	 	injunctions or the imposition of civil or criminal penalties.	
 
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The FDA strictly regulates the marketing, labeling, advertising and promotion of drug and device products that are placed on the market. While physicians may prescribe drugs and devices for off label uses, manufacturers may only promote for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved label. The FDA and other agencies actively enforce the laws and regulations prohibiting the promotion of off label uses, and a company that is found to have improperly promoted off label uses may be subject to significant liability.
Advertising
Advertising of our neonatology products are subject to regulation by the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, under the FTC Act. The FTC Act prohibits unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce. Violations of the FTC Act, such as failure to have substantiation for product claims, would subject us to a variety of enforcement actions, including compulsory process, cease and desist orders and injunctions, which can require, among other things, limits on advertising, corrective advertising, consumer redress and restitution, as well as substantial fines or other penalties. Any enforcement actions by the FTC could have a material adverse effect our business.
HIPAA and Other Privacy Laws
The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA, established for the first time comprehensive protection for the privacy and security of health information. The HIPAA standards apply to three types of organizations, or “Covered Entities”: health plans, healthcare clearing houses, and healthcare providers which conduct certain healthcare transactions electronically. Covered Entities and their Business Associates must have in place administrative, physical, and technical standards to guard against the misuse of individually identifiable health information. Because we are a healthcare provider and we conduct certain healthcare transactions electronically, we are presently a Covered Entity, and we must have in place the administrative, physical, and technical safeguards required by HIPAA, HITECH and their implementing regulations. Additionally, some state laws impose privacy protections more stringent than HIPAA. Most of the institutions and physicians from which we obtain biological specimens that we use in our research and validation work are Covered Entities and must obtain proper authorization from their patients for the subsequent use of those samples and associated clinical information. We may perform future activities that may implicate HIPAA, such as providing clinical laboratory testing services or entering into specific kinds of relationships with a Covered Entity or a Business Associate of a Covered Entity.
If we or our operations are found to be in violation of HIPAA, HITECH or their implementing regulations, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, fines, and exclusion from participation in U.S. federal or state health care programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. HITECH increased the civil and criminal penalties that may be imposed against Covered Entities, their Business Associates and possibly other persons, and gave state attorneys general new authority to file civil actions for damages or injunctions in federal courts to enforce the federal HIPAA laws and seek attorney’s fees and costs associated with pursuing federal civil actions.
Our activities must also comply with other applicable privacy laws. For example, there are also international privacy laws that impose restrictions on the access, use, and disclosure of health information. All of these laws may impact our business. Our failure to comply with these privacy laws or significant changes in the laws restricting our ability to obtain tissue samples and associated patient information could significantly impact our business and our future business plans.
Federal and State Billing and Fraud and Abuse Laws
Antifraud Laws/Overpayments. As participants in federal and state healthcare programs, we are subject to numerous federal and state antifraud and abuse laws. Many of these antifraud laws are broad in scope, and neither the courts nor government agencies have extensively interpreted these laws. Prohibitions under some of these laws include:
 
 	•	 	the submission of false claims or false information to government programs;	
 
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 	•	 	deceptive or fraudulent conduct;	
 
 	•	 	excessive or unnecessary services or services at excessive prices; and	
 
 	•	 	prohibitions in defrauding private sector health insurers.	
We could be subject to substantial penalties for violations of these laws, including denial of payment and refunds, suspension of payments from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal healthcare programs and exclusion from participation in the federal healthcare programs, as well as civil monetary and criminal penalties and imprisonment. One of these statutes, the False Claims Act, is a key enforcement tool used by the government to combat healthcare fraud. The False Claims Act imposes liability on any person who, among other things, knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for payment by a federal healthcare program. In addition, violations of the federal physician self-referral laws, such as the Stark laws discussed below, may also violate false claims laws. Liability under the False Claims Act can result in treble damages and imposition of penalties. For example, we could be subject to penalties of $5,500 to $11,000 per false claim, and each use of our product could potentially be part of a different claim submitted to the government. Separately, the HHS office of the Office of Inspector General, or OIG, can exclude providers found liable under the False Claims Act from participating in federally funded healthcare programs, including Medicare. The steep penalties that may be imposed on laboratories and other providers under this statute may be disproportionate to the relatively small dollar amounts of the claims made by these providers for reimbursement. In addition, even the threat of being excluded from participation in federal healthcare programs can have significant financial consequences on a provider.
Numerous federal and state agencies enforce the antifraud and abuse laws. In addition, private insurers may also bring private actions. In some circumstances, private whistleblowers are authorized to bring fraud suits on behalf of the government against providers and are entitled to receive a portion of any final recovery.
Federal and State “Self-Referral” and “Anti-Kickback” Restrictions
Self-Referral law. We are subject to a federal “self-referral” law, commonly referred to as the “Stark” law, which provides that physicians who, personally or through a family member, have ownership interests in or compensation arrangements with a laboratory are prohibited from making a referral to that laboratory for laboratory tests reimbursable by Medicare, and also prohibits laboratories from submitting a claim for Medicare payments for laboratory tests referred by physicians who, personally or through a family member, have ownership interests in or compensation arrangements with the testing laboratory. The Stark law contains a number of specific exceptions which, if met, permit physicians who have ownership or compensation arrangements with a testing laboratory to make referrals to that laboratory and permit the laboratory to submit claims for Medicare payments for laboratory tests performed pursuant to such referrals.
We are subject to comparable state laws, some of which apply to all payors regardless of source of payment, and do not contain identical exceptions to the Stark law. For example, we are subject to a North Carolina self-referral law that prohibits a physician investor from referring to us any patients covered by private, employer-funded or state and federal employee health plans. The North Carolina self-referral law contains few exceptions for physician investors in securities that have not been acquired through public trading, but will generally permit us to accept referrals from physician investors who buy their shares in the public market.
We have several stockholders who are physicians in a position to make referrals to us. We have included within our compliance plan procedures to identify requests for testing services from physician investors and we do not bill Medicare, or any other federal program, or seek reimbursement from other third-party payors, for these tests. The self-referral laws may cause some physicians who would otherwise use our laboratory to use other laboratories for their testing.
 
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Providers are subject to sanctions for claims submitted for each service that is furnished based on a referral prohibited under the federal self-referral laws. These sanctions include denial of payment and refunds, civil monetary payments and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs and civil monetary penalties, and they may also include penalties for applicable violations of the False Claims Act, which may require payment of up to three times the actual damages sustained by the government, plus civil penalties of $5,500 to $11,000 for each separate false claim. Similarly, sanctions for violations under the North Carolina self-referral laws include refunds and monetary penalties.
Anti-Kickback Statute. The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits persons from knowingly and willfully soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, or the furnishing, recommending, or arranging for a good or service, for which payment may be made under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The term “remuneration” is not defined in the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and has been broadly interpreted to include anything of value, including for example, gifts, discounts, the furnishing of supplies or equipment, credit arrangements, payments of cash, waivers of payment, ownership interests and providing anything at less than its fair market value. The reach of the Anti-Kickback Statute was also broadened by the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, or PPACA, which, among other things, amends the intent requirement of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and certain criminal healthcare fraud statutes, effective March 23, 2010. Pursuant to the statutory amendment, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of this statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. In addition, PPACA provides that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act or the civil monetary penalties statute, which imposes penalties against any person who is determined to have presented or caused to be presented a claim to a federal health program that the person knows or should know is for an item or service that was not provided as claimed or is false or fraudulent. Sanctions for violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute may include imprisonment and other criminal penalties, civil monetary penalties and exclusion from participation in federal healthcare programs.
The OIG has criticized a number of the business practices in the clinical laboratory industry as potentially implicating the Anti-Kickback Statute, including compensation arrangements intended to induce referrals between laboratories and entities from which they receive, or to which they make, referrals. In addition, the OIG has indicated that “dual charge” billing practices that are intended to induce the referral of patients reimbursed by federal healthcare programs may violate the Anti-Kickback Statute.
Many states have also adopted laws similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, some of which apply to the referral of patients for healthcare items or services reimbursed by any source, not only the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and do not contain identical safe harbors. For example, North Carolina has an anti-kickback statute that prohibits healthcare providers from paying any financial compensation for recommending or securing patient referrals. Penalties for violations of this statute include license suspension or revocation or other disciplinary action. Other states have similar anti-kickback prohibitions.
Both the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the North Carolina anti-kickback law are broad in scope. The anti-kickback laws clearly prohibit payments for patient referrals. Under a broad interpretation, these laws could also prohibit a broad array of practices involving remuneration where one party is a potential source of referrals for the other.
If we or our operations are found to be in violation of any of the laws described above or any other governmental regulations that apply to us, we may be subject to penalties, including civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, exclusion from participation in U.S. federal or state health care programs, and the curtailment or restructuring of our operations. To the extent that any product we make is sold in a foreign country in the future, we may be subject to similar foreign laws and regulations, which may include, for instance, applicable post-marketing requirements, including safety surveillance, anti-fraud and abuse laws, and implementation of
 
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corporate compliance programs and reporting of payments or transfers of value to healthcare professionals. To reduce the risks associated with these various laws and governmental regulations, we have implemented a compliance plan. Although compliance programs can mitigate the risk of investigation and prosecution for violations of these laws, the risks cannot be entirely eliminated. Any action against us for violation of these laws, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business. Moreover, achieving and sustaining compliance with applicable federal and state privacy, security and fraud laws may prove costly.
International Medical Device Regulations
International marketing of medical devices is subject to foreign government regulations, which vary substantially from country to country. The European Commission is the legislative body responsible for directives with which manufacturers selling medical products in the E.U. and the European Economic Area, or EEA, must comply. The E.U. includes most of the major countries in Europe, while other countries, such as Switzerland, are part of the EEA and have voluntarily adopted laws and regulations that mirror those of the E.U. with respect to medical devices. The E.U. has adopted directives that address regulation of the design, manufacture, labeling, clinical studies and post-market vigilance for medical devices. Devices that comply with the requirements of a relevant directive will be entitled to bear the CE conformity marking, indicating that the device conforms to the essential requirements of the applicable directives and, accordingly, can be marketed throughout the E.U. and EEA.
Outside of the E.U., regulatory pathways for the marketing of medical devices vary greatly from country to country. In many countries, local regulatory agencies conduct an independent review of medical devices prior to granting marketing approval. For example, in China, approval by the SFDA, must be obtained prior to marketing an medical device. In Japan, approval by the MHLW following review by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency, or the PMDA is required prior to marketing an medical device. The process in such countries may be lengthy and require the expenditure of significant resources, including the conduct of clinical trials. In other countries, the regulatory pathway may be shorter or less costly. The timeline for the introduction of new medical devices is heavily impacted by these various regulations on a country-by-country basis, which may become more lengthy and costly over time.
U.S. Healthcare Reform
In March 2010, the PPACA was enacted, which includes measures that have or will significantly change the way healthcare is financed by both governmental and private insurers. Beginning in August 2013, the Physician Payment Sunshine Act, enacted as part of PPACA, and its implementing regulations requires medical device manufacturers to track certain financial arrangements with physicians and teaching hospitals, including any “transfer of value” made or distributed to such entities, as well as any investment interests held by physicians and their immediate family members. Manufacturers are required to report this information to Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, or CMS, beginning in 2014. Various states have also implemented regulations prohibiting certain financial interactions with healthcare professionals or mandating public disclosure of such financial interactions. We may incur significant costs to comply with such laws and regulations now or in the future.
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, prohibits any U.S. individual or business from paying, offering or authorizing payment or offering of anything of value, directly or indirectly, to any foreign official, political party or candidate for the purpose of influencing any act or decision of the foreign entity in order to assist the individual or business in obtaining or retaining business. The FCPA also obligates companies whose securities are listed in the U.S. to comply with accounting provisions requiring us to maintain books and records that accurately and fairly reflect all transactions of the corporation, including international subsidiaries, and to devise and maintain an adequate system of internal accounting controls for international operations.
Recent Developments
Merger with Essentialis
On December 22, 2016, we entered into an Agreement and Plan of Merger (referred to in this prospectus as the merger agreement) with Essentialis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, or Essentialis. Consummation of the merger is subject to various closing conditions, including our consummation of a financing of at least $8 million at, or substantially contemporaneous with, the closing of the merger and the receipt of stockholder approval of the merger at a special meeting of our stockholders.
Essentialis is a privately held, clinical stage biotechnology company focused on the development of breakthrough medicines for the treatment of rare metabolic diseases where there is increased mortality and risk of cardiovascular and endocrine complications. To date, Essentialis’s efforts have focused primarily on developing and testing product candidates that target the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, a metabolically regulated membrane protein whose modulation has the potential to impact a wide range of rare metabolic, cardiovascular, and CNS diseases. Essentialis has tested Diazoxide Choline Controlled Release Tablet, or DCCR, as a treatment for Prader-Willi syndrome, a complex metabolic/neurobehavioral disorder.
 
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Employees
As of December 2016, we had 26 full-time employees and 3 full-time or part-time consultants providing services to us. None of our employees is represented by a labor union or covered by collective bargaining agreements. We consider our relationship with our employees to be good.
Corporate and Available Information
Our principal corporate offices are located at 1235 Radio Road, Suite 110, Redwood City, California 94065 and our telephone number is (650) 213-8444. We were incorporated in Delaware on August 25, 1999. Our internet address is www.Capnia.com. We make available on our website, free of charge, our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish it to, the Securities Exchange and Commission. Our Securities Exchange and Commission reports can be accessed through the Investor Relations section of our internet website. The information found on our internet website is not part of this or any other report we file with or furnish to the Securities Exchange and Commission.
 
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DESCRIPTION OF PROPERTIES
Our principal facilities consist of office space in Redwood City, California, which also contains our final assembly and calibration facility for CoSense. We currently occupy approximately 13,436 square feet of office space under a non-cancelable operating lease that terminates in August 2019. NFI operates in a facility in Ivyland, Pennsylvania occupying approximately 2,880 square feet of space under a month to month lease.
LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
From time to time, we may become involved in various lawsuits and legal proceedings which arise in the ordinary course of business. However, litigation is subject to inherent uncertainties, and an adverse result in these or other matters may arise from time to time that may harm our business. We are currently not aware of any such legal proceedings or claims that we believe will have, individually or in the aggregate, a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or operating results.
 
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MANAGEMENT
Directors and Executive Officers
The following table sets forth information regarding our executive officers and directors as of December 31, 2016:

Name	 	  Age  	 	Position	
Executive Officers:	 	 	 	 	
Anish Bhatnagar, M.D.	 	46	 	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director	
David D. O’Toole	 	57	 	Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer	
Anthony Wondka	 	54	 	Senior Vice President of Research and Development	
Non-Employee Directors:	 	 	 	 	
Ernest Mario, Ph.D.	 	77	 	Chairman	
Edgar G. Engleman, M.D.	 	70	 	Director	
Steinar J. Engelsen, M.D., M.Sc.(1)(2)(3)	 	65	 	Director	
William G. Harris (1)(2)	 	58	 	Director	
Stephen Kirnon, Ed.D.(1)(2)(3)	 	53	 	Director	
Rajen Dalal (2)	 	62	 	Director	
 
(1)	Member of the audit committee.	
(2)	Member of the compensation committee.	
(3)	Member of the nominating and corporate governance committee.	
Executive Officers
Anish Bhatnagar, M.D.   Dr. Bhatnagar was appointed as our Chief Executive Officer in February 2014. Prior to that, he served as our President and Chief Operating Officer. Dr. Bhatnagar joined us in 2006, and has held positions of increasing responsibility since then. Dr. Bhatnagar is a physician with over 15 years of experience in the medical device and biopharmaceutical industries. His experience spans development of biologics, drugs, drug-device combinations and diagnostic as well as therapeutic medical devices. His prior experience includes working at Coulter Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 1998 to 2000 and Titan Pharmaceuticals, Inc. from 2000 to 2006. He is the author of several peer-reviewed publications, abstracts and book chapters. He obtained his medical degree at SMS Medical College in Jaipur, India and completed his Residency and Fellowship training in the U.S. at various institutions, including Georgetown University Hospital and the University of Pennsylvania.
We believe Dr. Bhatnagar is able to make valuable contributions to our board of directors due to his service as an executive officer of our company, including as Chief Executive Officer, extensive knowledge of medical device and pharmaceutical company operations, and extensive experience working with companies, regulators and other stakeholders in the medical device and pharmaceutical industries.
David D. O’Toole.   Mr. O’Toole was appointed as our Chief Financial Officer in July 2014. He has more than 30 years of experience in the accounting and finance sectors, and for the past 14 years has focused on the medical device, tools, and diagnostics industry. From September 2012 to June 2014 Mr. O’Toole was Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Codexis, Inc., a public company focused on developing biocatalysts. From May 2010 to August 2012 Mr. O’Toole was Vice President and Chief Financial Officer at Response Genetics, Inc., and served from May 2008 to August 2010 as Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Abraxis Bioscience, Inc. From 1992 to 2008, Mr. O’Toole worked at Deloitte & Touche LLP, where he served for 12 of those years as a partner. He worked at Arthur Anderson & Co., from 1984 to 1992, as an international tax manager. Mr. O’Toole received his Bachelor of Science, Accounting from the University of Arizona and is a certified public accountant.
We believe Mr. OToole is able to make valuable contributions as an executive officer of our company as a result of his prior financial experience in related industries that are applicable to us.
 
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Anthony Wondka.   Mr. Wondka was appointed as our Vice President of Research and Development in June 2013. Prior to that, he was a consultant for us since May 2011. He has held management and executive positions in the medical device industry for over 20 years, in large and small companies. From April 2006 to March 2011, Mr. Wondka served as VP of R&D and then VP of Technology and Clinical Affairs for Breathe Technologies, where he invented and co-invented ventilation products that address large unmet needs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD, and obstructive sleep apnea. From July 1997 to April 2006, Mr. Wondka was Director of R&D and VP of Manufacturing at Pulmonx, where he co-invented and led the early development of the Chartis™ diagnostic system and procedure that is used to guide endobronchial lung volume reduction for the treatment of COPD, and is currently being sold in the E.U. Prior to Pulmonx, Mr. Wondka worked at Pfizer subsidiary Shiley (acquired by Covidien) and Bear Medical (acquired by Carefusion), where he held lead roles in engineering and quality assurance, supporting commercialization activities for market leading ear, nose and throat, or ENT, and respiratory products. He holds over 40 issued or pending patents and has a B.S. in Bioengineering from University of California San Diego.
We believe Mr. Wondka is able to make valuable contributions as an executive officer of our company as a result of his prior technical experience in our industry and related industries.
Non-Employee Directors
Ernest Mario, Ph.D.   Dr. Mario joined our board of directors in August 2007 and served as Chairman and Chief Executive Officer until February 2014 when he was named Chairman. From April 2003 to August 2007, Dr. Mario served as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of Reliant Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a privately held pharmaceutical company that was acquired by GSK for approximately $1.6 billion in 2007. Dr. Mario served as Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of ALZA Corporation, a research-based pharmaceutical company, from November 1997 to December 2001, when ALZA was acquired by Johnson & Johnson for approximately $12 billion. Previously he served as Chief Executive Officer and Co-Chairman of ALZA from August 1993 to November 1997. From January 1992 until March 1993, Dr. Mario served as Deputy Chairman of Glaxo Holdings plc., a pharmaceutical company, and as Chief Executive from May 1989 to March 1993. Dr. Mario has current and past service on a number of corporate boards including Boston Scientific Corporation, Celgene Inc., Chimerix, Inc., Kindred Biosciences Inc., Tonix Pharmaceuticals Holding Corp. and XenoPort Inc. Dr. Mario is active in numerous educational and healthcare organizations. He is Chairman of the American Foundation for Pharmaceutical Education, a Director of the Gladstone Foundation, and past Chairman of the Duke University Health System. Dr. Mario earned his M.S. and Ph.D. in physical sciences at the University of Rhode Island and a B.S. in pharmacy at Rutgers. He holds honorary doctorates from the University of Rhode Island and Rutgers University. In 2007 he was awarded the Remington Medal by the American Pharmacists’ Association, pharmacy’s highest honor.
We believe Dr. Mario is able to make valuable contributions to our board of directors due to his extensive knowledge of our company, the industry, and our competitors, his extensive experience in risk oversight, quality and business strategy as a result of serving in leadership roles at multiple companies, his status as a significant stockholder and his prior service as our Chief Executive Officer.
Edgar G. Engleman, M.D.   Dr. Engleman has been a member of our board of directors since June 2001. He is a founding member of Vivo Ventures, LLC (formerly BioAsia Investments) and since 1990 has served as Professor of Pathology and Medicine at Stanford University School of Medicine, where he oversees the Stanford Blood Center as well as his own immunology research group. An editor of numerous scientific journals and the inventor of multiple patented technologies, Dr. Engleman has authored more than 250 publications in medical and scientific journals and has trained more than 200 graduate students and postdoctoral fellows. Dr. Engleman has co-founded a number of biopharmaceutical companies including Cetus Immune Corporation (acquired by Chiron Corporation), Genelabs Technologies, Inc., (acquired by GlaxoSmithKline plc), National Medical Audit, and Dendreon Corporation. He is the lead inventor of the technology underlying Provenge, Dendreon’s cancer vaccine, which was approved in 2010 to treat asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic
 
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hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Dr. Engleman currently serves on the boards of several private biotechnology companies, including Gryphon Therapeutics, Inc., Naryx Pharma, Inc., Eiger BioPharma, Inc., Nuveta, Inc. and Semnur Pharmaceuticals, Inc. He received his M.D. from Columbia University School of Medicine and his B.A. from Harvard University.
We believe Dr. Engleman is able to make valuable contributions to our board of directors due to his extensive knowledge of the healthcare industry, his medical expertise, his service on other company boards of directors, and his understanding of our company.
Steinar J. Engelsen, M.D., M.Sc., CEFA. Dr. Engelsen has been a member of our board of directors since April 2004. Since November 1996, Dr. Engelsen has been a partner of Teknoinvest AS, a venture capital firm based in Norway. From June 1989 until October 1996, Dr. Engelsen held various management positions within Hafslund Nycomed AS, a pharmaceutical company based in Europe, and affiliated companies. He was responsible for therapeutic research and development, most recently serving as Senior Vice President, Research and Development of Nycomed Pharma AS from January 1994 until October 1996. He currently serves on the board of directors of Insmed, Inc. In addition, from January to November 2000, Dr. Engelsen was acting Chief Executive Officer of Centaur Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a biopharmaceutical company. Dr. Engelsen also served as Chairman of the board of directors of Centaur. Dr. Engelsen received his M.Sc. in Nuclear Chemistry and his M.D. from the University of Oslo, and is a Certified European Financial Analyst from The Norwegian School of Economics.
We believe Dr. Engelsen is able to make valuable contributions to our board of directors due to his extensive healthcare management experience, his financial and business leadership and expertise resulting from serving as a director or executive officer of multiple companies, and his understanding of our company.
William G. Harris.   Mr. Harris has been a member of our board of directors since June 2014. Since 2001, he has been the Senior Vice President of Finance and Chief Financial Officer of Xenoport, Inc. From 1996 to 2001, he held several positions with Coulter Pharmaceutical, Inc., a biotechnology company engaged in the development of novel therapies for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, the most recent of which was Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, Corixa Corp., a developer of immunotherapeutic products, which was acquired by Coulter Pharmaceutical in 2000. Prior to Coulter Pharmaceutical, from 1990 to 1996, Mr. Harris held several positions at Gilead Sciences, Inc., the most recent of which was director of finance. Mr. Harris received a B.A. from the University of California, San Diego and an M.B.A. from Santa Clara University, Leavey School of Business and Administration.
We believe Mr. Harris is able to make valuable contributions to our board of directors due to his vast experience as a finance professional in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries.
Stephen Kirnon, Ed.D.   Dr. Kirnon has been a member of our board of directors since July 2002. He has over 20 years of operational experience in biomedical organizations. Since January 2009, he has served as the Co-founder and CEO of PharmaPlan LLC. From January 2012 until July 2013 he served as Vice President, Co-Lead Life Science Practice at Witt/Kieffer, Ford, Hadelman, Lloyd Corp. Prior to that, Dr. Kirnon was the President and Chief Executive Officer of Pepgen Corporation, a biopharmaceutical company based in Alameda, California, specializing in autoimmune diseases. He was formerly the President and CEO of Target Protein Technologies, Inc., a pharmaceutical company based in San Diego and specializing in the development of pharmaceutical compounds targeted to specific tissues and organs of the human body. Prior to TPT, he was the President and COO and a member of the Board of Yamanouchi Pharma Technologies, Inc., which is responsible for developing and commercializing Yamanouchi’s proprietary drug delivery technologies as well as the U.S. development and manufacture of Yamanouchi’s pharmaceuticals. Previously, Dr. Kirnon was the President of the Drug Delivery Division of Cygnus, Inc., successfully leading that Division into profitability and subsequently through sale of its business. Dr. Kirnon has also held various business development, sales, and marketing positions at Cygnus, Biogenex Laboratories, Inc., and GlaxoSmithKline plc. Dr. Kirnon received his doctorate in
 
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organization change and transformational leadership from as well as his M.B.A. from Pepperdine University, where he is an Adjunct Professor. He received a B.A. degree in Biochemistry from Harvard University. He is also a trustee of the New England College of Optometry.
We believe Dr. Kirnon is able to make valuable contributions to our board of directors due to his extensive operational experience in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, and his knowledge of our company.
Rajen Dalal.    Mr. Dalal joined our Board of Directors in April 2016. Since 2011, Mr. Dalal has served as the CEO of ReLIA Diagnostic Systems, Inc., a point-of-care diagnostics company selling blood tests used in emergency medicine. Mr. Dalal also served on ReLIA’s board from 2006 to 2015. Since 2011, Mr. Dalal has been a managing director of Synergenics LLC, a management company that operates a consortium of commonly-owned but independent biotech companies. Mr. Dalal also served from 2008 to 2010 on the board of Singapore based A-Bio Pharma and Dx Assays, from 2006 to 2008 as CEO and director of Aviir, a medical device company which commercialized multi-protein biomarker test for detecting risk of acute myocardial infarction, from 2003 to 2008 on the board of directors for Vermillion, a public ovarian cancer diagnostics company, from 2002 to 2005 as CEO and a director of Guava Technologies, which commercialized a low cost bench top flow cytometer for HIV/AIDS testing, and from 2000 to 2002 on the HHS Committee for Blood Safety and Availability. Mr. Dalal was previously with Chiron as President of its Blood Testing division as well as its Vice President, Corporate Development. Prior to working in biotech, Mr. Dalal was at McKinsey & Co in New York and Cleveland. He is a graduate of the University of Chicago, Massachusetts Instituite of Technology and St. Xavier’s College, Bombay with degrees in business, biochemical engineering and chemistry, respectively.
We believe Mr. Dalal is able to make a valuable contribution to our Board of Directors due to his extensive operational experience and board oversight in a diverse range of healthcare companies.
Board Composition
Our business and affairs are managed under the direction of our board of directors, which currently consists of seven members. The members of our board of directors were elected in compliance with the provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and a voting agreement among certain of our stockholders, as amended. The voting agreement terminated upon the closing of our IPO, and none of our stockholders have any special rights regarding the election or designation of members of our board of directors.
In accordance with our amended and restated certificate of incorporation, our board of directors is divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. At each annual general meeting of stockholders, the successors to directors whose terms then expire will be elected to serve from the time of election and qualification until the third annual meeting following election. Our directors are divided among the three classes as follows:
 
 	•	 	The Class I directors are Drs. Engleman and Mr. Dalal, and their terms will expire at our annual meeting of stockholders to be held later in 2018;	
 
 	•	 	The Class II directors are Drs. Kirnon and Engelsen, and their terms will expire at our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2019; and	
 
 	•	 	The Class III directors are Drs. Bhatnagar and Mario and Mr. Harris, and their terms will expire at our annual meeting of stockholders to be held in 2017.	
We expect that additional directorships resulting from an increase in the number of directors will be distributed among the three classes so that, as nearly as possible, each class will consist of one-third of the directors. The division of our board of directors into three classes with staggered three-year terms could potentially delay or prevent a change of our management or a change in control of our company.
 
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Director Independence
Under the listing requirements and rules of The NASDAQ Capital Market, or NASDAQ, independent directors must comprise a majority of a listed company’s board of directors, subject to certain phase-ins.
Our board of directors performed a review of its composition, the composition of its committees, and the independence of each director. Based upon information requested from and provided by each director concerning such director’s background, employment and affiliations, including family relationships, our board of directors determined that Messr. Harris and Dalal and Drs. Engelsen and Kirnon have no relationships that would interfere with the exercise of independent judgment in carrying out the responsibilities of a director and that each of these directors is “independent,” as that term is defined under the applicable rules and regulations of the SEC, and the listing requirements and rules of NASDAQ. In making this determination, our board of directors considered the current and prior relationships that each non-employee director has with our company, any other transactional relationships a non-employee director may have with our company, and all other facts and circumstances our board of directors deemed relevant in determining their independence, including the beneficial ownership of our capital stock held by each non-employee director and any of his and our respective affiliates.
Board Leadership Structure
Our board of directors has a Chairman, Dr. Mario, who has authority, among other things, to preside over board of directors meetings, and to call special meetings of the board. Accordingly, the Chairman has substantial ability to shape the work of our board of directors. We currently believe that separation of the roles of Chairman and Chief Executive Officer reinforces the leadership role of our board of directors in its oversight of the business and affairs of our Company. In addition, we currently believe that having a separate Chairman creates an environment that is more conducive to objective evaluation and oversight of management’s performance, increasing management accountability and improving the ability of our board of directors to monitor whether management’s actions are in the best interests of the company and its stockholders. However, no single leadership model is right for all companies and at all times. Our board of directors recognizes that depending on the circumstances, other leadership models, such as combining the role of Chairman with the role of Chief Executive Officer, might be appropriate. As a result, our board of directors may periodically review its leadership structure.
Board Committees
Our board of directors has the authority to appoint committees to perform certain management and administration functions. Our board of directors has an audit committee, a compensation committee and a nominating and corporate governance committee. The composition and responsibilities of each committee are described below. Members will serve on these committees until their resignation or until otherwise determined by our board of directors. The inclusion of our website address in this prospectus does not incorporate by reference the information on or accessible through our website into this prospectus.
Audit committee
Our audit committee consists of Steinar J. Engelsen, William G. Harris, and Stephen Kirnon, each of whom satisfies the independence requirements under NASDAQ listing standards and Rule 10A-3(b)(1) of the Exchange Act. The chairperson of our audit committee is Mr. Harris. Each member of our audit committee can read and understand fundamental financial statements in accordance with audit committee requirements. In arriving at this determination, our board of directors has examined each audit committee member’s scope of experience and the nature of their employment in the corporate finance sector.
Our audit committee oversees our corporate accounting and financial reporting process and assists our board of directors in oversight of the integrity of our financial statements, our compliance with legal and
 
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regulatory requirements, our independent auditor’s qualifications, independence and performance and our internal accounting and financial controls. Our audit committee is responsible for the appointment, compensation, retention and oversight of our independent auditors. Our board of directors has determined that Dr. Engelsen and Mr. Harris are audit committee financial experts, as defined by the rules promulgated by the Securities Exchange and Commission.
The charter of the audit committee is available on our website at www.capnia.com. The inclusion of our website address in this prospectus does not include or incorporate by reference into this prospectus the information on or accessible through our website.
Compensation committee
Our compensation committee consists of Steinar J. Engelsen, William G. Harris and Stephen Kirnon each of whom our board of directors has determined to be independent under NASDAQ listing standards, a “non-employee director” as defined in Rule 16b-3 promulgated under the Exchange Act, and an “outside director” as that term is defined in Section 162(m) of the Code. The chairperson of our compensation committee is Dr. Engelsen.
Our compensation committee oversees our compensation policies, plans and benefits programs and assists our board of directors in meeting its responsibilities with regard to oversight and determination of executive compensation. In addition, our compensation committee reviews and makes recommendations to our board of directors with respect to our major compensation plans, policies and programs and assesses whether our compensation structure establishes appropriate incentives for officers and employees.
The charter of the compensation committee is available on our website at www.capnia.com. The inclusion of our website address in this prospectus does not include or incorporate by reference into this prospectus the information on or accessible through our website.
Nominating and corporate governance committee
Our nominating and corporate governance committee consists of Steinar J. Engelsen, Stephen Kirnon and Rajen Dalal, each of whom our board of directors has determined to be independent under NASDAQ listing standards. The chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee is Dr. Kirnon.
Our nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for making recommendations to our board of directors regarding candidates for directorships and the size and composition of the board of directors and its committees. In addition, our nominating and corporate governance committee is responsible for reviewing and making recommendations to our board of directors on matters concerning corporate governance and conflicts of interest.
The charter of the nominating and corporate governance committee is available on our website at www.capnia.com. The inclusion of our website address in this prospectus does not include or incorporate by reference into this prospectus the information on or accessible through our website.
Role in Risk Oversight
Our board of directors oversees an enterprise-wide approach to risk management, designed to support the achievement of business objectives, including organizational and strategic objectives, to improve long-term organizational performance and enhance stockholder value. The involvement of our board of directors in setting our business strategy is a key part of its assessment of management’s plans for risk management and its determination of what constitutes an appropriate level of risk for our company. The participation of our board of directors in our risk oversight process includes receiving regular reports from members of senior management on areas of material risk to our company, including operational, financial, legal and regulatory, and strategic and reputational risks.
 
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While our board of directors has the ultimate responsibility for the risk management process, senior management and various committees of our board of directors also have responsibility for certain areas of risk management.
Our senior management team is responsible for day-to-day risk management and regularly reports on risks to our full board of directors or a relevant committee. Our finance and regulatory personnel serve as the primary monitoring and evaluation function for company-wide policies and procedures, and manage the day-to-day oversight of the risk management strategy for our ongoing business. This oversight includes identifying, evaluating, and addressing potential risks that may exist at the enterprise, strategic, financial, operational, compliance and reporting levels.
Our audit committee focuses on monitoring and discussing our major financial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures, including our risk assessment and risk management policies. As appropriate, the audit committee provides reports to and receive direction from the full board of directors regarding our risk management policies and guidelines, as well as the audit committee’s risk oversight activities.
In addition, our compensation committee assesses our compensation policies to confirm that the compensation policies and practices do not encourage unnecessary risk taking. The compensation committee reviews and discusses the relationship between risk management policies and practices, corporate strategy and senior executive compensation and, when appropriate, report on the findings from the discussions to our board of directors. Our compensation committee intends to set performance metrics that will create incentives for our senior executives that encourage an appropriate level of risk-taking that is commensurate with our short-term and long-term strategies.
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
We have adopted a code of business conduct and ethics that applies to all of our employees, officers and directors, including those officers responsible for financial reporting. The code of business conduct and ethics is available on our website at www.capnia.com . We intend to disclose any amendments to the code, or any waivers of its requirements, on our website to the extent required by the applicable rules and exchange requirements. The inclusion of our website address in this prospectus does not incorporate by reference the information on or accessible through our website into this prospectus.
Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation
None of the members of our compensation committee has ever been an officer or employee of the company. None of our executive officers serve, or have served during the last fiscal year, as a member of a board of directors, compensation committee or other board committee performing equivalent functions of any entity that has one or more executive officers serving on our board directors or on our compensation committee.
Non-Employee Director Compensation
Directors who are employees do not receive any additional compensation for their service on our board of directors. We reimburse our non-employee directors for their reasonable out-of-pocket costs and travel expenses in connection with their attendance at board of directors and committee meetings.
 
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The following table sets forth information regarding compensation earned by our non-employee directors during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.

Name	  	Cash
    Compensation    	 	  	Option
    Awards (1)     	 	  	Other
    Compensation    	 	  	    Total    	 	
Edgar G. Engleman	  	$	35,000	  	  	$	16,605	  	  	 	—  	  	  	$	51,605	  	
Ernie Mario	  	$	60,000	  	  	$	16,605	  	  	 	—  	  	  	$	76,605	  	
Steinar J. Engelsen	  	$	51,890	  	  	$	16,605	  	  	 	—  	  	  	$	67,495	  	
Stephen Kirnon	  	$	46,253	  	  	$	16,605	  	  	 	—  	  	  	$	62,858	  	
William James Alexander(2)	  	$	41,890	  	  	$	16,605	  	  	 	—  	  	  	$	57,495	  	
William G. Harris	  	$	51,264	  	  	$	16,605	  	  	 	—  	  	  	$	57,869	  	
 
(1)	The amounts in this column reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of each option award granted during the fiscal year, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The valuation assumptions used in determining such amounts are described in Note 6 and Note 9 to our financial statements included in this prospectus. The table below lists the aggregate number of shares and additional information with respect to the outstanding option awards held by each of our non-employee directors.	
(2)	Dr. Alexander resigned from our board of directors on March 28, 2016.	

Number of Shares
Subject
to Outstanding
Options
as of December 31,
2015	  	 	  	Option
Exercise
    Price (7)     	 	  	Option
    Expiration    
Date	 	  	 	
Edgar G. Engleman(1)	  	6/21/2005	  	 	1,822	  	  	$	5.76	  	  	6/21/2015	
Edgar G. Engleman(1)	  	6/27/2008	  	 	1,666	  	  	$	3.48	  	  	9/25/2018	
Edgar G. Engleman(1)	  	10/15/2008	  	 	833	  	  	$	3.48	  	  	10/15/2018	
Edgar G. Engleman(1)	  	11/12/2014	  	 	7,000	  	  	$	7.14	  	  	11/12/2024	
Edgar G. Engleman(1)	  	1/11/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	1.80	  	  	1/11/2025	
Edgar G. Engleman(1)	  	5/15/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	4.66	  	  	5/15/2025	
Ernest Mario(2)	  	11/12/2014	  	 	49,772	  	  	$	7.14	  	  	11/12/2014	
Ernest Mario(2)	  	11/12/2014	  	 	7,000	  	  	$	7.14	  	  	11/12/2024	
Ernest Mario(2)	  	1/11/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	1.80	  	  	1/11/2025	
Ernest Mario(2)	  	5/15/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	4.66	  	  	5/15/2025	
Steinar J. Engelsen(3)	  	11/12/2014	  	 	7,000	  	  	$	7.14	  	  	11/12/2024	
Steinar J. Engelsen(3)	  	1/11/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	1.80	  	  	1/11/2025	
Steinar J Engelsen(3)	  	5/15/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	4.66	  	  	5/15/2025	
Stephen Kirnon(4)	  	6/21/2005	  	 	1,822	  	  	$	5.76	  	  	6/21/2015	
Stephen Kirnon(4)	  	6/27/2008	  	 	1,666	  	  	$	3.48	  	  	9/25/2018	
Stephen Kirnon(4)	  	10/15/2008	  	 	833	  	  	$	3.48	  	  	10/15/2018	
Stephen Kirnon(4)	  	11/12/2014	  	 	7,000	  	  	$	7.14	  	  	11/12/2024	
Stephen Kirnon(4)	  	1/11/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	1.80	  	  	1/11/2025	
Stephen Kirnon(4)	  	5/15/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	4.66	  	  	5/15/2025	
William James Alexander(5)	  	9/25/2008	  	 	1,666	  	  	$	3.48	  	  	9/25/2018	
William James Alexander(5)	  	10/15/2008	  	 	833	  	  	$	3.48	  	  	10/15/2018	
William James Alexander(5)	  	11/12/2014	  	 	7,000	  	  	$	7.14	  	  	11/12/2024	
William James Alexander(5)	  	1/11/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	1.80	  	  	1/11/2025	
William James Alexander(5)	  	5/15/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	4.66	  	  	5/15/2025	
William Harris(6)	  	11/12/2014	  	 	7,000	  	  	$	7.14	  	  	11/12/2024	
William Harris(6)	  	1/11/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	1.80	  	  	1/11/2025	
William Harris(6)	  	5/15/2015	  	 	5,000	  	  	$	4.66	  	  	5/15/2025	
 
(1)	Dr. Engleman joined our board of directors in June 2001.	
(2)	Dr. Mario joined our board of directors in August 2007.	
(3)	Dr. Engelsen joined our board of directors in April 2004.	
(4)	Dr. Kirnon joined our board of directors in July 2002.	
(5)	Dr. Alexander joined our board of directors in June 2008 and resigned from our Board on March 28, 2016.	
(6)	Mr. Harris joined our board of directors in June 2014.	
(7)	The grant date fair market value of the Common Stock underlying these option awards is equal to the option exercise price on the date of grant.	
 
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Our board of directors has adopted a non-employee director compensation policy pursuant to which we will compensate our non-employee directors with a combination of cash and equity. Each such director will receive an annual base cash retainer of $35,000 for such service, to be paid quarterly. Each non-employee director will receive an annual stock option grant to purchase that number of shares representing, as of the date of grant, $32,500 of value, which shall be granted effective as of the date of each annual stockholder meeting, and share vest as to 100% of the shares on the earlier of the 12 month anniversary of the date of grant or the day before the next annual stockholder meeting. New members elected to the board of directors shall receive a stock option grant to purchase 20,000 shares of Common Stock, which shall vest monthly over four years. The policy also provides that we compensate certain members of our Board of Directors for service on our committees as follows:
 
 	•	 	The chair or executive chair of our board of directors will receive an annual cash retainer of $25,000 for such service, paid quarterly;	
 
 	•	 	The chairperson of our audit committee will receive an annual cash retainer of $15,000 for such service and each other member of the audit committee will receive an annual cash retainer of $7,500 for such service, paid quarterly;	
 
 	•	 	The chairperson of our compensation committee will receive an annual cash retainer of $10,000 for such service and each other member of the compensation committee will receive an annual cash retainer of $5,000 for such service, paid quarterly; and	
 
 	•	 	The chairperson of our nominating and corporate governance committee will receive an annual cash retainer of $7,000 for such service and each other member of the nominating and corporate governance committee will receive an annual cash retainer of $3,500, paid quarterly.	
 
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EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
As an emerging growth company, we have opted to comply with the executive compensation disclosure rules applicable to “smaller reporting companies,” as such term is defined in the rules promulgated under the Securities Act, which require compensation disclosure for our principal executive officer and the two most highly compensated executive officers other than our principal executive officer. Our named executive officers for the year ended December 31, 2015 are:
 
 	•	 	Anish Bhatnagar, M.D., our Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer;	
 
 	•	 	David D. O’Toole, our Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer; and	
 
 	•	 	Anthony Wondka, our Senior Vice President, Research & Development.	
Throughout this section, we refer to these three officers as our named executive officers.
2015 Summary Compensation Table
The Summary Compensation Table below sets forth information regarding the compensation awarded to or earned by our named executive officers during the years ended December 31, 2015, and December 31, 2014.
Summary Compensation Table

Name and principal position	 	Year	 	 	Salary	 	 	Bonus	 	 	Stock
Awards	 	 	Option
awards (1)	 	 	Non-equity
incentive plan
Compensation	 	 	Nonqualified
Deferred
Compensation
Earnings	 	 	All Other
Compensation	 	 	Total	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	 	2015	  	 	$	435,156	  	 	$	185,000	  	 	 	—	 	 	$	570,100  	  	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	1,190,256	  	
Chief Executive Officer, President and Chief Operating Officer	 	 	2014	  	 	$	433,125	  	 	$	0	  	 	 	—	 	 	$	406,274  	  	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	839,399	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
David D. O’Toole	 	 	2015	  	 	$	265,000	  	 	$	47,950	  	 	 	—	 	 	$	108,732  	  	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	421,682	  	
Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer	 	 	2014	  	 	$	121,212	  	 	$	0	  	 	 	—	 	 	$	122,539  	  	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	243,751	  	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Anthony Wondka	 	 	2015	  	 	$	262,375	  	 	$	45,500	  	 	 	—	 	 	$	111,476  	  	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	419,351	  	
Senior Vice President, Research & Development	 	 	2014	  	 	$	246,750	  	 	$	0	  	 	 	—	 	 	$	63,216  	  	 	 	—	 	 	 	—	 	 	$	—	 	 	$	309,966	  	
 
(1)	The amounts in this column reflect the aggregate grant date fair value of each option award granted during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2015 or December 31, 2014, as applicable, computed in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 718. The valuation assumptions used in determining such amounts are described in Note 6 and Note 9 to our financial statements included in this prospectus.	
Employment offer letters
On May 15, 2015, our Board of Directors reviewed and approved the compensation arrangements for our directors, the committees of our board of directors, and certain members of management, including with each of the following named executive officers: (i) Anish Bhatnagar, M.D., our President and Chief Executive Officer; (ii) David O’Toole, Senior Vice President, Chief Financial Officer; and (iii) Anthony Wondka, Senior Vice President, Research and Development.
The Employment Agreement approved for Dr. Bhatnagar will supersede the Employment Agreement dated April 6, 2010, between us and Dr. Bhatnagar, the Employment Agreement approved for Mr. Wondka will supersede the Offer Letter dated May 29, 2013, between us and Mr. Wondka, and the Employment Agreement approved for Mr. O’Toole will supersede the Offer Letter, dated June 24, 2014, between us and Mr. O’Toole.
 
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The term of each Employment Agreement referenced above is indefinite. Under the terms of each of their respective new Employment Agreements, Dr. Bhatnagar will receive an annual base salary of $460,000, Mr. O’Toole will receive an annual base salary of $274,000, and Mr. Wondka will receive an annual base salary of $260,000, each subject to review and adjustments based upon normal performance review practices.
Additionally, pursuant to each Employment Agreement, each employee is entitled to certain equity awards as follows: Dr. Bhatnagar shall receive an option to acquire 150,000 shares of our Common Stock, which will vest as to 25% of the shares on the date of grant, and as to 1/48th of the remaining shares monthly thereafter; Mr. O’Toole shall receive an option to acquire 30,000 shares of our Common Stock, which will vest as to 1/48th of the total number of shares each month beginning on the one month anniversary of the date of grant; and Mr. Wondka shall receive an option to acquire 37,000 shares of our Common Stock, which will vest as to 1/48th of the total number of shares each month beginning on the one month anniversary of the date of grant. Vesting for each of the equity awards shall be conditioned upon each employee continuing to provide services to us through the relevant vesting dates and will also be subject to certain accelerated vesting provisions described below.
Each Employment Agreement also provides that upon the termination of employment by us without “Cause” (as defined in each Employment Agreement) or resignation by the employee for “Good Reason” (as defined in each Employment Agreement), and subject to each employee signing and not revoking a separation agreement and release of claims, then each employee will be entitled to the following severance payments and benefits list below:
For Dr. Bhatnagar, if such termination or resignation occurs prior to six (6) months before a Change in Control (as defined in the Employment Agreement) of our company: (i) continuing payments of severance pay at a rate equal to such employee’s base salary rate for 15 months from the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason; (ii) if the employee elects continuation coverage pursuant to the Consolidated Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985, COBRA, then we will reimburse employee on the last day of each month for a period ending 15 months after the employment termination date for the COBRA premiums paid during such period for such coverage (at the coverage levels in effect immediately prior to employee’s termination); and (iii) 25% of any unvested equity awards held by employee as of the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason shall immediately vest and become fully exercisable; if such termination or resignation occurs within six months prior to, or 12 months following, a Change in Control of our company: (i) continuing payments of severance pay at a rate equal to such employee’s base salary rate for 18 months from the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason; (ii) if the employee elects continuation coverage pursuant to COBRA, then we will reimburse employee on the last day of each month for a period ending 18 months after the employment termination date for the COBRA premiums paid during such period for such coverage (at the coverage levels in effect immediately prior to employee’s termination); (iii) a payment equal to 150% the annual target bonus opportunity for the year in which employee is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good Reason; and (iv) 100% of any unvested equity awards held by employee as of the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason shall immediately vest and become fully exercisable; and if employee is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good Reason during the term of employee’s Employee Agreement, then the employee shall have one year following such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason to exercise any then vested options.
For Mr. O’Toole, if such termination or resignation occurs prior to three months before a Change in Control (as defined in the Employment Agreement) of our Company: (i) continuing payments of severance pay at a rate equal to such employee’s base salary rate for six months from the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason; and (ii) if the employee elects continuation coverage pursuant to COBRA, then we will reimburse employee on the last day of each month for a period ending six months after the employment termination date for the COBRA premiums paid during such period for such coverage (at the coverage levels in effect immediately prior to employee’s termination); and if such termination or resignation occurs within three months prior to, or six months following, a Change in Control of our company: (i) continuing payments of
 
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severance pay at a rate equal to such employee’s base salary rate for 12 months from the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason; (ii) if the employee elects continuation coverage pursuant to COBRA, then we will reimburse employee on the last day of each month for a period ending 12 months after the employment termination date for the COBRA premiums paid during such period for such coverage (at the coverage levels in effect immediately prior to employee’s termination); (iii) a payment equal to 100% the annual target bonus opportunity for the year in which employee is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good Reason; and (iv) 100% of any unvested equity awards held by employee as of the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason shall immediately vest and become fully exercisable.
For Mr. Wondka, if such termination or resignation occurs prior to three months before a Change in Control (as defined in the Employment Agreement) of our company: (i) continuing payments of severance pay at a rate equal to such employee’s base salary rate for six months from the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason; (ii) if the employee elects continuation coverage pursuant to COBRA, then we will reimburse employee on the last day of each month for a period ending six months after the employment termination date for the COBRA premiums paid during such period for such coverage (at the coverage levels in effect immediately prior to employee’s termination); and if such termination or resignation occurs within three months prior to, or six months following, a Change in Control of our company: (i) continuing payments of severance pay at a rate equal to such employee’s base salary rate for 12 months from the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason; (ii) if the employee elects continuation coverage pursuant to COBRA, then we will reimburse employee on the last day of each month for a period ending 12 months after the employment termination date for the COBRA premiums paid during such period for such coverage (at the coverage levels in effect immediately prior to employee’s termination); (iii) a payment equal to 100% the annual target bonus opportunity for the year in which employee is terminated without Cause or resigns for Good Reason; and (iv) 100% of any unvested equity awards held by employee as of the date of such termination without Cause or resignation for Good Reason shall immediately vest and become fully exercisable.
Each Employment Agreement also provides that in the event that the severance benefits provided for in the Employment Agreement or otherwise payable to each employee (i) constitute “parachute payments” within the meaning of Section 280G of the Code, and (ii) would be subject to the excise tax imposed by Section 4999 of the Code, then the employee’s severance benefits under the Employment Agreement will be either (x) delivered in full, or (y) delivered as to such lesser extent which would result in no portion of such severance benefits being subject to excise tax under Section 4999 of the Code, whichever of the foregoing amounts, taking into account the applicable federal, state and local income taxes and the excise tax imposed by Section 4999, results in the receipt by the employee on an after-tax basis, of the greatest amount of severance benefits, notwithstanding that all or some portion of such severance benefits may be taxable under Section 4999 of the Code.
 
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Outstanding equity awards at December 31, 2015
The following table provides information regarding outstanding equity awards held by our named executive officers as of December 31, 2015.

 	 	 	  	Number of Securities Underlying
Unexercised Options	 	 	Option
Exercise
Price	 	 	Option
Expiration
Date	 	
Name	 	Grant date	  	Exercisable	 	  	Unexercisable	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	6/8/2006	  	 	5,208	(1) 	  	 	—	  	 	$	10.56	  	 	6/8/2016	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	3/14/2007	  	 	4,166	(1) 	  	 	—	  	 	$	10.56	  	 	3/14/2017	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	9/25/2007	  	 	1,041	(1) 	  	 	—	  	 	$	10.56	  	 	9/25/2017	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	6/27/2008	  	 	11,666	(1) 	  	 	—	  	 	$	3.48	  	 	9/25/2018	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	10/15/2008	  	 	8,333	(1) 	  	 	—	  	 	$	3.48	  	 	10/15/2018	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	6/3/2010	  	 	58,919	(1) 	  	 	—	  	 	$	1.20	  	 	6/3/2020	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	11/12/2014	  	 	273,379	(2) 	  	 	156,862	  	 	$	7.14	  	 	11/12/2024	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	1/11/2015	  	 	132,212	(2) 	  	 	82,913	  	 	$	1.80	  	 	1/11/2025	 	
Anish Bhatnagar	 	5/15/2015	  	 	53,906	(4) 	  	 	96,094	  	 	$	4.66	  	 	5/15/2025	 	
Anthony Wondka	 	6/3/2013	  	 	7,732	(5) 	  	 	3,184	  	 	$	1.80	  	 	6/3/2023	 	
Anthony Wondka	 	11/12/2014	  	 	30,335	(4) 	  	 	30,608	  	 	$	7.14	  	 	11/12/2024	 	
Anthony Wondka	 	1/11/2015	  	 	7,061	(4) 	  	 	9,676	  	 	$	1.80	  	 	1/11/2025	 	
Anthony Wondka	 	5/15/2015	  	 	5,396	(3) 	  	 	31,604	  	 	$	4.66	  	 	5/15/2025	 	
David D. O’Toole	 	11/12/2014	  	 	58,802	(4) 	  	 	70,969	  	 	$	7.14	  	 	11/12/2024	 	
David D. O’Toole	 	1/11/2015	  	 	13,687	(4) 	  	 	18,756	  	 	$	1.80	  	 	1/11/2025	 	
David D. O’Toole	 	5/15/2015	  	 	4,375	(3) 	  	 	25,625	  	 	$	4.66	  	 	5/15/2025	 	
 
(1)	The options listed are fully vested or are subject to an early exercise right and may be exercised in full prior to vesting of the shares underlying such options. Vesting of all options is subject to continued service on each vesting date.	
(2)	The shares subject to the stock option vest over a four-year period as follows: 50% of the shares underlying the options vest on the one-year anniversary of the vesting commencement date and thereafter 1/48th of the shares vest each month, subject to the continued service with us through each vesting date.	
(3)	The shares subject to the stock option vest over a four-year period as follows: 1/48th of the shares vest each month, subject to the continued service with us through each vesting date.	
(4)	The shares subject to the stock option vest over a four-year period as follows: 25% of the shares underlying the options vest on the vesting commencement date and thereafter 1/48th of the shares vest each monthly subject to the continued service with us through each vesting date.	
(5)	The shares subject to the stock option vest over a four-year period as follows: 25% of the shares underlying the options vest on the one year anniversary of the vesting commencement date and thereafter 1/36th of the shares vest each month subject to the continued service with us through each vesting date.	
Securities Authorized for Issuance under Equity Compensation Plans
2014 Equity Incentive Plan
The Company has adopted the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2014 Plan. Our 2014 Plan provides for the grant of incentive stock options (within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code), or ISOs, to our employees and any of our parent and subsidiary corporations’ employees, and for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, or NSOs, restricted stock, restricted stock units, stock appreciation rights, performance units and performance shares to our employees, directors and consultants, and our parent and subsidiary corporations’ employees and consultants.
Authorized Shares.    A total of 3,860,285 shares of our Common Stock have been reserved for issuance pursuant to the 2014 Plan, of which awards to purchase 2,938,161 shares of Common Stock were outstanding as of September 30, 2016. In addition, the shares reserved for issuance under our 2014 Plan also include: (a) those shares reserved but unissued under our 2010 Plan (as defined below); and (b) shares returned to our 1999 Plan and 2010 Plan as the result of expiration or termination of options (provided that the maximum number of shares that may be
 
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added to the 2014 Plan pursuant to (a) and (b) is 240,906 shares). The number of shares available for issuance under the 2014 Plan also includes an annual increase on the first day of each year beginning in 2015, equal to the least of:
 
 	•	 	1,118,714 shares;	
 
 	•	 	4.0% of the outstanding shares of Common Stock as of the last day of our immediately preceding year; or	
 
 	•	 	such other amount as our board of directors may determine.	
Our compensation committee administers our 2014 Plan. In the case of options intended to qualify as “performance-based compensation” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code, the committee will consist of two or more “outside directors” within the meaning of Section 162(m) of the Code.
Plan Administration.   Subject to the provisions of our 2014 Plan, the administrator has the power to determine the terms of the awards, including the exercise price, the number of shares subject to each such award, the exercisability of the awards, and the form of consideration, if any, payable upon exercise. The administrator also has the authority to amend existing awards to reduce their exercise price, to allow participants the opportunity to transfer outstanding awards to a financial institution or other person or entity selected by the administrator and to institute an exchange program by which outstanding awards may be surrendered in exchange for awards with a higher or lower exercise price.
Stock Options.   The exercise price of options granted under our 2014 Plan must at least be equal to the fair market value of our Common Stock on the date of grant. The term of an incentive stock option may not exceed ten years, except that with respect to any participant who owns more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our outstanding stock, the term must not exceed five years and the exercise price must equal at least 110% of the fair market value on the grant date. Subject to the provisions of our 2014 Plan, the administrator will determine the term of all other options.
After the termination of service of an employee, director or consultant, he or she may exercise his or her option or stock appreciation right for the period of time stated in his or her award agreement. Generally, if termination is due to death or disability, the option or stock appreciation right will remain exercisable for twelve months. In all other cases, the option or stock appreciation right will generally remain exercisable for three months following the termination of service. However, in no event may an option be exercised later than the expiration of its term.
Stock Appreciation Rights.   Stock appreciation rights may be granted under our 2014 Plan. Stock appreciation rights allow the recipient to receive the appreciation in the fair market value of our Common Stock between the exercise date and the date of grant. Subject to the provisions of our 2014 Plan, the administrator determines the terms of stock appreciation rights, including when such rights become exercisable and whether to pay any increased appreciation in cash or with shares of our Common Stock, or a combination thereof, except that the per share exercise price for the shares to be issued pursuant to the exercise of a stock appreciation right will be no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant.
Restricted Stock.   Restricted stock may be granted under our 2014 Plan. Restricted stock awards are grants of shares of our Common Stock that vest in accordance with terms and conditions established by the administrator. The administrator determines the number of shares of restricted stock granted and may impose whatever conditions to vesting it determines to be appropriate (for example, the administrator may set restrictions based on the achievement of specific performance goals or continued service to us). The administrator, in its sole discretion, may accelerate the time at which any restrictions will lapse or be removed. Shares of restricted stock that do not vest are subject to our right of repurchase or forfeiture.
 
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Restricted Stock Units.   Restricted stock units may be granted under our 2014 Plan. Restricted stock units are bookkeeping entries representing an amount equal to the fair market value of one share of our Common Stock. The administrator will determine the terms and conditions of restricted stock units, including the number of units granted, the vesting criteria (which may include accomplishing specified performance criteria or continued service to us), and the form and timing of payment. The administrator, in its sole discretion, may accelerate the time at which any restrictions will lapse or be removed.
Performance Units and Performance Shares.   Performance units and performance shares may be granted under our 2014 Plan. Performance units and performance shares are awards that will result in a payment to a participant only if performance goals established by the administrator are achieved or the awards otherwise vest. The administrator will establish organizational or individual performance goals in its discretion, which, depending on the extent to which they are met, will determine the number or the value of performance units and performance shares to be paid out to participants. After the grant of a performance unit or performance share, the administrator, in its sole discretion, may reduce or waive any performance objectives or other vesting provisions for such performance units or performance shares. The administrator, in its sole discretion, may pay earned performance units or performance shares in the form of cash, in shares, or in some combination thereof.
Non-Employee Directors.   Our 2014 Plan provides that all non-employee directors will be eligible to receive all types of awards (except for ISOs) under the 2014 Plan. Please see the description of our non-employee director compensation above under “Management — Non-Employee Director Compensation.”
Non-Transferability of Awards.   Unless the administrator provides otherwise, our 2014 Plan generally does not allow for the transfer of awards, and only the recipient of an award may exercise an award during his or her lifetime.
Certain Adjustments.    In the event of certain changes in our capitalization, to prevent diminution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits available under the 2014 Plan, the administrator will adjust the number and class of shares that may be delivered under the 2014 Plan or the number, class and price of shares covered by each outstanding award, and the numerical share limits set forth in the 2014 Plan.
Merger or Change in Control. Our 2014 Plan provides that in the event of a merger or change in control, as defined in the 2014 Plan, each outstanding award will be treated as the administrator determines, including that the successor corporation or its parent or subsidiary will assume or substitute an equivalent award for each outstanding award. The administrator will not be required to treat all awards similarly. If there is no assumption or substitution of outstanding awards, the awards will fully vest, all restrictions will lapse, all performance goals or other vesting criteria will be deemed achieved at 100% of target levels and the awards will become fully exercisable.
2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
We have adopted the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP.
Authorized Shares.     A total of 280,018 shares of our Common Stock are reserved for sale under the ESPP as of December 31, 2015. In addition, our ESPP provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance under the plan on the first day of each year beginning in the year following the initial date that our board of directors authorizes commencement, equal to the least of:
 
 	•	 	1.0% of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock on the first day of such year;	
 
 	•	 	279,680 shares; or	
 
 	•	 	such amount as determined by our board of directors.	
 
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Plan Administration.    Our compensation committee administers the ESPP, and has full and exclusive authority to interpret the terms of the plan and determine eligibility to participate, subject to the conditions of the plan as described below.
Eligibility.    Generally, all of our employees are eligible to participate if they are employed by us, or any participating subsidiary, for at least 20 hours per week and more than five months in any calendar year. However, an employee may not be granted rights to purchase stock under the ESPP if such employee:
 
 	•	 	immediately after the grant would own stock possessing 5% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of our capital stock; or	
 
 	•	 	hold rights to purchase stock under all of our employee stock purchase plans that accrue at a rate that exceeds $25,000 worth of stock for each calendar year.	
Offering Periods.    Our ESPP is intended to qualify under Section 423 of the Code. Each offering period includes purchase periods, which will be the approximately six months commencing with one exercise date and ending with the next exercise date. The offering periods are scheduled to start on the first trading day on or after and of each year, except for the first offering period, which will commence on such future date as our board of directors may determine.
Our ESPP permits participants to purchase shares of Common Stock through payroll deductions of up to 15.0% of their eligible compensation. A participant may purchase a maximum of shares during a six-month period.
Exercise of Purchase Right.     Amounts deducted and accumulated by the participant will be used to purchase shares of our Common Stock at the end of each six month purchase period. The purchase price of the shares will be 85.0% of the lower of the fair market value of our Common Stock on the first trading day of each offering period or on the exercise date. If the fair market value of our Common Stock on the exercise date is less than the fair market value on the first trading day of the offering period, participants will be withdrawn from the current offering period following their purchase of shares on the purchase date and will be automatically re-enrolled in a new offering period. Participants may end their participation at any time during an offering period and will be paid their accrued contributions that have not yet been used to purchase shares of Common Stock. Participation ends automatically upon termination of employment with us.
Non-Transferability.    A participant may not transfer rights granted under the ESPP. If the compensation committee permits the transfer of rights, it may only be done by will, the laws of descent and distribution, or as otherwise provided under the ESPP.
Merger or Change in Control.    In the event of our merger or change in control, as defined under the ESPP, a successor corporation may assume or substitute each outstanding purchase right. If the successor corporation refuses to assume or substitute for the outstanding purchase right, the offering period then in progress will be shortened, and a new exercise date will be set. The administrator will notify each participant that the exercise date has been changed and that the participant’s option will be exercised automatically on the new exercise date unless prior to such date the participant has withdrawn from the offering period.
Certain Adjustments.    In the event of certain changes in our capitalization, to prevent dilution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits available under the ESPP, the administrator will adjust the number and class of shares that may be delivered under the ESPP, the purchase price per share and the number of shares covered by each option and the numerical share limits set forth in the ESPP.
Amendment; Termination.    Our ESPP will automatically terminate in 2034, unless we terminate it sooner. Our board of directors has the authority to amend, suspend, or terminate our ESPP, except that, subject to certain exceptions described in the ESPP, no such action may adversely affect any outstanding rights to purchase stock under our ESPP.
 
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Employee benefit plans
Our named executive officers are eligible to participate in our employee benefit plans, including our medical, dental, vision, group life, and accidental death and dismemberment insurance plans, in each case, on the same basis as all of our other employees. We maintain a 401(k) plan for the benefit of our eligible employees, including our named executive officers, as discussed in the section below entitled “Employee benefit plans — 401(k) Plan.”
1999 Stock Plan
Our board of directors and stockholders adopted our 1999 Incentive Stock Plan, or the 1999 Plan, in October 1999. Our 1999 Plan provided for the grant of nonstatutory stock options, or NSOs, and stock purchase rights to employees and consultants of ours or any parent or subsidiary of ours and to our directors. Our 1999 Plan also provided for the grant of incentive stock options, or ISOs (within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code), to employees of ours or any parent or subsidiary of ours. Our 1999 Stock Plan expired by its terms on October 5, 2009 and, accordingly, no further grants will be made under our 1999 Stock Plan. However, any outstanding awards granted under our 1999 Plan will remain outstanding, subject to the terms of our 1999 Plan and the applicable award agreements, until such awards are exercised or otherwise terminate or expire by their terms.
Authorized shares.    Prior to the expiration of the 1999 Plan, the maximum number of shares of our Common Stock reserved for issuance under our 1999 Plan was 154,154 shares. As of December 31, 2015, options to purchase 154,154 shares of our Common Stock remained outstanding under the 1999 Plan.
Shares issued under our 1999 Plan included any authorized but unissued or reacquired shares of our Common Stock.
Plan administration.    Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, may administer our 1999 Plan. Subject to the terms of our 1999 Plan, the administrator has the authority to determine the terms of awards, including recipients, the exercise or purchase price of the awards (if any), the number of shares subject to awards, the vesting schedule applicable to the awards, and any transfer restrictions or rights of repurchase. Additionally, the administrator has the authority to determine the fair market value of our Common Stock, to determine whether and under what circumstances an option may be settled in cash instead of Common Stock, to reduce the exercise price of an option to the then-current fair market value of our Common Stock, to initiate an option exchange program whereby outstanding options are exchanged for options with a lower exercise price, and to allow optionees to satisfy withholding tax obligations by electing to have us withhold otherwise deliverable shares. The administrator also has the authority to prescribe, amend, and rescind rules and regulations relating to the 1999 Plan and to construe and interpret the terms of the 1999 Plan and awards granted pursuant to the 1999 Plan. All decisions, interpretations and other actions of our board of directors will be final and binding.
Stock Options.    Stock options could be granted under the 1999 Plan. The exercise price of nonstatutory stock options granted under our 1999 Plan must at least be equal to 85% of the fair market value of our Common Stock on the date of grant, and the exercise price of incentive stock options granted under our 1999 Plan must at least be equal to the fair market value of our Common Stock on the date of grant, except that with respect to any participant who owns more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our outstanding stock, the exercise price of any option must equal to at least 110% of the fair market value on the grant date. The term of a stock option may not exceed 10 years, except that with respect to any participant who owns more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our outstanding stock, the term of an incentive stock option must not exceed 5 years. The administrator will determine the methods of payment of the exercise price of an option, which may
 
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include cash, shares or other property acceptable to the administrator, as well as other types of consideration permitted by applicable law. After the termination of service of an employee, director or consultant, he or she may exercise his or her option for the period of time stated in his or her option agreement. Generally, if termination is due to death or disability, the option will remain exercisable for 12 months. In all other cases, the option will generally remain exercisable for three months following the termination of service. However, in no event may an option be exercised later than the expiration of its term. Subject to the provisions of our 1999 Plan, the administrator determined the other terms of options.
Stock Purchase Rights.    Restricted stock could be issued pursuant to the exercise or stock purchase rights granted under our 1999 Plan. Restricted stock consists of shares of our Common Stock that vest in accordance with terms and conditions established by the administrator. The administrator determined the number of shares of restricted stock granted to any employee, director or consultant and, subject to the provisions of our 1999 Plan, determined the terms and conditions of such awards. The administrator could impose whatever conditions to vesting it determined to be appropriate (for example, the administrator may have set restrictions based on the achievement of specific performance goals or continued service to us); provided, however, that the administrator, in its sole discretion, may accelerate the time at which any restrictions will lapse or be removed. Holders of restricted stock generally have voting and dividend rights with respect to such shares upon issuance without regard to vesting, unless the administrator provided otherwise. Shares of restricted stock that do not vest are subject to our right of repurchase or forfeiture.
Non-Transferability of Awards.    Our 1999 Plan does not allow for the transfer of awards, and only the recipient of an award may exercise an award during his or her lifetime.
Certain Adjustments.    In the event of certain changes in our capitalization, to prevent diminution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits available under the 1999 Plan, the administrator will adjust the number and class of shares that may be delivered under the 1999 Plan or the number, class and price of shares covered by each outstanding award.
Dissolution or Liquidation.    In the event of our proposed dissolution or liquidation, the administrator will notify participants as soon as practicable. The administrator may allow for awards to be exercised until 15 days prior to such transaction as to all of the shares subject to such awards, including shares which would not otherwise be exercisable. In addition, the administrator may provide that any repurchase option of ours will lapse, so long as the proposed dissolution or liquidation takes place at the time and in the manner contemplated. All awards will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed transaction.
Merger or Asset Sale.    Our 1999 Plan provides that in the event of a merger or sale of substantially all of the assets of our company, each outstanding award will be assumed or an equivalent award will be substituted by the successor corporation or its parent or subsidiary. If the successor corporation or its parent or subsidiary does not assume or substitute an equivalent award for any outstanding award, then such award will fully vest, and the administrator will notify the holder of the award that such award will be fully exercisable for a period of 15 days from the date of such notice. The award will then terminate upon the expiration of the specified period of time.
Plan amendment or termination.    Our board of directors has the authority to amend our 1999 Plan, provided that such action does not impair the existing rights of any participant without such participant’s written consent.
2010 Stock Plan
Our board of directors and stockholders adopted our 2010 Plan in May 2010. Our 2010 Plan provided for the grant of NSOs, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock, and restricted stock units to employees and consultants of ours or any parent or subsidiary of ours and to our directors. Our 2010 Plan also provides for the
 
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grant of ISOs (within the meaning of Section 422 of the Code) to employees of ours or any parent or subsidiary of ours. Our 2010 Stock Plan was terminated in connection with our IPO, and accordingly, no further grants will be made under our 2010 Plan. However, any outstanding awards granted under our 2010 Plan will remain outstanding, subject to the terms of our 2010 Plan and the applicable award agreements, until such awards are exercised or otherwise terminate or expire by their terms.
Authorized shares.    Prior to the termination of the 2010 Plan, the maximum number of shares of our Common Stock reserved for issuance under our 2010 Plan is 210,314 shares. As of December 31, 2015, options to purchase 82,433 shares of our Common Stock remain outstanding.
Shares issued under our 2010 Plan include any authorized but unissued or reacquired shares of our Common Stock.
Plan administration.    Our board of directors, or a duly authorized committee of our board of directors, may administer our 2010 Plan. Subject to the terms of our 2010 Plan, the administrator will have the power to administer the 2010 Plan, including but not limited to the power to interpret the terms of the 2010 Plan and awards granted under it; to create, amend, and revoke rules relating to the 2010 Plan, including creating sub-plans; and to determine the terms of the awards, including the exercise price, the number of shares subject to each such award, the exercisability of the awards, and the form of consideration, if any, payable upon exercise. The administrator will also have the authority to amend existing awards to reduce or increase their exercise price, to allow participants the opportunity to transfer outstanding awards to a financial institution or other person or entity selected by the administrator, and to institute an exchange program by which outstanding awards may be surrendered in exchange for awards of the same type which may have a higher or lower exercise price or different terms, awards of a different type, or cash.
Stock Options.    Stock options could be granted under the 2010 Plan. The exercise price of options granted under our 2010 Plan must at least be equal to the fair market value of our Common Stock on the date of grant. The term of a stock option may not exceed 10 years, except that with respect to an ISO granted to a participant who owns more than 10% of the voting power of all classes of our outstanding stock, the term must not exceed 5 years and the exercise price must equal at least 110% of the fair market value on the grant date. The administrator determined the methods of payment of the exercise price of an option, which may include cash, shares or other property acceptable to the administrator, as well as other types of consideration permitted by applicable law. After the termination of service of an employee, director or consultant, he or she may exercise his or her option for 30 days (or 6 months in the case of a termination due to death or disability) or such longer period of time stated in his or her option agreement. However, in no event may an option be exercised later than the expiration of its term. Subject to the provisions of our 2010 Plan, the administrator determines the other terms of options.
Stock Appreciation Rights.    Stock appreciation rights could be granted under our 2010 Plan. Stock appreciation rights allow the recipient to receive the appreciation in the fair market value of our Common Stock between the exercise date and the date of grant. Stock appreciation rights may not have a term exceeding 10 years. After the termination of service of an employee, director or consultant, he or she may exercise his or her stock appreciation right for the period of time stated in his or her option agreement. However, in no event may a stock appreciation right be exercised later than the expiration of its term. Subject to the provisions of our 2010 Plan, the administrator determined the other terms of stock appreciation rights, including when such rights become exercisable and whether to pay any increased appreciation in cash or with shares of our Common Stock, or a combination thereof, except that the per share exercise price for the shares to be issued pursuant to the exercise of a stock appreciation right will be no less than 100% of the fair market value per share on the date of grant.
Restricted Stock.    Restricted stock could be granted under our 2010 Plan. Restricted stock awards are grants of shares of our Common Stock that vest in accordance with terms and conditions established by the administrator. The administrator determines the number of shares of restricted stock granted to any employee,
 
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director or consultant and, subject to the provisions of our 2010 Plan, determined the terms and conditions of such awards. The administrator could impose whatever conditions to vesting it determined to be appropriate (for example, the administrator may have set restrictions based on the achievement of specific performance goals or continued service to us); provided, however, that the administrator, in its sole discretion, may accelerate the time at which any restrictions will lapse or be removed. Recipients of restricted stock awards generally have voting and dividend rights with respect to such shares upon grant without regard to vesting, unless the administrator provided otherwise. Shares of restricted stock that do not vest are subject to our right of repurchase or forfeiture.
Restricted Stock Units.    Restricted stock units could be granted under our 2010 Plan. Restricted stock units are bookkeeping entries representing an amount equal to the fair market value of one share of our Common Stock. Subject to the provisions of our 2010 Plan, the administrator determined the terms and conditions of restricted stock units, including the vesting criteria (which may include accomplishing specified performance criteria or continued service to us) and the form and timing of payment. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the administrator, in its sole discretion, may accelerate the time at which any restrictions will lapse or be removed.
Non-Transferability of Awards.    Unless the administrator provided otherwise, our 2010 Plan generally does not allow for the transfer of awards and only the recipient of an award may exercise an award during his or her lifetime.
Certain Adjustments.    In the event of certain changes in our capitalization, to prevent diminution or enlargement of the benefits or potential benefits available under the 2010 Plan, the administrator will adjust the number and class of shares that may be delivered under the Plan or the number, class, and price of shares covered by each outstanding award, and the numerical share limits set forth in the 2010 Plan. In the event of our proposed liquidation or dissolution, the administrator will notify participants as soon as practicable and all awards will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed transaction.
Dissolution or Liquidation.    In the event of our proposed dissolution or liquidation, the administrator will notify participants as soon as practicable, and all awards will terminate immediately prior to the consummation of such proposed transaction.
Change in control.    Our 2010 Plan provides that in the event of a change in control, as defined under our 2010 Plan, each outstanding award will be treated as the administrator determines, except that if a successor corporation or its parent or subsidiary does not assume or substitute an equivalent award for any outstanding award, then such award will fully vest, all restrictions on such award will lapse, all performance goals or other vesting criteria applicable to such award will be deemed achieved at 100% of target levels and such award will become fully exercisable, if applicable, for a specified period prior to the transaction. The award will then terminate upon the expiration of the specified period of time.
Plan amendment or termination.    Our board of directors has the authority to amend our 2010 Plan, provided that such action does not impair the existing rights of any participant without such participant’s written consent.
401(k) plan
We maintain a retirement savings plan, or 401(k) plan, that provides eligible U.S. employees with an opportunity to save for retirement on a tax advantaged basis. Under our 401(k) plan, eligible employees may defer eligible compensation subject to applicable annual contribution limits imposed by the Code. Employees’ pre-tax contributions are allocated to each participant’s individual account. Participants are immediately and fully vested in their contributions. We do not currently provide an employer match on employee contributions. The 401(k) plan is intended to be qualified under Section 401(a) of the Code with the 401(k) plan’s related trust intended to be tax exempt under Section 501(a) of the Code. As a tax-qualified retirement plan, contributions to the 401(k) plan and earnings on those contributions are not taxable to the employees until distributed from the 401(k) plan.
 
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CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
We describe below transactions and series of similar transactions that we were or will be a party to in which (i) an executive officer, director, nominee for election as a director, beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of our Common Stock or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons and (ii) the amount involved exceeds $120,000.
Other than as described below, there has not been, nor is there any currently proposed, transactions or series of similar transactions to which we have been or will be a party.
Equity Awards to Executive Officers
We have granted, and will in the future grant, stock options and other equity awards to our named executive officers, other executive officers and certain of our directors. See the sections of this prospectus entitled “Management — Non-Employee Director Compensation” and “Executive Compensation.”
Indemnification Agreements
We have also entered into indemnification agreements with our directors and certain of our executive officers. The indemnification agreements and our certificate of incorporation and bylaws require us to indemnify our directors and officers to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law.
Policies and Procedures for Related Party Transactions
We have adopted a policy that our executive officers, directors, nominees for election as a director, beneficial owners of more than 5% of any class of our Common Stock and any members of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons are not permitted to enter into a related person transaction with us without the prior consent of our audit committee. Any request for us to enter into a transaction with an executive officer, director, nominee for election as a director, beneficial owner of more than 5% of any class of our Common Stock or any member of the immediate family of any of the foregoing persons in which the amount involved exceeds $120,000 and such person would have a direct or indirect interest must first be presented to our audit committee for review, consideration and approval. In approving or rejecting any such proposal, our audit committee is to consider the material facts of the transaction, including, but not limited to, whether the transaction is on terms no less favorable than terms generally available to an unaffiliated third party under the same or similar circumstances and the extent of the related person’s interest in the transaction.
 
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SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT OF CAPNIA
The following table sets forth certain information with respect to the beneficial ownership of Capnia common stock as of December 31, 2016, for:
 
 	•	 	each of our directors;	
 
 	•	 	each of our named executive officers;	
 
 	•	 	all of our current directors and executive officers as a group; and	
 
 	•	 	each person, or group of affiliated persons, who beneficially owned more than 5% of Capnia common stock.	
We have determined beneficial ownership in accordance with the rules of the Securities Exchange and Commission, and the information is not necessarily indicative of beneficial ownership for any other purpose. Except as indicated by the footnotes below, we believe, based on information furnished to us, that the persons and entities named in the table below have sole voting and sole investment power with respect to all shares of Capnia common stock that they beneficially owned, subject to applicable community property laws.
Applicable percentage ownership is based on 16,786,952 shares of Capnia common stock outstanding as of December 31, 2016, which includes (i) 15,761,530 shares of Capnia common stock outstanding as of October 31, 2016, as reported on our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended September 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on November 14, 2016, (ii) 25,422 shares of Capnia common stock issued between October 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016 to certain members of our board of directors in lieu of quarterly cash compensation, and (iii) 1,000,000 shares of Capnia common stock issued upon the conversion of shares of Capnia Series B convertible preferred stock from October 31, 2016 to December 31, 2016.
Unless otherwise indicated below, the address of each beneficial owner listed in the table below is c/o Capnia, Inc., 1235 Radio Road, Suite 110, Redwood City, California 94065. Beneficial ownership representing less than 1% is denoted with an asterisk (*).

Name of Beneficial Owner	  	Shares Beneficially Owned	 	 	
 	  	Number of
Shares	 	  	%	 	 	
5% Stockholders	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	
Entities associated with Vivo Ventures Fund V, L.P. (1)	  	 	8,675,412	  	  	 	48.03	% 	 	
Ernest Mario (2)	  	 	2,095,081	  	  	 	12.25	% 	 	
 	 	 	 	
Named Executive Officers and Directors	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	
Ernest Mario (2)	  	 	2,095,081	  	  	 	12.25	% 	 	
Anish Bhatnagar (3)	  	 	951,997	  	  	 	5.39	% 	 	
Anthony Wondka (4)	  	 	111,213	  	  	 	*	  	 	
Edgar G. Engleman (1)(5)	  	 	8,691,411	  	  	 	48.08	% 	 	
Steinar J. Engelsen (6)	  	 	95,832	  	  	 	*	  	 	
Stephen Kirnon (7)	  	 	15,999	  	  	 	*	  	 	
William G. Harris (8)	  	 	23,297	  	  	 	*	  	 	
David D. O’Toole (9)	  	 	216,664	  	  	 	1.28	% 	 	
Rajen Dalal (10)	  	 	4,167	  	  	 	*	  	 	
Kristen Yen (11)	  	 	85,464	  	  	 	*	  	 	
 	 	 	 	
Current directors and executive officers as a group (10 persons) (12)	  	 	12,291,123	  	  	 	62.46	% 	 	
 
(1)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of options or warrants: (a) 8,177,142 shares of Capnia common stock held by Vivo Ventures	
 
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 	Fund, V, L.P., consisting of (W) 6,922,123 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) zero shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, and (Y) 1,255,019 shares of Capnia common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (assuming an exercise date of January 4, 2017); (b) 95,959 shares of Capnia common stock held by Vivo Ventures V Affiliates Fund, LP., consisting of (W) 81,233 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) zero shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, and (Y) 14,726 shares of Capnia common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (assuming an exercise date of December 31, 2016); (c) 231,273 shares of Capnia common stock held by BDF IV Annex Fund, L.P., consisting of (W) 227,068 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) zero shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, and (Y) 4,205 shares of Capnia common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (assuming an exercise date of December 31, 2016); (d) 167,945 shares of Capnia common stock held by Biotechnology Development Fund IV, L.P., consisting of (W) 166,943 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) zero shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, and (Y) 1,002 shares of Capnia common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (assuming an exercise date of December 31, 2016); and (e) 3,093 shares of Capnia common stock held by Biotechnology Development Fund IV Affiliates, L.P., consisting of (W) 3,076 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) zero shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, and (Y) 17 shares of Capnia common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (assuming an exercise date of December 31, 2016). Vivo Ventures V LLC (Vivo V LLC), is the sole general partner of both of Vivo Ventures Fund V, L.P. and Vivo Ventures V Affiliates Fund, L.P. (Vivo V Funds), and may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of Capnia common stock held by the Vivo V Funds. Vivo V LLC disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of Capnia held by each of the Vivo V Funds, except to the extent of its pecuniary interest therein. BioAsia Investments IV, LLC (BAI IV), is the sole general partner of Biotechnology Development Fund IV, LP, Biotechnology Development Fund IV Affiliates, L.P., BDF IV Annex Fund, L.P. (BDF IV Funds) and may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of Capnia common stock held by the BDF IV Funds. BAI IV disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of Capnia held by each of the BDF IV Funds, except to the extent of its pecuniary interest therein. BioAsia Management, LLC (BAM), is the sole general partner of Biotechnology Development Fund II, L.P. (BDF II), and may be deemed to beneficially own the shares of Capnia common stock held by BDF II. BAM disclaims beneficial ownership of the shares of Capnia common stock held by each of the BDF II Funds, except to the extent of its pecuniary interest therein. Edgar G. Engleman M.D. is one of the managing members of Vivo V LLC, BAI IV, and BAM, and has shared voting power over the shares of Capnia common stock beneficially owned by Vivo V LLC, BAI IV, and BAM, with the other managing members. The address for this stockholder is 575 High Street, Suite 201, Palo Alto, CA 94301.	
(2)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of options or warrants: 2,095,081 shares of Capnia common stock held by Dr. Mario, consisting of (W) 1,779,262 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) 46,941 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of January 4, 2017, (Y) 268,878 shares of Capnia common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (assuming an exercise date of December 31, 2016).	
(3)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise options or warrants: 951,997 shares of Capnia common stock held by Dr. Bhatnagar, consisting of (W) 83,419 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) 868,578 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
(4)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of options or warrants: 111,213 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options held by Mr. Wondka, that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
(5)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of option or warrants: 8,691,411 shares of Capnia common stock held by Dr. Engleman, consisting of (Y) the shares held by the Vivo V Funds, the BDF IV Funds and BDF II as set forth above in footnote 1, and (Z) 15,999 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options held by Dr. Engleman, that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
 
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(6)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of option or warrants: 95,832 shares of Capnia common stock held by Mr. Engelsen, consisting of (W) 80,960 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) 13,500 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, and (Y) 1,372 shares of Capnia common stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants (assuming an exercise date of December 31, 2016).	
(7)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of options or warrants: 15,999 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options held by Dr. Kirnon, that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
(8)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of options or warrants: 23,297 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options held by Mr. Harris, consisting of (W) 9,797 shares of Capnia common stock, (X) 13,500 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
(9)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of options or warrants: 216,664 shares of Capnia common stock held by Mr. O’Toole, consisting of (W) 45,250 shares of Capnia common stock and (X) 171,414 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
(10)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of options or warrants: 4,167 shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options held by Mr. Dalal that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
(11)	Represents shares of Capnia common stock outstanding or issuable within 60 days of December 31, 2016, upon the exercise of options warrants: 85,464 shares of Capnia common stock held by Mrs. Yen, all of which are shares of Capnia common stock subject to outstanding options that are vested and exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
(12)	In total, 2,891,952 of these shares are attributable to options and warrants currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of December 31, 2016.	
 
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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
General
Our authorized capital stock consists of 110,000,000 shares, all with a par value of $0.001 per share, 100,000,000 of which are designated as Common Stock and 10,000,000 of which are designated Convertible Preferred Stock.
The following description of our capital stock and certain provisions of our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws are summaries and are qualified by reference to our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and our amended and restated bylaws. Copies of these documents were filed with the SEC as exhibits to our registration statement in connection with our IPO.
As of September 30, 2016, we had 13,780 outstanding shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, convertible into 12,780,000 shares of our Common Stock, and 15,761,530 outstanding shares of our Common Stock. As of September 30, 2016 we also had outstanding 2,938,161 options to acquire shares of our Common Stock, having a weighted-average exercise price of $3.38 per share. As of September 30, 2016, we had outstanding 571,906 warrants to purchase Common Stock issued prior to our IPO.
Common Stock
As of December 31, 2016, there were 16,786,952 shares of Common Stock issued and outstanding.
Holders of Common Stock are entitled to one vote per share on matters on which our stockholders vote. There are no cumulative voting rights. Subject to any preferential dividend rights of any outstanding shares of preferred stock, holders of Common Stock are entitled to receive dividends, if declared by our board of directors, out of funds that we may legally use to pay dividends. If we liquidate or dissolve, holders of Common Stock are entitled to share ratably in our assets once our debts and any liquidation preference owed to any then-outstanding preferred stockholders are paid. Our certificate of incorporation does not provide the Common Stock with any redemption, conversion or preemptive rights. All shares of Common Stock that are outstanding as of the date of this prospectus will be fully-paid and non-assessable.
Series A Warrants and Series B Warrants Issued as Part of the Units in our IPO
The Series A Warrants entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of our Common Stock at an expected exercise price equal to $6.50 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, at any time up to 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on the five-year anniversary of the date of issuance.
The Series A Warrants have been issued in registered form under a warrant agreement between us and our warrant agent. The material provisions of the warrants are set forth herein but are only a summary and are qualified in their entirety by the provisions of each of the warrant agreements that have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part.
The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances, including in the event of a stock split, stock dividend, extraordinary dividend, or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the Series A Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of Common Stock at a price below their respective exercise prices.
The Series A Warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price, as applicable, by certified or official bank check payable to us, for the number of warrants being exercised. Under the terms of each of the warrant agreements, we have agreed to use our best efforts to maintain the effectiveness of the registration statement and current prospectus relating to Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A Warrants until the expiration of the Series A Warrants.
 
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During any period we fail to have maintained an effective registration statement covering the shares underlying the Series A Warrants, the warrant holder may exercise the Series A Warrants on a cashless basis. The warrant holders do not have the rights or privileges of holders of Common Stock, nor any voting rights, until they exercise their Series A Warrants and receive shares of Common Stock. After the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Series A Warrants, each holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.
No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued upon exercise of the Series A Warrants. If, upon exercise of the Series A Warrants, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round up to the nearest whole number of shares of Common Stock to be issued to the warrant holder. If multiple Series A Warrants are exercised by the holder at the same time, we will aggregate the number of whole shares issuable upon exercise of all the Series A Warrants.
Our Series A Warrants are listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “CAPNW”.
In addition, the Series A Warrants will not be exercisable to the extent that, after exercise, a holder and/or its affiliates would beneficially own more than 4.99% of the Common Stock outstanding immediately after giving effect to such exercise; provided, however, that if a holder and/or its affiliates already own 4.99% on the date of the exercise, then such limitation will not apply.
We will use our reasonable best efforts to maintain an effective registration statement and prospectus covering the number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Series A Warrants at any time that these Series A Warrants are exercisable.
The Series B Warrants issued as part of the units offered in our IPO expired on the fifteen month anniversary of the date of issuance, or February 12, 2016. On December 31, 2015, the Company had 116,580 Series B Warrants outstanding. Subsequent to December 31, 2015, a number of different Series B warrant holders exercised on a cashless basis 102,300 Series B Warrants and as a result the Company issued 485,202 shares of Common Stock. The remaining 14,280 Series B Warrants expired on February 12, 2016.
Series C Warrants
The Series C Warrants were issued on March 5, 2015 pursuant to a private transaction, or the Private Transaction, pursuant to a Warrant Exercise Agreement, or the Warrant Exercise Agreement, with certain holders of our Series B Warrants, and pursuant to an exchange offer, or the Exchange Offer, entitle the registered holder to purchase one share of our Common Stock at an expected exercise price equal to $6.25 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, at any time commencing upon issuance of the Series C Warrants and terminating at 5:00 p.m., New York City time, on March 4, 2020.
The Series C Warrants have been issued in registered form under a warrant agreement between us and our warrant agent. The material provisions of the Series C Warrants are set forth herein but are only a summary and are qualified in their entirety by the provisions of each of the warrant agreements that have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part.
The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Series C Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances, including in the event of a stock split, stock dividend, extraordinary dividend, or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the Series C Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of Common Stock at a price below its exercise price.
The Series C Warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price, as applicable, by certified or official bank check payable to us, for the number of warrants being exercised.
 
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A registration statement on Form S-1 relating to the resale of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Series C Warrants issued in the Private Transaction was declared effective on May 19, 2015. In connection with the Private Transaction, we relied on the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act for transactions not involving a public offering, and Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder as a private offering, without general solicitation, made only to and with accredited investors. We filed a Notice of Exempt Offering on Form D on March 11, 2015 covering the Private Transaction and the Series C Warrants. The resale of the shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Series C Warrants issued in the Exchange Offer are covered by a registration statement on Form S-4, which was declared effective on June 25, 2015.
The holders of the Series C Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of Common Stock, nor any voting rights, until they exercise their Series C Warrants and receive shares of Common Stock. After the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Series C Warrants, each such holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.
No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued upon exercise of the Series C Warrants. If, upon exercise of the Series C Warrants, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round up to the nearest whole number of shares of Common Stock to be issued to such warrant holder. If multiple Series C Warrants are exercised by a Series C Warrant holder at the same time, we will aggregate the number of whole shares issuable upon exercise of all Series C Warrants.
The Series C Warrants are not listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market or any other securities exchange.
Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants
The Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants were originally issued in the private placement entered into on October 12, 2015, pursuant to the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement. In connection with the purchase of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock pursuant to the Sabby Purchase Agreement, we amended the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants and reduced the per share exercise price from $2.46 per share to $1.75 per share. Following amendment, the amended Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants entitle the holders thereof to purchase one share of our Common Stock underlying each Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrant, at an exercise price equal to $1.75 per share, subject to adjustment as discussed below, at any time commencing upon April 15, 2016 through October 15, 2021.
The Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants have been issued in certificated form under a warrant agreement between us and our warrant agent. The material provisions of the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants are set forth herein but are only a summary and are qualified in their entirety by the provisions of each of the form of Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrant that have been filed as exhibits to the registration statement, of which this prospectus forms a part.
The exercise price and number of shares of Common Stock issuable upon exercise of the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants may be adjusted in certain circumstances, including in the event of a stock split, stock dividend, extraordinary dividend, or recapitalization, reorganization, merger or consolidation. However, the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants will not be adjusted for issuances of Common Stock at a price below its exercise price.
The Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants may be exercised upon surrender of the warrant certificate on or prior to the expiration date at the offices of the warrant agent, with the exercise form on the reverse side of the warrant certificate completed and executed as indicated, accompanied by full payment of the exercise price, as applicable, by certified or official bank check payable to us, for the number of warrants being exercised.
 
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The holders of the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants do not have the rights or privileges of holders of Common Stock, nor any voting rights, until they exercise their Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants and receive shares of Common Stock. After the issuance of shares of Common Stock upon exercise of the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants, each such holder will be entitled to one vote for each share held of record on all matters to be voted on by stockholders.
No fractional shares of Common Stock will be issued upon exercise of the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants. If, upon exercise of the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants, a holder would be entitled to receive a fractional interest in a share, we will, upon exercise, round up to the nearest whole number of shares of Common Stock to be issued to such warrant holder. If multiple Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants are exercised by a Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants holder at the same time, we will aggregate the number of whole shares issuable upon exercise of all Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants.
The Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants are not, and will not be, listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market or any other securities exchange.
Convertible Preferred Stock
We are authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of our Convertible Preferred Stock. Our board of directors has the authority, without further action by our stockholders, to issue these shares of Convertible Preferred Stock in one or more series, to establish from time to time the number of shares to be included in each such series, to fix the rights, preferences and privileges of the shares of each wholly unissued series and any qualifications, limitations or restrictions thereon, and to increase or decrease the number of shares of any such series, but not below the number of shares of such series then outstanding. Our board of directors may authorize the issuance of Convertible Preferred Stock with voting or conversion rights that could adversely affect the voting power or other rights of the holders of our Common Stock. The purpose of authorizing our board of directors to issue Convertible Preferred Stock and determine its rights and preferences is to eliminate delays associated with a stockholder vote on specific issuances. The issuance of Convertible Preferred Stock, while providing flexibility in connection with possible acquisitions and other corporate purposes, could, among other things, have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us and may adversely affect the market price of our Common Stock and the voting and other rights of the holders of our Common Stock. It is not possible to state the actual effect of the issuance of any shares of Convertible Preferred Stock on the rights of holders of Common Stock until the board of directors determines the specific rights attached to that Convertible Preferred Stock.
Certificate of Designation and Series A Convertible Preferred Stock
On or about October 13, 2015, we filed a Certificate of Designation with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The number of shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock designated is 10,000, and each share of our Preferred Stock has a stated value equal to $1,000. Under the terms of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants we cannot issue any shares of Common Stock to the holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants, and the holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants cannot exercise the Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants into Common Stock, nor convert the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock into Common Stock, to the extent it would result in ownership in excess of 4.99%.
Voting Rights of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.
Except as otherwise provided herein or as otherwise required by law, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock shall have no voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock are outstanding, we shall not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock or alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, (b) amend our
 
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certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, (c) increase the number of authorized shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, or (d) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.
Liquidation.
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our company, whether voluntary or involuntary that is not a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in our Certificate of Designation), the holders of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive out of the assets, whether capital or surplus, of our company the same amount that a holder of Common Stock would receive if the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were fully converted (disregarding for such purposes any conversion limitations hereunder) to Common Stock which amounts shall be paid on a pari passu basis with all holders of Common Stock.
Conversion Price.
The conversion price for the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock shall equal $1.85, subject to certain terms as described therein.
Certificate of Designation and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock
Redemption under the Serie B Convertible Preferred Stock Purchase Agreement
On July 5, 2016, in connection with the initial sale of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock pursuant to the Sabby Purchase Agreement, we redeemed 1,779 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, representing approximately 961,622 shares of Common Stock on an as-converted basis, for an aggregate price of $1,799,012.
Following the second closing under the Sabby Purchase Agreement, we plan to redeem the remaining 6,001 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock held by Sabby, representing approximately 3,243,783 shares of Common Stock on an as-converted basis, for an aggregate price of $6,000,988.
Certificate of Designation and Series B Convertible Preferred Stock.
On June 29, 2016, we filed a Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, or the Certificate of Designation, with the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware. The number of shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock designated is 13,780, and each share of our Series B Convertible Preferred Stock has a stated value equal to $1,000. Under the terms of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, we cannot issue any shares of Common Stock to Sabby, and Sabby cannot convert the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock into Common Stock, to the extent it would result in ownership in excess of 4.99%.
Voting Rights.
Except as otherwise provided herein or as otherwise required by law, the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock shall have no voting rights. However, as long as any shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock are outstanding, we shall not, without the affirmative vote of the holders of a majority of the then outstanding shares of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, (a) alter or change adversely the powers, preferences or rights given to the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock or alter or amend the Certificate of Designation, (b) amend our certificate of incorporation or other charter documents in any manner that adversely affects any rights of the holders of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, (c) increase the number of authorized shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, or (d) enter into any agreement with respect to any of the foregoing.
Liquidation.
Upon any liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our company, whether voluntary or involuntary that is not a Fundamental Transaction (as defined in our Certificate of Designation), the holders of Series B
 
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Convertible Preferred Stock shall be entitled to receive out of the assets, whether capital or surplus, of our company the same amount that a holder of Common Stock would receive if the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock were fully converted (disregarding for such purposes any conversion limitations hereunder) to Common Stock which amounts shall be paid on a pari passu basis with all holders of Common Stock.
Conversion Price.
The conversion price for the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock shall equal $1.00, subject to certain terms as described in the Certificate of Designation.
Other Outstanding Options and Warrants
As of September 30, 2016, we had outstanding options to purchase 2,938,161 shares of our Common Stock and additional outstanding warrants to purchase an aggregate of 571,906 shares of our Common Stock.
Registration Rights
Stockholder registration rights
We are party to an investor rights agreement which provides that holders of shares of our convertible preferred stock have certain registration rights, as set forth below. The investor rights agreement has been amended or restated from time to time in connection with our preferred stock financings, most recently as of March 20, 2008. The registration of shares of our Common Stock pursuant to the exercise of registration rights described below would enable the holders to sell these shares without restriction under the Securities Act, when the applicable registration statement is declared effective. We will pay the registration expenses, other than underwriting discounts and commissions, of the shares registered pursuant to the demand, piggyback and Form S-3 registrations described below.
Generally, in an underwritten offering, the managing underwriter, if any, has the right, subject to specified conditions, to limit, or exclude entirely, the number of shares such holders may include. The demand, piggyback and Form S-3 registration rights described below terminate upon the earliest to occur of: (i) the date that is four years after the closing of our IPO; (ii) with respect to each holder of convertible preferred stock, at such time as all such shares can be sold in a three-month period without registration in compliance with Rule 144; (iii) with respect to each stockholder, the date that the stockholder no longer holds any shares that carry these registration rights; or (iv) following termination of the investor rights agreement.
Demand registration rights
Certain holders of our Common Stock, which was issued upon the conversion of outstanding convertible preferred stock that occurred in connection with our IPO, are entitled to certain demand registration rights. The holders of a majority of these shares may, on not more than two occasions, request that we file a registration statement having an aggregate offering price to the public of not less than $7,500,000 (net of underwriting discounts and commissions) to register all or a portion of their shares.
Piggyback registration rights
Certain holders of our Common Stock, which was issued upon the conversion of outstanding convertible preferred stock in connection with our IPO, are entitled to, and the necessary percentage of holders waived, their rights to include their shares of registrable securities in our IPO. In the event that we propose to register any of our securities under the Securities Act, either for our own account or for the account of other security holders, the holders of these shares will be entitled to certain “piggyback” registration rights allowing them to include their shares in such registration, subject to certain marketing and other limitations. As a result, whenever we propose to file a registration statement under the Securities Act, including a registration statement on Form S-3 as
 
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discussed below, other than with respect to a demand registration or a registration statement on Forms S-4 or S-8, the holders of these shares are entitled to notice of the registration and have the right, subject to limitations that the underwriters may impose on the number of shares included in the registration, to include their shares in the registration. However, in no event shall the amount of securities of the selling stockholders included in the offering be reduced below thirty percent of the total amount of securities included in such offering, unless the offering is the initial public offering of our securities, in which case all shares may be excluded entirely.
Form S-3 registration rights
Certain holders of our Common Stock, which was issued upon the conversion of outstanding convertible preferred stock that occurred in connection with our IPO, are entitled to certain Form S-3 registration rights, provided that we have not already effected one such registration within the twelve-month period preceding the date of such request. Such holders may make a request that we register their shares on Form S-3 if we are qualified to file a registration statement on Form S-3. Such request for registration on Form S-3 must cover securities the aggregate offering price of which, net of underwriting discounts and commissions, is at least $1,000,000.
Aspire Capital Registration Rights on Form S-1
Concurrently with entering into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement on July 24, 2015, or the Aspire Purchase Agreement, with Aspire Capital, LLC, or Aspire, we also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with Aspire, in which we agreed to file one or more registration statements as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the shares of our Common Stock that have been and may be issued under the Aspire Purchase Agreement. The corresponding registration statement on Form S-1 became effective on August 11, 2015.
2015 Sabby Registration Rights on Form S-1
Concurrently with entering into the 2015 Securities Purchase Agreement with Sabby, we also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with Sabby, in which we agreed to file one or more registration statements as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the shares of our Common Stock that have been and may be issued to under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement, including upon the conversion of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, or the exercise of Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants or 2015 Placement Agent Warrants. The corresponding registration statement on Form S-1 became effective on January 4, 2016.
2016 Sabby Registration Rights on Form S-1
Concurrently with entering into a Securities Purchase Agreement on June 29, 2016, or the Sabby Purchase Agreement, with Sabby, we also entered into a Registration Rights Agreement with Sabby, in which we agreed to file one or more registration statements as permissible and necessary to register under the Securities Act, the sale of the shares of our Common Stock that have been and may be issued to under the Sabby Purchase Agreement, including upon the conversion of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock or Placement Agent Warrants. This registration statement on Form S-1 is part of the subject matter of this prospectus.
Anti-takeover provisions
Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation and Bylaws
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation provides for our board of directors to be divided into three classes with staggered three-year terms. Only one class of directors will be elected at each annual meeting of our stockholders, with the other classes continuing for the remainder of their respective three-year
 
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terms. Because our stockholders do not have cumulative voting rights, our stockholders holding a majority of the voting power of our shares of Common Stock outstanding will be able to elect all of our directors. The directors may be removed by the stockholders only for cause upon the vote of holders of a majority of the shares then entitled to vote at an election of directors. Furthermore, the authorized number of directors may be changed only by resolution of our board of directors, and vacancies and newly created directorships on our board of directors may, except as otherwise required by law or determined by our board, only be filled by a majority vote of the directors then serving on our board of directors, even though less than a quorum. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that all stockholder actions must be effected at a duly called meeting of stockholders and not by a consent in writing. A special meeting of stockholders may be called only by a majority of our whole board of directors, the chair of our board of directors, our chief executive officer or our president. Our amended and restated bylaws also provide that stockholders seeking to present proposals before a meeting of stockholders to nominate candidates for election as directors at a meeting of stockholders must provide timely advance notice in writing, and specify requirements as to the form and content of a stockholder’s notice.
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation further provides that the affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of voting stock, voting as a single class, will be required to amend certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation, including provisions relating to the structure of our board of directors, the size of our board of directors, removal of directors, special meetings of stockholders, actions by written consent and cumulative voting. The affirmative vote of holders of at least 66 2/3% of the voting power of all of the then outstanding shares of voting stock, voting as a single class, will be required to amend or repeal our bylaws, although our bylaws may be amended by a simple majority vote of our board of directors; provided that any bylaw amendment adopted by our stockholders that specifies the votes necessary for the election of directors will not be further amended or repealed by our board of directors.
The foregoing provisions make it more difficult for our existing stockholders to replace our board of directors as well as for another party to obtain control of our company by replacing our board of directors. Since our board of directors has the power to retain and discharge our officers, these provisions could also make it more difficult for existing stockholders or another party to effect a change in management. In addition, the authorization of undesignated preferred stock makes it possible for our board of directors to issue preferred stock with voting or other rights or preferences that could impede the success of any attempt to change the control of our company.
These provisions are intended to enhance the likelihood of continued stability in the composition of our board of directors and its policies and to discourage certain types of transactions that may involve an actual or threatened acquisition of our company. These provisions are also designed to reduce our vulnerability to an unsolicited acquisition proposal and to discourage certain tactics that may be used in proxy rights. However, such provisions could have the effect of discouraging others from making tender offers for our shares and may have the effect of deterring hostile takeovers or delaying changes in control of our company or our management. As a consequence, these provisions also may inhibit fluctuations in the market price of our stock that could result from actual or rumored takeover attempts.
Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law
We are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or Section 203, which prohibits a Delaware corporation from engaging in any business combination with any interested stockholder for a period of three years after the date that such stockholder became an interested stockholder, with the following exceptions:
 
 	•	 	before such date, our board of directors approved either the business combination or the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder;	
 
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 	•	 	upon closing of the transaction that resulted in the stockholder becoming an interested stockholder, the interested stockholder owned at least 85% of the voting stock of the corporation outstanding at the time the transaction began, excluding for purposes of determining the voting stock outstanding (but not the outstanding voting stock owned by the interested stockholder) those shares owned by: (i) persons who are directors and also officers; and (ii) employee stock plans in which employee participants do not have the right to determine confidentially whether shares held subject to the plan will be tendered in a tender or exchange offer; or	
 
 	•	 	on or after such date, the business combination is approved by our board of directors and authorized at an annual or special meeting of the stockholders, and not by written consent, by the affirmative vote of at least 66 2/3% of the outstanding voting stock that is not owned by the interested stockholder.	
In general, Section 203 defines business combination to include the following:
 
 	•	 	any merger or consolidation involving the corporation and the interested stockholder;	
 
 	•	 	any sale, transfer, pledge or other disposition of ten percent (10%) or more of the assets of the corporation involving the interested stockholder;	
 
 	•	 	subject to certain exceptions, any transaction that results in the issuance or transfer by the corporation of any stock of the corporation to the interested stockholder;	
 
 	•	 	any transaction involving the corporation that has the effect of increasing the proportionate share of the stock or any class or series of the corporation beneficially owned by the interested stockholder; or	
 
 	•	 	the receipt by the interested stockholder of the benefit of any loss, advances, guarantees, pledges or other financial benefits by or through the corporation.	
In general, Section 203 defines an “interested stockholder” as an entity or person who, together with the person’s affiliates and associates, beneficially owns, or within three years prior to the time of determination of interested stockholder status did own, 15% or more of the outstanding voting stock of the corporation.
The corresponding registration statement on Form S-1 became effective. We list our Common Stock and the Series A Warrants on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the trading symbols “CAPN” and “CAPNW,” respectively. The Series B Warrants, Series C Warrants, Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants, 2015 Placement Agent Warrants, the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, and the Placement Agent Warrants are not listed on any trading market.
Limitation on Liability and Indemnification Matters
Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws provide that we will indemnify our directors and officers, and may indemnify our employees and other agents, to the fullest extent permitted by the Delaware General Corporation Law, which prohibits our amended and restated certificate of incorporation from limiting the liability of our directors for the following:
 
 	•	 	any breach of the director’s duty of loyalty to the corporation or its stockholders;	
 
 	•	 	any act or omission not in good faith or that involves intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;	
 
 	•	 	unlawful payments of dividends or unlawful stock repurchases or redemptions; or	
 
 	•	 	any transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.	
 
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If Delaware law is amended to authorize corporate action further eliminating or limiting the personal liability of a director, then the liability of our directors will be eliminated or limited to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, as so amended. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation does not eliminate a director’s duty of care and in appropriate circumstances, equitable remedies, such as injunctive or other forms of non-monetary relief, remain available under Delaware law. This provision also does not affect a director’s responsibilities under any other laws, such as the federal securities laws or other state or federal laws. Under our amended and restated bylaws, we will also be empowered to purchase insurance on behalf of any person whom we are required or permitted to indemnify.
In addition to the indemnification required in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws, we have entered into indemnification agreements with each of our current directors and officers. These agreements provide indemnification for certain expenses and liabilities incurred in connection with any action, suit, proceeding, or alternative dispute resolution mechanism, or hearing, inquiry, or investigation that may lead to the foregoing, to which they are a party, or are threatened to be made a party, by reason of the fact that they are or were a director, officer, employee, agent, or fiduciary of our company, or any of our subsidiaries, by reason of any action or inaction by them while serving as an officer, director, agent, or fiduciary, or by reason of the fact that they were serving at our request as a director, officer, employee, agent, or fiduciary of another entity. In the case of an action or proceeding by, or in the right of, our company or any of our subsidiaries, no indemnification will be provided for any claim where a court determines that the indemnified party is prohibited from receiving indemnification. We believe that these bylaw provisions and indemnification agreements are necessary to attract and retain qualified persons as directors and officers. We also maintain directors’ and officers’ liability insurance.
The limitation of liability and indemnification provisions in our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and amended and restated bylaws may discourage stockholders from bringing a lawsuit against directors for breach of their fiduciary duties. They may also reduce the likelihood of derivative litigation against directors and officers, even though an action, if successful, might benefit us and our stockholders. A stockholder’s investment may be harmed to the extent we pay the costs of settlement and damage awards against directors and officers pursuant to these indemnification provisions. Insofar as we may provide indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act to our directors, officers, and controlling persons pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, we have been advised that, in the opinion of the Securities Exchange and Commission, such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act, and is, therefore, unenforceable. There is no pending litigation or proceeding naming any of our directors or officers as to which indemnification is being sought, nor are we aware of any pending or threatened litigation that may result in claims for indemnification by any director or officer.
Transfer agent and registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our Common Stock, Series A Warrants, Series B Warrants, Series C Warrants, Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrants, 2015 Placement Agent Warrants, Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, and Placement Agent Warrants, is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC.
 
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LEGAL MATTERS
Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation, Palo Alto, CA, will pass upon the validity of the shares of Common Stock offered hereby. Certain members of, and investment partnerships comprised of members of, and persons associated with, Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati own an interest representing less than 0.5% of our Common Stock.
EXPERTS
The consolidated financial statements of Capnia, Inc. as of December 31, 2014 and 2015, and for the years then ended, included in this Prospectus have been so included in reliance on the report of Marcum LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, given on the authority of said firm as experts in auditing and accounting.
AVAILABLE INFORMATION
We have filed with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act in connection with this offering of our Common Stock by our selling stockholders. This Prospectus, which constitutes a part of the Registration Statement, does not contain all of the information set forth in the registration statement, some items of which are contained in exhibits to the Registration Statement as permitted by the rules and regulations of the SEC. For further information with respect to us and our Common Stock, we refer you to the Registration Statement, including the exhibits and the financial statements and notes filed as a part of the Registration Statement. Statements contained in this Prospectus concerning the contents of any contract or any other document are not necessarily complete. If a contract or document has been filed as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, please see the copy of the contract or document that has been filed. Each statement in this Prospectus relating to a contract or document filed as an exhibit is qualified in all respects by the filed exhibit. The exhibits to the Registration Statement should be referenced for the complete contents of these contracts and documents. A copy of the Registration Statement and the exhibits filed therewith may be inspected without charge at the public reference room of the SEC, located at 100 F Street, N.E., Room 1580, Washington, D.C. 20549. You may obtain information on the operation of the public reference rooms by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC also maintains an Internet website that contains reports, proxy statements, and other information about issuers, like us, that file electronically with the SEC. The address of that website is  www.sec.gov.
We are subject to the information and reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and, in accordance with this law, we file periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information with the SEC. These periodic reports, proxy statements, and other information are available for inspection and copying at the SEC’s public reference facilities and the website of the SEC referred to above. We also maintain a website at  www.capnia.com . You may access our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Exchange Act with the SEC free of charge at our website ( www.capnia.com ) as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information contained in, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Prospectus.
INFORMATION INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
The SEC allows us to “incorporate by reference” into this prospectus the information we file with the SEC in other documents, which means that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to those documents that contain such information. Any statement contained or incorporated by reference in this
 
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prospectus shall be deemed to be modified or superseded for purposes of this prospectus to the extent that a statement contained herein, or in any subsequently filed document which also is incorporated by reference herein, modifies or supersedes such earlier statement. Any such statement so modified or superseded shall not be deemed, except as so modified or superseded, to constitute a part of this prospectus.
We incorporate by reference the documents listed below that we have previously filed with the SEC:
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 6, 2016
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 11, 2016
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 28, 2016
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on March 31, 2016
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on April 21, 2016
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 14, 2016
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on July 6, 2016
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on August 4, 2016
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 9, 2017
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on January 3, 2017
Form 8-K filed with the SEC on October 26, 2016
Form 10-Q for the period ended as of September 30, 2016, filed with the SEC on November 14, 2016
Form 10-K/A for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016 filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016
Form 10-Q/A for the period ended as of March 31, 2016, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016
Form 10-Q/A for the period ended as of March 31, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016
Form 10-Q/A for the period ended as of June 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016
Form 10-Q/A for the period ended as of September 30, 2015, filed with the SEC on August 9, 2016
our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 as filed with the SEC on March 25, 2016
our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended as of June 30, 2016 as filed with the SEC on August 12, 2016
our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended as of March 31, 2016 as filed with the SEC on May 12, 2016
our Proxy Statement as filed with the SEC on April 20, 2016, as revised by Amendment No. 1 filed on April 22, 2016
our Proxy Statement as filed with the SEC on July 18, 2016
We also incorporate by reference all documents that we subsequently file with the SEC pursuant to Section 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act (i) after the date of the initial registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part and prior to the effectiveness of such registration statement and (ii) after the date of this prospectus and before all of the securities offered by this prospectus are sold, unless we specifically provide otherwise in each case, (excluding any information furnished and not filed with the SEC). Information that we file with the SEC will automatically update and may replace information previously filed with the SEC.
You may obtain, without charge, a copy of any of the documents incorporated by reference in this prospectus, other than exhibits to those documents that are not specifically incorporated by reference into those documents, by writing or telephoning us at the following address: Capnia, Inc., 1235 Radio Road, Suite 110, Redwood City, CA 94065, or by telephone at (650) 213-8444.
Information contained on our website, http://www.capnia.com, is not a prospectus and does not constitute part of this prospectus. You should rely only on the information incorporated by reference or provided in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone else to provide you with any information. You should not assume that the information incorporated by reference or provided in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front of each document.
 
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INDEMNIFICATION FOR SECURITIES ACT LIABILITIES
Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the Delaware Law, provides that a corporation may indemnify directors and officers as well as other employees and individuals against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement in connection with specified actions, suits or proceedings, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation — a “derivative action”), if they acted in good faith and in a manner they reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe their conduct was unlawful. A similar standard is applicable in the case of derivative actions, except that indemnification only extends to expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred in connection with defense or settlement of such action, and the statute requires court approval before there can be any indemnification where the person seeking indemnification has been found liable to the corporation. Under Section 145 of the Delaware Law, a corporation shall indemnify an agent of the corporation for expenses actually and reasonably incurred if and to the extent such person was successful on the merits in a proceeding or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein.
 
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Section 145 of the Delaware Law authorizes a court to award, or a corporation’s board of directors to grant, indemnity to directors and officers in terms sufficiently broad to permit such indemnification under certain circumstances for liabilities (including reimbursement for expenses incurred) arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide for indemnification of our directors, officers, employees and other agents to the maximum extent permitted by the Delaware Law. We have also entered into agreements with its directors and officers that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers to the fullest extent not prohibited by law. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling our company pursuant to such provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
There is no litigation pending or, to the best of our knowledge, threatened which might or could result in a claim for indemnification by a director or officer.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
The common stock offered by this prospectus is being offered by Aspire Capital, the selling stockholder. The common stock may be sold or distributed from time to time by the selling stockholder directly to one or more purchasers or through brokers, dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market prices, at negotiated prices, or at fixed prices, which may be changed. The sale of the common stock offered by this prospectus may be effected in one or more of the following methods:
 
 	•	 	ordinary brokers’ transactions;	
 
 	•	 	transactions involving cross or block trades;	
 
 	•	 	through brokers, dealers, or underwriters who may act solely as agents;	
 
 	•	 	“at the market” into an existing market for the common stock;	
 
 	•	 	in other ways not involving market makers or established business markets, including direct sales to purchasers or sales effected through agents;	
 
 	•	 	in privately negotiated transactions; or	
 
 	•	 	any combination of the foregoing.	
In order to comply with the securities laws of certain states, if applicable, the shares may be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in certain states, the shares may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in the state or an exemption from the registration or qualification requirement is available and complied with.
The selling stockholder may also sell shares of common stock under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act, if available, rather than under this prospectus. In addition, the selling stockholder may transfer the shares of common stock by other means not described in this prospectus.
 
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Brokers, dealers, underwriters, or agents participating in the distribution of the shares as agents may receive compensation in the form of commissions, discounts, or concessions from the selling stockholder and/or purchasers of the common stock for whom the broker-dealers may act as agent. Aspire Capital has informed us that each such broker-dealer will receive commissions from Aspire Capital which will not exceed customary brokerage commissions.
Aspire Capital is an “underwriter” within the meaning of the Securities Act.
Neither we nor Aspire Capital can presently estimate the amount of compensation that any agent will receive. We know of no existing arrangements between Aspire Capital, any other stockholder, broker, dealer, underwriter, or agent relating to the sale or distribution of the shares offered by this prospectus. At the time a particular offer of shares is made, a prospectus supplement, if required, will be distributed that will set forth the names of any agents, underwriters, or dealers and any compensation from the selling stockholder, and any other required information.
We will pay all of the expenses incident to the registration, offering, and sale of the shares to the public other than commissions or discounts of underwriters, broker-dealers, or agents. We have agreed to indemnify Aspire Capital and certain other persons against certain liabilities in connection with the offering of shares of common stock offered hereby, including liabilities arising under the Securities Act or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities. Aspire Capital has agreed to indemnify us against liabilities under the Securities Act that may arise from certain written information furnished to us by Aspire Capital specifically for use in this prospectus or, if such indemnity is unavailable, to contribute amounts required to be paid in respect of such liabilities.
Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers, and controlling persons, we have been advised that in the opinion of the SEC this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore, unenforceable.
Aspire Capital and its affiliates have agreed not to engage in any direct or indirect short selling or hedging of our common stock during the term of the Purchase Agreement.
We have advised Aspire Capital that while it is engaged in a distribution of the shares included in this prospectus it is required to comply with Regulation M promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. With certain exceptions, Regulation M precludes the selling stockholder, any affiliated purchasers, and any broker-dealer or other person who participates in the distribution from bidding for or purchasing, or attempting to induce any person to bid for or purchase any security which is the subject of the distribution until the entire distribution is complete. Regulation M also prohibits any bids or purchases made in order to stabilize the price of a security in connection with the distribution of that security. All of the foregoing may affect the marketability of the shares offered hereby this prospectus.
We may suspend the sale of shares by Aspire Capital pursuant to this prospectus for certain periods of time for certain reasons, including if the prospectus is required to be supplemented or amended to include additional material information.
This offering will terminate on the date that all shares offered by this prospectus have been sold by Aspire Capital.
SELLING STOCKHOLDER
The selling stockholder may from time to time offer and sell any or all of the shares of our common stock set forth below pursuant to this prospectus. When we refer to the “selling stockholder” in this prospectus, we mean the entity listed in the table below, and its respective pledgees, donees, permitted transferees, assignees, successors and others who later come to hold any of the selling stockholder’s interests in shares of our common stock other than through a public sale.
 
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The following table sets forth, as of the date of this prospectus, the name of the selling stockholder for whom we are registering shares for sale to the public, the number of shares of common stock beneficially owned by the selling stockholder prior to this offering, the total number of shares of common stock that the selling stockholder may offer pursuant to this prospectus and the number of shares of common stock that the selling stockholder will beneficially own after this offering. Except as noted below, the selling stockholder does not have, or within the past three years has not had, any material relationship with us or any of our predecessors or affiliates and the selling stockholder is not or was not affiliated with registered broker-dealers.
Based on the information provided to us by the selling stockholder, assuming that the selling stockholder sells all of the shares of our common stock beneficially owned by it that have been registered by us and does not acquire any additional shares during the offering, the selling stockholder will not own any shares other than those appearing in the column entitled “Beneficial Ownership After This Offering.” We cannot advise you as to whether the selling stockholder will in fact sell any or all of such shares of common stock. In addition, the selling stockholder may have sold, transferred or otherwise disposed of, or may sell, transfer or otherwise dispose of, at any time and from time to time, the shares of our common stock in transactions exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act of 1933 after the date on which it provided the information set forth in the table below.

 	  	 	 	 	Beneficial Ownership
After this Offering (1)	 	
Name	  	Shares of
Common Stock
Owned Prior to this
Offering	 	 	Shares
of Common
Stock Being
Offered	 	  	Number of
Shares	 	  	% (2)	 	
Aspire Capital Fund, LLC (3)	  	 	708,333	(4) 	 	 	10,000,000	  	  	 	0	  	  	 	0	  	
 
(1)	Assumes the sale of all shares of common stock registered pursuant to this prospectus, although the selling stockholder is under no obligation known to us to sell any shares of common stock at this time.	
(2)	Based on 18,146,272 shares of common stock outstanding on January 31, 2017.	
(3)	Aspire Capital Partners LLC (“Aspire Partners”) is the Managing Member of Aspire Capital Fund LLC (“Aspire Fund”). SGM Holdings Corp (“SGM”) is the Managing Member of Aspire Partners. Mr. Steven G. Martin (“Mr. Martin”) is the president and sole shareholder of SGM, as well as a principal of Aspire Partners. Mr. Erik J. Brown (“Mr. Brown”) is the president and sole shareholder of Red Cedar Capital Corp (“Red Cedar”), which is a principal of Aspire Partners. Mr. Christos Komissopoulos (“Mr. Komissopoulos”) is president and sole shareholder of Chrisko Investors Inc. (“Chrisko”), which is a principal of Aspire Partners. Each of Aspire Partners, SGM, Red Cedar, Chrisko, Mr. Martin, Mr. Brown, and Mr. Komissopoulos may be deemed to be a beneficial owner of common stock held by Aspire Fund. Each of Aspire Partners, SGM, Red Cedar, Chrisko, Mr. Martin, Mr. Brown, and Mr. Komissopoulos disclaims beneficial ownership of the common stock held by Aspire Fund.	
(4)	As of the date hereof, 708,333 shares of our common stock have been acquired by Aspire Capital under the Purchase Agreement, consisting of shares we issued to Aspire Capital as a commitment fee. We may elect in our sole discretion to sell to Aspire Capital up to an additional 9,291,667 shares under the Purchase Agreement but Aspire Capital does not presently beneficially own those shares as determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC.	
 
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INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 	  	Page	 	
CAPNIA, INC.	  	 	 	 	
For the Quarter and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016	  	 	 	 	
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets (unaudited)	  	 	F-3	  	
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations (unaudited)	  	 	F-4	  	
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)	  	 	F-5	  	
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements (unaudited)	  	 	F-6	  	
For the Year Ended December 31, 2015	  	 	 	 	
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	  	 	F-18	  	
Consolidated Balance Sheets	  	 	F-19	  	
Consolidated Statements of Operations	  	 	F-20	  	
Consolidated Statemendts of Convertible Preferred Stock and Stockholder’s Equity/(Deficit)	  	 	F-21	  	
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	  	 	F-22	  	
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	  	 	F-23	  	
 
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Audit Committee of the
Board of Directors and Shareholders
of Capnia, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Capnia, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity/(deficit) and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Capnia, Inc., as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ Marcum LLP
Marcum LLP
New York, NY
March 25, 2016
 
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Financial Statements for the Quarter and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016
Capnia, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets
(unaudited)
(In thousands except share and per share data)

 	  	September 30,
2016	 	 	December 31,
2015	 	
Assets	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	5,415	  	 	$	5,495	  	
Accounts receivable	  	 	137	  	 	 	156	  	
Restricted cash	  	 	35	  	 	 	35	  	
Inventory	  	 	703	  	 	 	551	  	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	  	 	217	  	 	 	167	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current assets	  	 	6,507	  	 	 	6,404	  	
Long-term assets	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property and equipment, net	  	 	116	  	 	 	86	  	
Goodwill	  	 	718	  	 	 	718	  	
Other intangible assets, net	  	 	842	  	 	 	917	  	
Other assets	  	 	126	  	 	 	76	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	  	$	8,309	  	 	$	8,201	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Liabilities and stockholders’ equity	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current liabilities	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	  	$	862	  	 	$	695	  	
Accrued compensation and other current liabilities	  	 	915	  	 	 	1,634	  	
Series B warrant liability	  	 	—  	  	 	 	865	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current liabilities	  	 	1,777	  	 	 	3,194	  	
Long-term liabilities	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Series A warrant liability	  	 	509	  	 	 	1,213	  	
Series C warrant liability	  	 	115	  	 	 	462	  	
Other long-term liabilities	  	 	196	  	 	 	109	  	
Commitments and contingencies (Note 6)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stockholders’ equity	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Preferred Stock, $.001 par value, 10,000,000 shares authorized:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Series A convertible preferred stock, 10,000 shares designated; zero and 4,555 issued and outstanding at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
Series B convertible preferred stock, 13,780 and zero shares designated at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively; 13,780 and zero shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2016 and at December 31, 2015, respectively	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 15,761,530 and 14,017,909 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively	  	 	15	  	 	 	14	  	
Additional paid-in-capital	  	 	101,395	  	 	 	89,456	  	
Accumulated deficit	  	 	(95,698	) 	 	 	(86,247	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total stockholders’ equity	  	 	5,712	  	 	 	3,223	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	  	$	8,309	  	 	$	8,201	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
 
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Capnia, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations
(unaudited)
(In thousands except share and per share data)

 	  	Three months ended
September 30,	 	 	Nine months ended
September30,	 	
 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	 	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Government grant revenue	  	 	—  	  	 	 	155	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	220	  	
Product revenue	  	 	329	  	 	 	92	  	 	 	1,167	  	 	 	146	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total revenue	  	 	329	  	 	 	247	  	 	 	1,167	  	 	 	366	  	
Cost of product revenue	  	 	399	  	 	 	56	  	 	 	1,287	  	 	 	96	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross profit (loss)	  	 	(70	) 	 	 	191	  	 	 	(120	) 	 	 	270	  	
Expenses	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	1,131	  	 	 	1,193	  	 	 	4,231	  	 	 	3,252	  	
Sales and marketing	  	 	342	  	 	 	467	  	 	 	1,457	  	 	 	1,239	  	
General and administrative	  	 	1,398	  	 	 	1,714	  	 	 	4,846	  	 	 	4,432	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total expenses	  	 	2,871	  	 	 	3,374	  	 	 	10,534	  	 	 	8,923	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating loss	  	 	(2,941	) 	 	 	(3,183	) 	 	 	(10,654	) 	 	 	(8,653	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest and other income (expense)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest expense, net	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(1	) 	
Change in fair value of warrants liabilities (expense)	  	 	200	  	 	 	73	  	 	 	1,323	  	 	 	(1,177	) 	
Cease-use expense	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(94	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Other expense	  	 	(9	) 	 	 	(183	) 	 	 	(27	) 	 	 	(183	) 	
Inducement charge for Series C warrants	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(3,050	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest and other income (expense), net	  	 	191	  	 	 	(110	) 	 	 	1,202	  	 	 	(4,411	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	 	(2,750	) 	 	 	(3,293	) 	 	 	(9,452	) 	 	 	(13,064	) 	
Loss on extinguishment of convertible preferred stock	  	 	(3,651	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(3,651	) 	 	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss attributable to common stockholders	  	$	(6,401	) 	 	$	(3,293	) 	 	$	(13,103	) 	 	$	(13,064	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss per share attributable to common stockholders, basic and diluted	  	$	(0.41	) 	 	$	(0.33	) 	 	$	(0.85	) 	 	$	(1.60	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted net loss per common share	  	 	15,761,530	  	 	 	10,040,079	  	 	 	15,363,648	  	 	 	8,178,897	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements
 
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Capnia, Inc.
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows
(unaudited)
(In thousands)

 	  	Nine Months Ended
September 30,	 	
 	  	2016	 	 	2015	 	
Cash flows from operating activities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(9,452	) 	 	$	(13,064	) 	
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	  	 	94	  	 	 	59	  	
Loss on disposition of property and equipment	  	 	1	  	 	 	—  	  	
Stock-based compensation expense	  	 	560	  	 	 	746	  	
Change in fair value of common stock warrants	  	 	(1,323	) 	 	 	1,177	  	
Inducement charge for Series C warrants	  	 	—  	  	 	 	3,050	  	
Non-cash expense of issuing shares to Aspire Capital	  	 	—  	  	 	 	183	  	
Change in fair value of contingent consideration	  	 	35	  	 	 	—  	  	
Change in operating assets and liabilities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable	  	 	19	  	 	 	(94	) 	
Inventory	  	 	(152	) 	 	 	(267	) 	
Prepaid expenses and other assets	  	 	(50	) 	 	 	27	  	
Other long-term assets	  	 	(50	) 	 	 	—	  	
Accounts payable	  	 	175	  	 	 	542	  	
Accrued compensation and other current liabilities	  	 	(719	) 	 	 	720	  	
Other long-term liabilities	  	 	52	  	 	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash used in operating activities	  	 	(10,810	) 	 	 	(6,921	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from investing activities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash paid for purchase of assets of NeoForce Group, Inc.	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(1,000	) 	
Increase in restricted cash	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(91	) 	
Cash paid for patent acquisition	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(150	) 	
Purchase of property and equipment	  	 	(39	) 	 	 	(48	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash used in investing activities	  	 	(39	) 	 	 	(1,289	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from financing activities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from sale of Series A preferred convertible stock	  	 	5,071	  	 	 	—  	  	
Series A preferred convertible stock transaction costs paid	  	 	(71	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Proceeds from sale of Series B preferred convertible stock	  	 	13,479	  	 	 	—  	  	
Redemption of Series A preferred convertible stock in conjunction with issuance of Series B Convertible Preferred	  	 	(7,780	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Proceeds from issuance of common stock	  	 	 	 	 	 	1,434	  	
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	  	 	70	  	 	 	294	  	
Proceeds from exercise of Series A warrants	  	 	—  	  	 	 	156	  	
Proceeds from exercise of Series B warrants (Private Transaction)	  	 	—  	  	 	 	3,832	  	
Proceeds from exercise of Series B warrants (Tender offer)	  	 	 	 	 	 	6	  	
Proceeds from other exercise of Series B warrants	  	 	—  	  	 	 	189	  	
Series B warrant transaction costs paid	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(306	) 	
Initial public offering costs paid	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(530	) 	
Repayment of credit line	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(102	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by financing activities	  	 	10,769	  	 	 	4,973	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents	  	 	(80	) 	 	 	(3,237	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	  	 	5,495	  	 	 	7,957	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	  	$	5,415	  	 	$	4,720	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing information	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Conversion of Series A preferred to common stock	  	 	2,220	  	 	 	—  	  	
Patent costs included in Accrued liabilities	  	 	—  	  	 	 	300	  	
Stock issuable in consideration for Patent purchase	  	 	—  	  	 	 	112	  	
De-recognition of Series B warrant liability (cash exercise)	  	 	—  	  	 	 	6,747	  	
De-recognition of Series B warrant liability (cashless exercise)	  	 	593	  	 	 	9,475	  	
De-recognition of Series A warrant liability (cash exercise)	  	 	—  	  	 	 	42	  	
Reduction in initial public offering costs payable	  	 	—  	  	 	 	45	  	
Cashless exercise of 2010/2012 warrants	  	 	—  	  	 	 	13	  	
De-recognition of Series B warrants contributed back to the Company	  	 	—  	  	 	 	3	  	
Series B transaction costs in accounts payable	  	 	52	  	 	 	—  	  	
Fixed asset purchases in accounts payable	  	 	11	  	 	 	—  	  	
See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
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Capnia, Inc.
September  30, 2016
Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements
(unaudited)
Note 1. Description of Business
Capnia, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware on August 25, 1999, and is located in Redwood City, California. The Company develops and commercializes neonatology devices and diagnostics. The Company also has a therapeutics platform based on its proprietary technology for precision metering of gas flow.
On September 8, 2015, the Company established NeoForce, Inc. (“NFI”), a wholly owned subsidiary of the Company and through NFI, acquired substantially all of the assets of an unrelated privately held company NeoForce Group, Inc.(“NeoForce”). NFI develops innovative pulmonary resuscitation solutions for the inpatient and ambulatory neonatal markets.
On April 27, 2015, the Company established Capnia UK Limited, a wholly owned foreign subsidiary in the United Kingdom. Capnia UK Limited began sales and marketing operations in the first quarter of 2016.
The Company’s most recent product to launch commercially is Serenz® Allergy Relief, or Serenz, which has a CE Mark certification for sale in the European Union, or E.U. Serenz is a proprietary handheld device that delivers non-inhaled CO 2  topically to the nasal mucosa. Serenz is used only when needed, and does not need to be used on a scheduled basis. Pilot commercial sales of Serenz began in the U.K. and Ireland in the second quarter of 2016.
The Company is also selling the CoSense® End-Tidal Carbon Monoxide (ETCO) Monitor, or CoSense, which measures ETCO and aids in the detection of excessive hemolysis, a condition in which red blood cells degrade rapidly. When present in neonates with jaundice, excessive hemolysis is a dangerous condition which can lead to adverse neurological outcomes. CoSense is 510(k) cleared for sale in the U.S. and has CE Mark certification for sale in the E.U. In addition, through the Company’s wholly owned subsidiary NFI, the Company also develops and globally markets assets relating to innovative pulmonary resuscitation solutions for the inpatient and ambulatory neonatal markets. NFI’s primary product is the NeoPip T-piece resuscitator and related consumable, which delivers consistent pre-set inspiratory pressure and positive end-expiratory pressures. Other NFI products include temperature probes, scales, surgical tables and patient surfaces.
Note 2. Liquidity, Financial Condition and Management’s Plans
The Company had a net loss of approximately $9.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and has an accumulated deficit of approximately $95.7 million at September 30, 2016 from having incurred losses since its inception. The Company has approximately $4.7 million of working capital at September 30, 2016 and used approximately $10.8 million of cash in its operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. The Company has financed its operations principally through issuances of debt and equity securities.
On July 24, 2015, the Company entered into a Common Stock Purchase Agreement (the “Aspire Purchase Agreement”) with Aspire Capital, LLC (“Aspire”) which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million in value of shares of the Company’s Common Stock over the 24-month term of the Aspire Purchase Agreement. From July 24, 2015 through September 30, 2016, the Company had issued an aggregate of 506,585 shares of Common Stock to Aspire in exchange for approximately $1.4 million. Under the 2016 Sabby Purchase
 
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Agreement entered into on June 29, 2016, as described below, the Company is unable to access funds from Aspire Capital pursuant to the Aspire Purchase Agreement until January 24, 2017, 120 days after the date the SEC declared the registration statement effective covering the securities being issued under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement.
On October 12, 2015, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “ 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement”) with funds managed by Sabby Management, LLC (“Sabby”), to purchase up to $10 million worth of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Series A Convertible Preferred Stock”). The sale of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock closed in two separate closings. On October 15, 2015, the date of the first closing, the Company received proceeds of approximately $4.1 million, net of $0.4 million in estimated expenses. On January 8, 2016, the date of the second closing, the Company received proceeds of approximately $5.0 million, net of $0.5 million in estimated expenses.
On June 29, 2016, the Company entered into a second Securities Purchase Agreement (the “2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement”) with Sabby, pursuant to which the Company agreed to sell to Sabby, in a private placement, an aggregate of up to 13,780 shares of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock at an aggregate purchase price of $13,780,000, which shares are convertible into 13,780,000 shares of Common Stock (the “Series B Convertible Preferred Stock”), based on a fixed conversion price of $1.00 per share on an as-converted basis. Under the terms of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, in no event shall shares of Common stock be issued to Sabby upon conversion of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to the extent such issuance of shares of Common Stock would result in Sabby having ownership in excess of 4.99%. In connection with the transactions required under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, the Company was obligated to repurchase from Sabby an aggregate of 7,780 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock held by Sabby for an aggregate amount of $7,780,000, which shares were originally purchased by Sabby under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement and which shares represent 4,205,405 shares of Common Stock on an as-converted basis. The sale of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock closed in two separate closings. On July 5, 2016, the date of the first closing, the Company received proceeds of approximately $1.3 million, net of $0.1 million in estimated expenses. On September 29, 2016, the date of the second closing, the Company received proceeds of approximately $4.4 million, net of $0.3 million in estimated expenses. After the repurchase of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and estimated transaction expenses, the Company received approximately $5.6 million of net proceeds from the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement.
The Company expects to continue incurring losses for the foreseeable future and may be required to raise additional capital to pursue its product development initiatives and penetrate markets for the sale of its products. Management believes that the Company’s commercial products, including CoSense, the other neonatology products and Serenz, and the distribution strategies implemented will begin to generate meaningful revenue and corresponding cash in the near term. In addition, the Company has been successful over the last 12 months in raising additional capital including the completed closings pursuant to the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement and the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement on June 29, 2016. Management believes that the Company will continue to have access to capital resources through possible public or private equity offerings, debt financings, corporate collaborations or other means; however, the Company has not secured any commitment for future financing at this time, nor can it provide any assurance that new financing will be available on commercially acceptable terms, if at all. If the Company is unable to secure additional capital, it may be required to curtail its development of new products and take additional measures to reduce costs in order to conserve its cash in amounts sufficient to sustain operations and meet its obligations. These measures could cause significant delays in the Company’s efforts to commercialize its products, which is critical to the realization of its business plan and the future operations of the Company.
These conditions raise substantial doubt about our ability to continue as a going concern.
 
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Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
There have been no material changes to the significant accounting policies during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 as compared to the significant accounting policies described in Note 3 of the “Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements” in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. Below are those policies with current period updates:
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) for interim financial information. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and notes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. The condensed consolidated balance sheet at December 31, 2015 has been derived from the audited consolidated financial statements at that date, but does not include all disclosures, including notes, required by GAAP for complete financial statements.
The unaudited interim condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the same basis as the audited consolidated financial statements and, in the opinion of management, reflect all adjustments of a normal recurring nature considered necessary to present fairly the Company’s financial position as of September 30, 2016 and results of its operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 and cash flows for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015. The interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results for any future interim period or for the entire year. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to current period presentation.
The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements and related financial information should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2015 included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of expenses in the financial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Key estimates included in the financial statements include the valuation of: deferred income tax assets, liability and equity instruments, stock-based compensation, acquired intangibles, contingent earn-out consideration, and allowances for accounts receivable and inventory.
Inventory
As of December 31, 2015 and September 30, 2016, the Company’s inventory was comprised of the following (in thousands):

 	  	September 30,
2016	 	  	December 31,
2015	 	
Raw materials	  	$	385	  	  	$	106	  	
Work-in-process	  	 	164	  	  	 	399	  	
Finished goods	  	 	154	  	  	 	46	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total inventory	  	$	703	  	  	$	551	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market under the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method. The Company recorded a lower of cost or market write down to inventory of $72 thousand during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
 
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Intangible Assets
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range in term from 5 to 12 years. The useful life of the intangible asset is evaluated each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining useful life.
Goodwill
The Company tests its goodwill for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred, by comparing its reporting unit’s carrying value to its implied fair value. Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in the performance of the acquired business, adverse market conditions, adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations and a variety of other circumstances. If the Company determines that an impairment has occurred, it is required to record a write-down of the carrying value and charge the impairment as an operating expense in the period the determination is made. In evaluating the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill the Company must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of the acquired assets. Changes in strategy or market conditions could significantly impact those judgments in the future and require an adjustment to the recorded balances. There was no impairment of goodwill for the nine months ended September 30, 2016. Such goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes and represents the value placed on entering new markets and expanding market share.
Common Stock Purchase Warrants and Other Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company classifies Common Stock purchase warrants and other free standing derivative financial instruments as equity if the contracts (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) give the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company classifies any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the control of the Company), (ii) give the counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement), or (iii) contain reset provisions as either an asset or a liability. The Company assesses classification of its freestanding derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities is required. The Company determined that certain freestanding derivatives, which principally consist of Series A, Series B, and Series C Warrants to purchase Common Stock, do not satisfy the criteria for classification as equity instruments due to the existence of certain cash settlement features that are not within the sole control of the Company or variable settlement provision that cause them to not be indexed to the Company’s own stock.
Due to certain provisions contained in the Series B Warrant agreement that provides for the Company potentially issuing an unlimited number of shares upon exercise, the Company had adopted a sequencing policy that reclassified contracts, with the exception of stock options, from equity to assets or liabilities for those with the latest inception date first. The Company had evaluated the issuance of securities as to reclassification as a liability under this sequencing policy through February 12, 2016, the date that the Series B Warrants expired.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
There have been no new accounting pronouncements or changes to accounting pronouncements during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 as compared to the recent accounting pronouncements described in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015 that are of significance or potential significance to the Company.
Note 4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items.
 
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Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.
The fair value hierarchy defines a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:
 
 	•	 	Level I Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;	
 
 	•	 	Level II Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level I that are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and	
 
 	•	 	Level III Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity for the related assets or liabilities.	
The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The following table sets forth the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

 	  	Fair Value Measurements at
September 30, 2016	 	
 	  	Total	 	  	Level 1	 	  	Level 2	 	  	Level 3	 	
Assets	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Money market fund	  	$	4,879	  	  	$	4,879	  	  	$	—  	  	  	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Liabilities	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Series A warrant liability	  	$	509	  	  	$	509	  	  	$	—  	  	  	$	—  	  	
Series C warrant liability	  	 	115	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	115	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total liabilities	  	$	624	  	  	$	509	  	  	$	—  	  	  	$	115	  	

 	  	Fair Value Measurements at
December 31, 2015	 	
 	  	Total	 	  	Level 1	 	  	Level 2	 	  	Level 3	 	
Assets	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Money market fund	  	$	3,804	  	  	$	3,804	  	  	$	—  	  	  	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Liabilities	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Series A warrant liability	  	$	1,213	  	  	$	1,213	  	  	$	—  	  	  	$	—  	  	
Series B warrant liability	  	 	865	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	865	  	
Series C warrant liability	  	 	462	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	462	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total common stock warrant liability	  	$	2,540	  	  	$	1,213	  	  	$	—  	  	  	$	1,327	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The Series A Warrant is a registered security that trades on the open market. The fair value of the Series A Warrant liability is based on the publicly quoted trading price of the warrants which is listed on and obtained from NASDAQ. Accordingly, the fair value of Series A Warrants is a Level 1 measurement. The fair value measurements of the Series B and Series C Warrants are based on significant inputs that are unobservable and thus represent Level 3 measurements. The Company’s estimated fair value of the Series B Warrant liability is calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Key assumptions include the volatility of the Company’s stock, the expected warrant term, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates (see Note 5). The Company’s
 
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estimated fair value of the Series C Warrant liability is calculated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Key assumptions include the volatility of the Company’s stock, the expected warrant term, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates (see Note 5). The Level 3 estimates are based, in part, on subjective assumptions.
The agreement to pay the annual royalty in the NeoForce acquisition resulted in the recognition of a contingent consideration, which was recognized on the acquisition date. Subsequent changes to estimates of the amount of contingent consideration to be paid will be recognized as charges or credits in the statement of operations. The fair value of the contingent consideration is based on preliminary cash flow projections, growth in expected product sales and other assumptions. Based on the assumptions, the fair value of the royalty obligation was determined to be $153 thousand at the date of acquisition and $188 thousand as of September 30, 2016. The fair value of the royalty obligation was determined by applying the income approach, using several significant unobservable inputs for projected cash flows and a discount rate of 20% commensurate with the Company’s cost of capital and expectation of the revenue growth for products at their life cycle stage. These inputs are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value measurements and disclosure guidance.
On January 13, 2016 we entered into an agreement to sublease our excess space located in Redwood City. By the end of February we removed all equipment, furniture and fixtures being stored in this excess space and ceased use of this space. The fair value of the cease-use liability was calculated using the remaining lease payments, offset by future sub-lease payments, offset by deferred rent amortization, and discounted to present value using our current cost of capital of 20%. These inputs are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value measurements and disclosure guidance.
During the periods presented, the Company has not changed the manner in which it values liabilities that are measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the periods presented.
The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 1 and Level 3 warrants, which are treated as liabilities, as follows (dollars in thousands):

 	  	Series A Warrant	 	 	Series B Warrant	 	 	Series C Warrant	 	
 	  	Number of
Warrants	 	  	Liability	 	 	Number of
Warrants	 	 	Liability	 	 	Number of
Warrants	 	  	Liability	 	
Balance at December 31, 2015	  	 	2,425,605	  	  	$	1,213	  	 	 	116,580	  	 	$	865	  	 	 	590,415	  	  	$	462	  	
Change in value of Series A Warrants	  	 	—  	  	  	 	(704	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
De-recognition of Series B Warrant liability upon cashless exercise of warrants (485,202 shares issued)	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(102,300	) 	 	 	(593	) 	 	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
De-recognition of Series B Warrant liability upon expiration	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(14,280	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
Change in value of Series B Warrants	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(272	) 	 	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
Change in value of Series C Warrants	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	  	 	(347	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Balance at September 30, 2016	  	 	2,425,605	  	  	$	509	  	 	 	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	590,415	  	  	$	115	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Note 5. Warrant Liabilities
Warrants terms
The Company has issued Series A Warrants, Series B Warrants and Series C Warrants (the “Warrants”).
The Company’s Warrants contain standard anti-dilution provisions for stock dividends, stock splits, subdivisions, combinations and similar types of recapitalization events. They also contain a cashless exercise
 
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feature that provides for their net share settlement at the option of the holder in the event that there is no effective registration statement covering the continuous offer and sale of the warrants and underlying shares. The Company is required to comply with certain requirement to cause or maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement for the offer and sale of these securities. The Warrant contracts further provide for the payment of liquidated damages at an amount per month equal to 1% of the aggregate VWAP of the shares into which each Warrant is convertible into in the event that the Company is unable to maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement as described herein. The Company evaluated the registration payment arrangement stipulated in the terms of these securities and determined that it is probable that the Company will maintain an effective registration statement and has therefore not allocated any portion of the Company’s cash or cash equivalents to the registration payment arrangement. The Warrants also contain a fundamental transactions provision that permits their settlement in cash at fair value at the option of the holder upon the occurrence of a change in control. Such change in control events include tender offers or hostile takeovers, which are not within the sole control of the Company as the issuer of these Warrants. Accordingly, the Warrants are considered to have a cash settlement feature that precludes their classification as equity instruments. Settlement at fair value upon the occurrence of a fundamental transaction would be computed using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model.
Accounting Treatment
The Company accounts for the Warrants in accordance with the guidance in ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. As indicated above, the Company may be obligated to settle Warrants in cash in the case of a Fundamental Transaction.
The Company classified the Warrants as liabilities at their fair value and will re-measure the warrants at each balance sheet date until they are exercised or expire. Any change in the fair value is recognized as other income (expense) in the Company’s statement of operations.
Under ASC 815-40-35, the Company adopted a sequencing policy that reclassifies contracts, with the exception of stock options, from equity to assets or liabilities for those with the latest inception date first. Future issuance of securities will be evaluated as to reclassification as a liability under our sequencing policy of latest inception date first until either all of the Series B Warrants are settled or expire. The Series B Warrants expired on February 12, 2016.
Series A Warrants
The Company has issued 2,449,605 Series A Warrants to purchase shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $6.50 per share in connection with the unit offering offered in the Company’s initial public offering (“IPO”) in November 2014. The Series A Warrants are exercisable at any time prior to the expiration of the five-year term on November 12, 2019.
Upon the completion of the IPO, the Series A Warrants started trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol CAPNW. As the Series A Warrants are publicly traded, the Company uses the closing price on the measurement date to determine the fair value of these the Series A Warrants.
Since their issuance, a total of 24,000 Series A Warrants have been exercised. As of September 30, 2016, the fair value of the 2,425,605 outstanding Series A Warrants was approximately 509 thousand, and the decrease of $704 thousand in fair value during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was recorded as other income in the statement of operations.
Series B Warrants
The Company issued 2,449,605 Series B Warrants to purchase shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $6.50 per share in connection with the IPO.
 
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Between January 1, 2016 and the expiration date of the Series B Warrants of February 12, 2016, certain holders of Series B warrants cashless exercised a total of 102,300 Series B Warrants resulting in the issuance of 485,202 shares of Common Stock and the derecognition of approximately $593 thousand in Series B Warrant liability. The remaining Series B Warrant liability was reduced to zero upon expiration resulting in the recording of $272 thousand in other income in the statement of operations. The remaining Series B Warrants expired unexercised on February 12, 2016.
Series C Warrants
On March 5, 2015, the Company entered into separate agreements with certain Series B Warrant holders, who agreed to exercise their Series B Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 589510 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $6.50 per share, resulting in the de-recognition of $6.7 million of Series B Warrant liability and gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $3.8 million based on the exercise price of the Series B Warrants. In connection with this exercise of the Series B Warrants, the Company issued to each investor who exercised Series B Warrants, new Series C Warrants for the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock underlying the Series B Warrants that were exercised. Each Series C Warrant is exercisable at $6.25 per share and will expire on March 5, 2020.
In April 2015, the Company issued a tender offer to the remaining holders of Series B Warrants to induce the holders to cash exercise the outstanding Series B Warrants in exchange for new Series C Warrants with an exercise price of $6.25 per share that expire on March 5, 2020. The tender offer was extended to Series B Warrant holders under a registration statement filed with the SEC on Form S-4, which was declared effective on June 25, 2015 and expired on July 24, 2015. During July 2015, certain Series B Warrant holder(s) tendered their Series B Warrants under the tender offer, which resulted in the issuance of 905 shares of the Company’s Common Stock, the issuance of 905 Series C Warrants and proceeds to the Company of $5,882.
The Series C Warrants are exercisable into 590,415 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As of September 30, 2016, the fair value of the Series C Warrants was determined to be $115 thousand. The decline in the fair value of the Series C Warrants of $347 thousand in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 was recorded as other income in the consolidated statement of operations.
The Company has calculated the fair value of the Series C Warrants using a Black-Scholes pricing model, which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. The Company used the following inputs:

 	  	September 30,
2016	 	 	December 31,
2015	 	
Volatility	  	 	90	% 	 	 	90	% 	
Expected Term (years)	  	 	3.42	  	 	 	4.17	  	
Expected dividend yield	  	 	—  	% 	 	 	—  	% 	
Risk-free rate	  	 	0.93	% 	 	 	1.76	% 	
Note 6. Commitments and Contingencies
Facility Leases
On July 1, 2015 the Company executed a new four year non-cancelable operating lease agreement for 8,171 square feet of office space for its headquarters facility. The lease agreement provides for monthly lease payments of $23,300 beginning in September of 2015, with increases in the following three years. An additional 5,265 square feet of office space became part of the new lease agreement on March 1, 2016.
The Company leases office space under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement which was set to expire in May 2015. On February 2, 2015, the Company signed an amendment to its lease agreement, extending the
 
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lease through June 2018. The amendment provides for monthly lease payments of $22,000 beginning in June 2015, with increases in the following two years. The Company subleased this facility in January 2016 and ceased use of the facility in March 2016 (See Note 4).
The Company also leases approximately 2,100 square feet of office space for its operations in Ivyland, Pennsylvania under a month-to-month lease.
Rent expense was $462 thousand and $221 thousand during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.
Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.
In connection with the acquisition of the assets of NeoForce, the Company agreed to pay the former NeoForce shareholder an annual royalty payment for a period of 36 months. The agreement to pay the annual royalty resulted in the recognition of a contingent consideration, which was recognized at the closing of the transaction, and subsequent changes to estimate of the amounts of contingent consideration to be paid will be recognized as charges or credits in the statement of operations. The fair value of the contingent consideration is based on preliminary cash flow projections, growth in expected product sales and other assumptions. Based on the assumptions, the fair value of the royalty obligation was determined to be $153 thousand at the date of acquisition and $188 thousand at September 30, 2016. The long-term portion of the royalty obligation, $144 thousand, is classified as part of other long-term liabilities while the remaining current portion is included in accrued compensation and other current liabilities.
Note 7. Stockholders’ Equity
Convertible Preferred Stock
The Company is authorized to issue 10,000,000 shares of Preferred Stock.
The Company issued a total of 10,000 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock under the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement, with a par value of $0.001 and a stated value of $1,000 per share. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock did not have an expiration date and were not redeemable at the option of the holders. During the three months ended March 31, 2016 and June 30, 2016, the holders of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock converted 1,665 and 555, respectively, shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock resulting in the issuance of 900,000 and 300,000 shares of Common Stock, respectively. Under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, the remaining 7,780 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock were repurchased.
The Company has issued a total of 13,780 Series B Convertible Preferred Stock under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, with a par value of $0.001 and a stated value of $1,000 per share. Under the terms of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, in no event shall shares of Common stock be issued to Sabby upon conversion of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock to the extent such issuance of shares of Common Stock would result in Sabby having ownership in excess of 4.99%. The Series B Convertible Preferred Stock do not have an expiration date and are not redeemable at the option of the holders. In connection with each close of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, the Company was obligated to repurchase the remaining outstanding Series A Convertible Preferred Stock at the original issuance price. In addition, the exercise price of the existing Series D Warrants originally issued in conjunction with the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement was reduced from $2.46 to $1.75 per share on the effective date of the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement.
 
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The Company has recognized the repurchase of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock as an extinguishment of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. The Company compared the fair value of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock immediately after the two close dates under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement to the carrying value of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock immediately prior to the two close dates under the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement. The Company recorded the excess of the aggregate fair value of the Series B Convertible Preferred Stock, $3.4 million, as a loss on extinguishment. In addition, the Company estimated the effect of modifying the exercise price on the existing Series D warrants to be $203 thousand. The Company therefore recorded a total of $3.7 million extinguishment loss to net loss applicable to common stockholders.
Stock Option Plan
The Company has adopted the 1999 Incentive Stock Plan, the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, and the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (together, the “Plans”). The 1999 Incentive Stock Plan expired in 2009, and the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan has been closed to new issuances. Therefore, the Company may issue options to purchase shares of common stock to employees, directors, and consultants only under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan. Options granted under the 2014 Plan may be incentive stock options (“ISOs”) or nonqualified stock options (“NSOs”). ISOs may be granted only to Company employees and directors. NSOs may be granted to employees, directors, advisors, and consultants. The Board of Directors has the authority to determine to whom options will be granted, the number of options, the term, and the exercise price.
Options are to be granted at an exercise price not less than fair value for an ISO or 85% of fair value for an NSO. For individuals holding more than 10% of the voting rights of all classes of stock, the exercise price of an option will not be less than 110% of fair value. The vesting period is normally monthly over a period of 4 years from the vesting date. The contractual term of an option is no longer than 5 years for ISOs for which the grantee owns greater than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock and no longer than ten years for all other options.
The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to options granted to employees for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 of $560 thousand and $746 thousand, respectively. The compensation expense is allocated on a departmental basis, based on the classification of the option holder. No income tax benefits have been recognized in the statements of operations for stock-based compensation arrangements as of September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015.
Stock compensation expense (in thousands) was allocated between departments as follows:

 	  	Three Months Ended
September 30,	 	  	Nine Months Ended
September 30,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	
Research & Development	  	$	41	  	  	$	27	  	  	$	116	  	  	$	99	  	
Sales & Marketing	  	 	11	  	  	 	17	  	  	 	22	  	  	 	51	  	
General & Administrative	  	 	154	  	  	 	100	  	  	 	422	  	  	 	596	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	206	  	  	$	144	  	  	$	560	  	  	$	746	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The fair value of an equity award granted to a non-employee generally is determined in the same manner as an equity award granted to an employee. In most cases, the fair value of the equity securities granted is more reliably determinable than the fair value of the goods or services received. Stock-based compensation related to its grant of options to non-employees has not been material to date.
2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Our Board of Directors and stockholders have adopted the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP. The ESPP has become effective, and our Board of Directors will implement commencement of offers
 
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thereunder in its discretion. A total of 139,839 shares of our Common Stock has been made available for sale under the ESPP. In addition, our ESPP provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance under the plan on the first day of each year beginning in the year following the initial date that our Board of Directors authorizes commencement, equal to the least of:
 
 	•	 	1.0% of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock on the first day of such year; 279,680 shares; or	
 
 	•	 	such amount as determined by our Board of Directors.	
As of September 30, 2016 there were no purchases by employees under this plan.
Series D Warrants
As part of the 2015 Sabby Purchase Agreement, the Company previously issued 2,810,811 Series D Warrants, with an exercise price of $2.46, which the exercise price of 2,702,704 Series D Warrants were subsequently amended to $1.75 per share and a term of five years expiring on October 15, 2020. The exercise price of the remaining 108,108 Series D Warrants issued to Maxim LLC, as placement agent, was $2.46, and are exercisable beginning on April 15, 2016 and through and including October 15, 2020. The Company’s Series D Warrants contain standard anti-dilution provisions for stock dividends, stock splits, subdivisions, combinations and similar types of recapitalization events. They also contain a cashless exercise feature that provides for their net share settlement at the option of the holder in the event that there is no effective registration statement covering the continuous offer and sale of the warrants and underlying shares. The Company is required to comply with certain requirement to cause or maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement for the offer and sale of these securities. The Series D Warrant agreement further provides for the payment of liquidated damages at an amount per month equal to 1% of the aggregate VWAP of the shares into which each Series D Warrant is convertible into in the event that the Company is unable to maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement as described herein. The Company evaluated the registration payment arrangement stipulated in the terms of this securities agreement and determined that it is probable that the Company will maintain an effective registration statement and has therefore not allocated any portion of the proceeds to the registration payment arrangement. The Series D Warrant agreement specifically provides that under no circumstances will the Company be required to settle any Series D Warrant exercise for cash, whether by net settlement or otherwise.
As part of the 2016 Sabby Purchase Agreement, the Company issued to Maxim LLC, as its placement agent, 120,000 Series D Warrants, with an exercise price of $1.75 and a term of five years expiring in July and September of 2021.
Accounting Treatment
The Company accounts for the Series D Warrants in accordance with the guidance in ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. As indicated above, the Company is not required under any circumstance to settle any Series D Warrant exercise for cash. The Company has therefore classified the value of the Series D Warrants as permanent equity.
Other Common Stock Warrants
As of September 30, 2016, the Company had 480147 Common Stock warrants outstanding originally issued in conjunction with the 2010/2012 convertible notes, with an exercise price of $4.87 and a term of 10 years expiring in November 2024. The Company also has outstanding 9,259 Common Stock warrants issued in 2009, with an exercise price of $21.60 and a term of 10 years, expiring in January 2019 and 82,500 Common Stock warrants issued to the underwriter in our IPO, with an exercise price of 7.14 and a term of 10 years, expiring in November 2024.
 
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Note 8. Net loss per share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of Common Stock actually outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of Common Stock outstanding and dilutive potential Common Stock that would be issued upon the exercise of Common Stock warrants and options. For the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 and the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the effect of issuing the potential common stock is anti-dilutive due to the net losses in those periods and the number of shares used to compute basic and diluted earnings per share are the same in each of those periods.
The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding have been excluded from the computations of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding because such securities have an antidilutive impact due to losses reported (in Common Stock equivalent shares):

 	  	Three Months Ended
September 30,	 	  	Nine Months Ended
September 30,	 	
 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	  	2016	 	  	2015	 	
Convertible preferred stock of 13,780 shares	  	 	13,780,000	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	13,780,000	  	  	 	—  	  	
Warrants issued to 2010/2012 convertible note holders to purchase common stock	  	 	480,147	  	  	 	480,147	  	  	 	480,147	  	  	 	480,147	  	
Options to purchase common stock	  	 	2,938,152	  	  	 	1,863,171	  	  	 	2,938,152	  	  	 	1,863,171	  	
Warrants issued in 2009 to purchase common stock	  	 	9,259	  	  	 	9,259	  	  	 	9,259	  	  	 	9,259	  	
Warrants issued to underwriter to purchase common stock	  	 	82,500	  	  	 	82,500	  	  	 	82,500	  	  	 	82,500	  	
Series A Warrants to purchase common stock	  	 	2,425,605	  	  	 	2,425,605	  	  	 	2,425,605	  	  	 	2,425,605	  	
Series B Warrants to purchase common stock	  	 	—  	  	  	 	527,573	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	527,573	  	
Series C Warrants to purchase common stock	  	 	590,415	  	  	 	590,415	  	  	 	590,415	  	  	 	590,415	  	
Series D Warrants to purchase common stock	  	 	2,930,812	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	2,930,812	  	  	 	—  	  	
Note 9. Subsequent Events
On October 24, 2016, the Company received a letter from the Listing Qualifications Department of the Nasdaq Stock Market (“Nasdaq”) indicating that, based upon the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock for the last 30 consecutive business days, the Company did not meet the minimum bid price of $1.00 per share required for continued listing on Nasdaq pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5550(a)(2). The letter also indicated that the Company will be provided with a compliance period of 180 calendar days, or until April 24, 2017, in which to regain compliance pursuant to Nasdaq Listing Rule 5810(c)(3)(A). The letter further provided that if, at any time during the 180-day period, the closing bid price of the Company’s common stock is at least $1.00 for a minimum of ten consecutive business days, Nasdaq will provide the Company with written confirmation that it has achieved compliance with the minimum bid price requirement. If the Company does not regain compliance by April 24, 2017, an additional 180 days may be granted to regain compliance if the Company (i) meets the continued listing requirement for market value of publicly held shares and all other initial listing standards for Nasdaq (except for the bid price requirement) and (ii) provides written notice of its intention to cure the deficiency during the second 180-day compliance period.
On November 7, 2016, the two funds managed by Sabby converted 200 shares of their Series B Convertible Stock into 200,000 shares of Common Stock.
 
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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Audit Committee of the
Board of Directors and Shareholders
of Capnia, Inc.
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Capnia, Inc. (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the related consolidated statements of operations, convertible preferred stock and stockholders’ equity/(deficit) and cash flows for the years then ended. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Capnia, Inc., as of December 31, 2015 and 2014, and the consolidated results of its operations and its cash flows for the years then ended in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.
/s/ Marcum LLP
Marcum LLP
New York, NY
March 25, 2016
 
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Capnia, Inc.
Consolidated Balance Sheets

 	  	December 31,
2015	 	 	December 31,
2014	 	
Assets	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current assets	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents	  	$	5,494,523	  	 	$	7,956,710	  	
Accounts receivable	  	 	156,127	  	 	 	—  	  	
Restricted Cash	  	 	35,000	  	 	 	20,000	  	
Inventory	  	 	551,008	  	 	 	109,336	  	
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	  	 	167,642	  	 	 	252,272	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current assets	  	 	6,404,300	  	 	 	8,338,318	  	
Long-term assets	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Property and equipment, net	  	 	85,745	  	 	 	57,607	  	
Goodwill	  	 	718,003	  	 	 	—  	  	
Other intangible assets, net	  	 	916,807	  	 	 	—  	  	
Other assets	  	 	76,340	  	 	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total assets	  	$	8,201,195	  	 	$	8,395,925	  	

Liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Current liabilities	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts payable	  	$	695,056	  	 	$	986,799	  	
Accrued compensation and other current liabilities	  	 	1,632,679	  	 	 	201,457	  	
Series B warrant liability	  	 	865,000	  	 	 	 	 	
Line of credit and accrued interest	  	 	—  	  	 	 	101,529	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total current liabilities	  	 	3,192,735	  	 	 	1,289,785	  	
Long-term liabilities	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Series A warrant liability	  	 	1,212,803	  	 	 	857,362	  	
Series B warrant liability	  	 	—  	  	 	 	17,438,731	  	
Series C warrant liability	  	 	462,437	  	 	 	 	 	
Other liabilities	  	 	109,404	  	 	 	—  	  	
Commitments and contingencies (Note 8)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stockholders’ equity (deficit)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Series A convertible preferred stock, $0.001 par value, 40,000 shares authorized, 4,555 and 0 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively.	  	 	5	  	 	 	—  	  	
Common stock, $0.001 par value, 100,000,000 shares authorized, 14,017,909 and 6,769,106 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively.	  	 	14,018	  	 	 	6,769	  	
Additional paid-in-capital	  	 	89,456,466	  	 	 	59,141,405	  	
Accumulated deficit	  	 	(86,246,673	) 	 	 	(70,338,127	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total stockholders’ equity (deficit)	  	 	3,223,816	  	 	 	(11,189,953	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity (deficit)	  	$	8,201,195	  	 	$	8,395,925	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
 
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Capnia, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Operations

 	  	Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,	 	
 	  	2015	 	 	2014	 	
Product revenue	  	$	387,555	  	 	$	—  	  	
Government grant revenue	  	 	219,917	  	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total revenue	  	 	607,472	  	 	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cost of goods sold	  	 	352,683	  	 	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Gross profit	  	 	254,789	  	 	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Expenses	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Research and development	  	 	4,536,244	  	 	 	2,242,216	  	
Sales and marketing	  	 	1,737,470	  	 	 	252,359	  	
General and administrative	  	 	6,140,821	  	 	 	2,665,154	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Total expenses	  	 	12,414,535	  	 	 	5,159,729	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Operating income (loss)	  	 	(12,159,746	) 	 	 	(5,159,729	) 	
Interest and other income (expense)	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Interest income	  	 	—  	  	 	 	1,085	  	
Other expense	  	 	(183,565	) 	 	 	(7,243	) 	
Interest expense	  	 	—  	  	 	 	(4,130,394	) 	
Change in fair value of warrants liabilities	  	 	(515,860	) 	 	 	(3,941,335	) 	
Inducement charge for Series C warrants	  	 	(3,049,375	) 	 	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(15,908,546	) 	 	$	(13,237,616	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Basic and diluted net loss per common share	  	$	(1.69	) 	 	$	(10.42	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Weighted-average common shares outstanding used to calculate basic and diluted net loss per common share	  	 	9,425,880	  	 	 	1,270,033	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
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Table of Contents
CAPNIA, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CONVERTIBLE PREFERRED STOCK AND STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY/(DEFICIT)

 	 	Series A Convertible
Preferred Stock	 	 	Series B Convertible
Preferred Stock	 	 	Series C Convertible
Preferred Stock	 	 	 	 	 	Common Stock	 	 	Additional
Paid-In
Capital	 	 	Accumulated
Deficit	 	 	Total
Stockholders’
Deficit	 	 	
 	 	    Shares    	 	 	    Amount    	 	 	    Shares    	 	 	    Amount    	 	 	    Shares    	 	 	    Amount    	 	 	 	 	 	    Shares    	 	 	    Amount    	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at January 1, 2014	 	 	31,250	  	 	$	1,500,000	  	 	 	119,140	  	 	$	6,862,939	  	 	 	715,039	  	 	$	15,445,109	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	522,360	  	 	$	522	  	 	$	19,197,109	  	 	$	(53,393,268	) 	 	$	(34,195,637	) 	 	 	
Stock-based compensation	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	345,435	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	345,435	  	 	 	
Conversion of preferred stock to common stock in IPO	 	 	(31,250	) 	 	 	(1,500,000	) 	 	 	(119,140	) 	 	 	(6,862,939	) 	 	 	(715,039	) 	 	 	(15,445,109	) 	 	 	 	 	 	 	865,429	  	 	 	865	  	 	 	23,807,183	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	23,808,048	  	 	 	
Stock warrant liability reclassification	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1,220,718	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1,220,718	  	 	 	
Issuance of common stock in IPO (net of discounts & commission of $861,948)	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	1,650,000	  	 	 	1,650	  	 	 	9,844,902	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	9,846,552	  	 	 	
Issuance of Series A & B warrants for overallotment exercise	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	18,975	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	18,975	  	 	 	
Beneficial conversion feature in connection with related party convertible promissory notes	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1,723,984	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	1,723,984	  	 	 	
Conversion of 2010/2012 notes payable into common stock in IPO	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	3,165,887	  	 	 	3,166	  	 	 	15,406,944	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	15,410,110	  	 	 	
Conversion of 2014 notes payable into units in IPO	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	552,105	  	 	 	552	  	 	 	2,511,567	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	2,512,119	  	 	 	
Deferred IPO costs	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(1,830,450	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(1,830,450	) 	 	 	
Series B warrants treated as derivative liability	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(11,649,106	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(11,649,106	) 	 	 	
Series A warrants treated as derivative liability	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(1,494,259	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(1,494,259	) 	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(13,237,616	) 	 	 	(13,237,616	) 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2014	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	6,769,106	  	 	 	6,769	  	 	 	59,141,405	  	 	 	(70,338,127	) 	 	 	(11,189,953	) 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Stock based compensation	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	942,369	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	942,369	  	 	 	
Issuance of common stock for stock option exercises	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	83,848	  	 	 	84	  	 	 	293,489	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	293,573	  	 	 	
Issuance of common stock for Series A warrant exercises	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	24,000	  	 	 	24	  	 	 	155,976	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	156,000	  	 	 	
Issuance of common stock for Series B warrant exercises (net of transaction costs of $306,116)	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	619,512	  	 	 	619	  	 	 	3,720,094	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	3,720,713	  	 	 	
Issuance of common stock for Series B warrant cashless exercises	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	5,879,560	  	 	 	5,880	  	 	 	416,660	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	422,540	  	 	 	
Issuance of common stock for 2010/2012 warrant cashless exercises	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	13,407	  	 	 	13	  	 	 	(13	) 	 	$	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	
Contribution of Series B warrants	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	3,332	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	3,332	  	 	 	
Derecognition of Series A warrant liability upon exercise	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	42,000	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	42,000	  	 	 	
Derecognition of Series B warrant liability upon exercise	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	18,853,215	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	18,853,215	  	 	 	
Issuance of shares in conjunction with BDDI asset purchase	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	50,000	  	 	 	50	  	 	 	112,350	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	112,400	  	 	 	
Issuance of shares to Aspire Capital	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	71,891	  	 	 	72	  	 	 	183,250	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	183,322	  	 	 	
Sales of shares through Aspire ATM vehicle	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	506,585	  	 	 	507	  	 	 	1,433,687	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	1,434,194	  	 	 	
Issuance of Series A Convertible Preferred shares (net of transaction costs of $396,343)	 	 	4,555	  	 	 	5	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	4,158,652	  	 	$	—  	  	 	 	4,158,657	  	 	 	
Net loss	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	$	(15,908,546	) 	 	 	(15,908,546	) 	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balances at December 31, 2015	 	 	4,555	  	 	 	5	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	14,017,909	  	 	 	14,018	  	 	 	89,456,466	  	 	 	(86,246,673	) 	 	 	3,223,816	  	 	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

 	  	Fiscal Year Ended
December 31,	 	
 	  	2015	 	 	2014	 	
Cash flows from operating activities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net loss	  	$	(15,908,546	) 	 	$	(13,237,616	) 	
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Depreciation and amortization	  	 	108,228	  	 	 	28,516	  	
Stock-based compensation expense	  	 	942,369	  	 	 	345,435	  	
Loss on disposition of property and equipment	  	 	—  	  	 	 	7,727	  	
Change in fair value of stock warrants	  	 	515,860	  	 	 	3,941,335	  	
Non-cash interest expense relating to convertible promissory notes & amortization of discount on notes	  	 	—  	  	 	 	4,128,863	  	
Inducement charge for Series C warrants	  	 	3,049,375	  	 	 	—  	  	
Noncash expense of issuing shares to Aspire Capital	  	 	183,322	  	 	 	—  	  	
Non-cash interest expense relating to line of credit	  	 	—  	  	 	 	1,529	  	
Change in operating assets and liabilities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Accounts receivable	  	 	(156,127	) 	 	 	149,605	  	
Inventory	  	 	(441,672	) 	 	 	(109,336	) 	
Other receivables	  	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
Prepaid expenses and other assets	  	 	84,630	  	 	 	(167,123	) 	
Other long-term assets	  	 	(76,340	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Accounts payable	  	 	211,945	  	 	 	353,897	  	
Accrued compensation & other current liabilities	  	 	1,187,626	  	 	 	72,806	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash used in operating activities	  	 	(10,299,330	) 	 	 	(4,484,362	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from investing activities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Acquisition of Neoforce assets	  	 	(1,000,000	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Acquisition of BDDI asset (patent)	  	 	(250,000	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Increase in restricted cash	  	 	(15,000	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Purchase of property and equipment	  	 	(55,777	) 	 	 	(30,683	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash used in investing activities	  	 	(1,320,777	) 	 	 	(30,683	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash flows from financing activities:	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	  	 	293,573	  	 	 	—  	  	
Proceeds from exercise of Series A warrants	  	 	156,000	  	 	 	—  	  	
Proceeds from exercise of Series B warrants	  	 	3,720,713	  	 	 	—  	  	
Proceeds from issuance of common stock to Aspire Capital	  	 	1,434,194	  	 	 	—  	  	
Proceeds from issuance of Series A Convertible Preferred	  	 	4,230,150	  	 	 	—  	  	
Repayment of credit line	  	 	(101,529	) 	 	 	—  	  	
Proceeds from issuance of preferred stock warrants	  	 	—  	  	 	 	1,946	  	
Proceeds from issuance of convertible notes payable	  	 	—  	  	 	 	2,490,781	  	
Proceeds from line of credit	  	 	—  	  	 	 	100,000	  	
Proceeds from Initial Public Offering	  	 	—  	  	 	 	10,727,475	  	
Initial Public Offering costs paid	  	 	(575,181	) 	 	 	(2,117,217	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net cash provided by financing activities	  	 	9,157,920	  	 	 	11,202,985	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	  	 	(2,462,187	) 	 	 	6,687,940	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	  	 	7,956,710	  	 	 	1,268,770	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	  	$	5,494,523	  	 	$	7,956,710	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Supplemental disclosures of noncash investing and financing information	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Series A preferred convertible stock transaction costs included in Accounts Payable	  	$	71,493	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
De-recognition of Series B warrant liability through cash exercise	  	$	6,747,765	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
De-recognition of Series B warrant liability through cashless exercise	  	$	12,527,991	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
De-recognition of Series A warrant liability through cash exercise	  	$	42,000	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
BDDI patent purchase consideration included in accrued liabilities	  	$	200,000	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Shares issued as consideration for BDDI patent purchase	  	$	112,400	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Cashless exercise of 2010 and 2012 warrants	  	$	13	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Contribution of Series B warrants	  	$	3,332	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Initial Public Offering costs accrued and included in Accounts Payable	  	$	—  	  	 	$	575,181	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Beneficial conversion feature related to the warrants to purchase shares of convertible preferred stock in connection with convertible promissory notes	  	$	—  	  	 	$	1,723,984	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Issuance of warrants for the purchase of convertible preferred stock in connection with notes payable	  	$	—  	  	 	$	966,978	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2014 notes payable converted into units in the IPO	  	$	—  	  	 	$	2,512,119	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
2010/2012 notes payable converted into common stock in conjunction with IPO	  	$	—  	  	 	$	15,410,110	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
Note 1. Description of Business
Capnia, Inc. (the “Company”) was incorporated in the State of Delaware on August 25, 1999, and is located in Redwood City, California. The Company develops and commercializes neonatology devices and diagnostics. The Company also has a therapeutics platform based on its proprietary technology for precision metering of gas flow.
On September 2, 2015, the Company established NeoForce, Inc. (“NFI”), a wholly owned subsidiary incorporated in the State of Delaware. On September 8, 2015, NFI, acquired substantially all of the assets of an unrelated privately held company NeoForce Group, Inc. (“NeoForce”) in exchange for an upfront cash payment of $1.0 million and royalties on future sales (see Note 15). NeoForce developed innovative pulmonary resuscitation solutions for the inpatient and ambulatory neonatal markets that the Company is now marketing through NFI.
On April 27, 2015, the Company established Capnia UK Limited, a wholly owned foreign subsidiary in the United Kingdom. There have been no significant activities for this entity to date.
The Company’s first diagnostic product, CoSense®, aids in diagnosis of excessive hemolysis, a condition in which red blood cells degrade rapidly. When present in neonates with jaundice, hemolysis is a dangerous condition which can lead to adverse neurological outcomes. CoSense has 510(k) clearance for sale in the U.S. with a specific Indication for Use related to hemolysis issued, and has received CE Mark certification for sale in the European Union (“E.U.”). CoSense is commercially available in the U.S. In addition, the Company is applying its research and development efforts to additional diagnostic products based on its Sensalyze Technology Platform, a portfolio of proprietary methods and devices which enables CoSense and can be applied to detect a variety of analytes in exhaled breath and other products for the neonatology market. The Company has also obtained CE Mark certification in the E.U. for Serenz, a therapeutic product candidate for the treatment of symptoms related to allergic rhinitis (“AR”).
Note 2. Liquidity, Financial Condition and Management’s Plans
The Company had a net loss of $15.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2015 and has an accumulated deficit of approximately $86.2 million at December 31, 2015 from having incurred losses since its inception. The Company has approximately $3.2 million of working capital at December 31, 2015 ($4.1 million of working capital when excluding the Series B warrant liability) and used approximately $10.3 million of cash in its operating activities during the year ended December 31, 2015. The Company has financed its operations principally through issuances of debt and equity securities.
The Company completed its initial public offering (“IPO”) on November 18, 2014 upon the issuance of 1,650,000 units, each of which consisted of one share of Common Stock, one Series A Warrant and one Series B Warrant, at an offering price of $6.50 per unit and received net proceeds of $8.0 million, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and IPO related expenses. The Series A Warrants are registered securities that are freely tradable on the NASDAQ. The Series B Warrants have variable settlement provisions (see Note 6). On March 5, 2015 the Company received approximately $3.8 million as a result of Series B Warrant holders exercising warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock (the “Private Transaction”). In addition, on March 6, 2015 the Company received approximately $0.2 million as a result of Series A Warrant holders exercising warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s Common Stock. During the year ended December 31, 2015 the Company received $0.3 million from the exercise of stock options.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
On July 24, 2015, the Company entered into a Common Stock purchase agreement with Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, which provides that, upon the terms and subject to the conditions and limitations set forth therein, Aspire Capital is committed to purchase up to an aggregate of $10.0 million in value of shares of the Company’s Common Stock over the 24-month term of the Aspire Purchase Agreement (as defined below). During the quarter ended September 30, 2015, the Company issued an aggregate of 506,585 shares of Common Stock to Aspire Capital in exchange for approximately $1.4 million.
On October 12, 2015, the Company entered into a Securities Purchase Agreement (the “Sabby Purchase Agreement”) with funds managed by Sabby Management, LLC (“Sabby”), to purchase up to $10 million worth of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock (the “Preferred Stock”). The sale of the Preferred Stock was set to take place in two separate closings. On October 15, 2015, the date of the first closing, the Company received proceeds of approximately $4.1 million, net of $0.4 million in estimated expenses. Upon the second closing, which closed on January 8, 2016, the Company received proceeds of approximately $5.0 million, net of $0.5 million in estimated expenses (see Note 15).
The Company may generate future revenue from a variety of sources, including sales of its neonatology products, other diagnostic products, license fees, milestone payments, and research and development payments in connection with potential future strategic partnerships. However, to date, the Company has generated minimal revenue. The Company may never generate revenue that is sufficient to be profitable in the future. If the Company does not generate significant revenue, it may have to raise capital through additional equity or debt financing. The Company’s failure to achieve sustained profitability could depress the value of the Company and could impair the ability to raise capital.
Management believes that the Company has sufficient capital resources to sustain operations through at least the next twelve months from the date of this filing.
Note 3. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”) and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).
Principles of Consolidation
The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with GAAP and include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities, and reported amounts of expenses in the financial statements and accompanying notes.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Actual results could differ from those estimates. Key estimates included in the financial statements include the valuation of deferred income tax assets, the valuation of liabilities and equity instruments, stock-based compensation, value and life of acquired intangibles, and allowances for accounts receivable and inventory.
Concentration of Credit Risk
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to a concentration of credit risk consist of cash and cash equivalents at two commercial banks that management believes are of high credit quality. Cash and cash equivalents deposited with these commercial banks exceeded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insurable limit at December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014. The Company expects this to continue.
Segments
The Company operates in one segment. Management uses one measurement of profitability and does not segregate its business for internal reporting, making operating decisions, and assessing financial performance. All long-lived assets are maintained in the United States of America.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments, including its money market fund, purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents. The Company’s cash and cash equivalents are held in institutions in the U.S. and include deposits in a money market fund which was unrestricted as to withdrawal or use.
Accounts Receivable
Accounts receivable as of December 31, 2015 consist of balances due from customers in the normal course of business. The Company did not record an allowance for doubtful accounts as this balance was deemed fully collectible.
Prepaid Expenses and Other Current Assets
Prepaid expenses and other current assets consist of payments primarily related to insurance and short-term deposits. Prepaid expenses are initially recorded upon payment and are expensed as goods or services are received.
Inventory
Inventory as of December 31, 2014 consisted of raw materials to be used in the manufacture of our products. As of December 31, 2015, the Company’s inventory includes approximately $106,000 of raw material, $398,000 of work-in-process and $46,000 of finished goods. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost or market under the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.
Patent
On June 30, 2015, the Company entered into an amendment of the BDDI Asset Purchase Agreement (the “BDDI Amending Agreement”), under which the Company committed to pay aggregate cash payments of
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
$450,000 and issued 40,000 shares of Common Stock to an affiliate of BDDI. With respect to the aggregate cash payments of $450,000, the Company paid an affiliate of BDDI an initial sum of $150,000 on July 1, 2015, and is obligated to pay $100,000 on each of the six, twelve and eighteen-month anniversaries of the signing of the amended agreement. The Company made the first installment of $100,000 on December 21, 2015. The remaining $200,000 payable under this agreement has been included in Accrued compensation and other current liabilities on the balance sheet. Under the original Asset Purchase Agreement dated June 11, 2010, the Company purchased a patent for Breath End Tidal Gas Monitor. The patent was issued on June 19, 2003 and expires on August 1, 2027. The Company has capitalized the fair value of the patent purchased as an intangible asset on its consolidated balance sheet, and is amortizing the fair value over the remaining useful life of the patent.
In July 2015, the Company also entered into a consulting agreement with an affiliate of BDDI. As part of this consulting agreement the Company issued 10,000 shares to the affiliate of BDDI.
Business Combinations
For business combinations the Company utilizes the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC Topic 805, Business Combinations.  These standards require that the total cost of an acquisition be allocated to the tangible and intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed based on their respective fair values at the date of acquisition. The allocation of the purchase price is dependent upon certain valuations and other studies. Acquisition costs are expensed as incurred.
The Company recognizes separately from goodwill the fair value of assets acquired and the liabilities assumed. Goodwill as of the acquisition date is measured as the excess of consideration transferred and the acquisition date fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed. While the Company uses its best estimates and assumptions as a part of the purchase price allocation process to accurately value assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date, the Company’s estimates are subject to refinement. As a result, during the measurement period, which may be up to one year from the acquisition date, the Company may retroactively record adjustments to the fair value of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed, with the corresponding offset to goodwill. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period or final determination of the fair value of assets acquired or liabilities assumed, whichever comes first, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to the Company’s consolidated statements of operations.
Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment are stated at cost net of accumulated depreciation and amortization calculated using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, generally between three and five years. Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the lesser of their useful life or the term of the lease. Maintenance and repairs are charged to expense as incurred, and improvements are capitalized. When assets are retired or otherwise disposed of, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the balance sheet and any resulting gain or loss is reflected in operations in the period realized.
Long-Lived Assets
The Company reviews its long-lived assets for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. The Company evaluates assets for
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
potential impairment by comparing estimated future undiscounted net cash flows to the carrying amount of the asset. If the carrying amount of the assets exceeds the estimated future undiscounted cash flows, impairment is measured based on the difference between the carrying amount of the assets and fair value.
Intangible Assets
Intangible assets with finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, which range in term from 5 to 12 years. The useful life of the intangible asset is evaluated each reporting period to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a revision to the remaining useful life.
Intangible assets consist of the following at December 31, 2015:

 	  	Amount	 	  	Accumulated
Amortization	 	  	Net Amount	 	  	Useful Lives
(years)	 	
Patents and trademarks	  	$	697,890	  	  	$	(32,155	) 	  	$	665,735	  	  	 	5-12	  	
Customer contracts	  	 	259,730	  	  	 	(8,658	) 	  	 	251,072	  	  	 	10.00	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	957,620	  	  	$	(40,813	) 	  	$	916,807	  	  	 	 	 	
Future amortization expense for intangible assets over their remaining useful lives is as follows:

Year ending December 31:	  	Patents and
trademarks	 	  	Customer contracts	 	  	Total Amortization	 	
2016	  	$	73,370	  	  	$	25,973	  	  	$	99,343	  	
2017	  	 	73,370	  	  	 	25,973	  	  	 	99,343	  	
2018	  	 	73,370	  	  	 	25,973	  	  	 	99,343	  	
2019	  	 	73,370	  	  	 	25,973	  	  	 	99,343	  	
2020 and thereafter	  	 	372,255	  	  	 	147,180	  	  	 	519,435	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	665,735	  	  	$	251,072	  	  	$	916,807	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Goodwill
The Company tests its goodwill for impairment annually, or whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate an impairment may have occurred, by comparing its reporting unit’s carrying value to its implied fair value. Impairment may result from, among other things, deterioration in the performance of the acquired business, adverse market conditions, adverse changes in applicable laws or regulations and a variety of other circumstances. If the Company determines that an impairment has occurred, it is required to record a write-down of the carrying value and charge the impairment as an operating expense in the period the determination is made. In evaluating the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill the Company must make assumptions regarding estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of the acquired assets. Changes in strategy or market conditions could significantly impact those judgments in the future and require an adjustment to the recorded balances. There was no impairment of goodwill for the year ended December 31, 2015. Such goodwill is not deductible for tax purposes and represents the value placed on entering new markets and expanding market share.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Revenue Recognition
The Company began recognizing sales of CoSense during the year ended December 31, 2015. In addition, the Company began recognizing sales of NFI pulmonary resuscitation products after the acquisition of Neoforce’s assets in September 2015.
The Company recognizes revenue when all of the following criteria are met:
 
 	•	 	persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists;	
 
 	•	 	the sales price is fixed or determinable;	
 
 	•	 	collection of the relevant receivable is probable at the time of sale; and	
 
 	•	 	delivery has occurred or services have been rendered.	
For a majority of sales, where the Company delivers its product to hospitals or medical facilities, the Company recognizes revenue upon delivery, which represents satisfaction of the required revenue recognition criteria. The Company does not offer rights of return or price protection and it has no post-delivery obligations. The Company offers a limited one-year warranty to most customers. Estimated warranty obligations are recorded at the time of sale and to date, warranty costs have been insignificant.
The Company also recognized revenue related to a government grant awarded during the year ended December 31, 2015. Government grants provide funds for certain types of expenditures in connection with research and development activities over a contractually defined period. Revenue related to government grants is recognized in the period during which the related costs are incurred and the related services are rendered, provided that the applicable performance obligations under the government grants have been met. Funds received under government grants are recorded as revenue if the Company is deemed to be the principal participant in the contract arrangements because the activities under the contracts are part of the Company’s development programs. If the Company is not the principal participant, the funds from government grants are recorded as a reduction to research and development expense. Funds received from government grants are not refundable and are recognized when the related qualified research and development expenses are incurred and when there is reasonable assurance that the funds will be received.
Research and Development
Research and development costs are charged to operations as incurred. Research and development costs consist primarily of salaries and benefits, consultant fees, prototype expenses, certain facility costs and other costs associated with clinical trials, net of reimbursed amounts.
Research and development costs include costs of $220,000 incurred and reimbursed under the government grant awarded in the year ended December 31, 2015.
Costs to acquire technologies to be used in research and development that have not reached technological feasibility and have no alternative future use are expensed to research and development costs when incurred.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Income Taxes
The Company accounts for income taxes using the asset and liability method. Under this method, deferred income tax assets and liabilities are recorded based on the estimated future tax effects of differences between the amounts at which assets and liabilities are recorded for financial reporting purposes and the amounts recorded for income tax purposes. Deferred income taxes are classified as current or non-current, based on the classifications of the related assets and liabilities giving rise to the temporary differences. A valuation allowance is provided against the Company’s deferred income tax assets when their realization is not reasonably assured.
The Company assesses all material positions taken in any income tax return, including all significant uncertain positions, in all tax years that are still subject to assessment or challenge by relevant taxing authorities. Assessing an uncertain tax position begins with the initial determination of the position’s sustainability and is measured at the largest amount of benefit that is greater than fifty percent likely of being realized upon ultimate settlement. As of each balance sheet date, unresolved uncertain tax positions must be reassessed, and the Company will determine whether (i) the factors underlying the sustainability assertion have changed and (ii) the amount of the recognized tax benefit is still appropriate. The recognition and measurement of tax benefits requires significant judgment. Judgments concerning the recognition and measurement of a tax benefit might change as new information becomes available.
Convertible Preferred Stock and other Hybrid Instruments
The Company’s convertible preferred stock was classified as permanent equity on its balance sheet in accordance with authoritative guidance for the classification and measurement of hybrid securities and distinguishing liability from equity instruments. The preferred stock is not redeemable at the option of the holder.
Further, the Company evaluated its Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and determined that it is considered an equity host under ASC 815,  Derivatives and Hedging . In making this determination, the Company’s analysis followed the whole instrument approach which compares an individual feature against the entire preferred stock instrument which includes that feature. The Company’s analysis was based on a consideration of the economic characteristics and risks of each series of preferred stock. More specifically, the Company evaluated all of the stated and implied substantive terms and features, including (i) whether the preferred stock included redemption features, (ii) how and when any redemption features could be exercised, (iii) whether the holders of preferred stock were entitled to dividends, (iv) the voting rights of the preferred stock and (v) the existence and nature of any conversion rights. As a result of the Company’s conclusion that the preferred stock represents an equity host, the conversion feature of all series of preferred stock is considered to be clearly and closely related to the associated preferred stock host instrument. Accordingly, the conversion feature in the preferred stock is not considered an embedded derivative that requires bifurcation.
Common Stock Purchase Warrants and Other Derivative Financial Instruments
The Company classifies Common Stock purchase warrants and other free standing derivative financial instruments as equity if the contracts (i) require physical settlement or net-share settlement or (ii) give the Company a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in its own shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement). The Company classifies any contracts that (i) require net-cash settlement (including a requirement to net cash settle the contract if an event occurs and if that event is outside the control of the Company), (ii) give the
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
counterparty a choice of net-cash settlement or settlement in shares (physical settlement or net-share settlement), or (iii) contain reset provisions as either an asset or a liability. The Company assesses classification of its freestanding derivatives at each reporting date to determine whether a change in classification between assets and liabilities is required. The Company determined that certain freestanding derivatives, which principally consist of Series A, Series B, and Series C warrants to purchase Common Stock, do not satisfy the criteria for classification as equity instruments due to the existence of certain cash settlement features that are not within the sole control of the Company or variable settlement provision that cause them to not be indexed to the Company’s own stock.
The Company adopted a sequencing policy that reclassifies contracts, with the exception of stock options, from equity to assets or liabilities for those with the latest inception date first. Future issuance of securities will be evaluated as to reclassification as a liability under our sequencing policy of latest inception date first until either all of the Series B warrants are settled or expire.
Stock-Based Compensation
For stock options granted to employees, the Company recognizes compensation expense for all stock-based awards based on the estimated fair value on the date of grant. The value of the portion of the award that is ultimately expected to vest is recognized as expense ratably over the requisite service period. The fair value of stock options is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The determination of fair value for stock-based awards on the date of grant using an option pricing model requires management to make certain assumptions regarding a number of complex and subjective variables.
Stock-based compensation expense related to stock options granted to non-employees is recognized based on the fair value of the stock options, determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model, as they are earned. The awards generally vest over the time period the Company expects to receive services from the non-employee.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
From time to time, new accounting pronouncements are issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, or other standard setting bodies and adopted by us as of the specified effective date. Unless otherwise discussed, the impact of recently issued standards that are not yet effective will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations upon adoption.
In April 2015, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued ASU No. 2015-03, Interest — Imputation of Interest (Subtopic 835-30): Simplifying the Presentation of Debt Issuance Costs  , which requires that debt issuance costs related to a recognized debt liability be presented in the balance sheet as a direct deduction from the carrying amount of the related debt liability, consistent with debt discounts. ASU 2015-03 applies to all business entities and is effective for public business entities for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2015. Early adoption is permitted. The Company does not expect that the adoption of ASU 2015-03 will have a material effect on its consolidated financial statements.
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606), which supersedes the revenue recognition requirements in ASC 605,  Revenue Recognition . This ASU is based on the principle that revenue is recognized to depict the transfer of goods or services to customers in an amount that
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The ASU also requires additional disclosure about the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from customer contracts, including significant judgments and changes in judgments and assets recognized from costs incurred to obtain or fulfill a contract. The ASU is effective for public entities for annual and interim periods beginning after December 15, 2016. In April 2015, the FASB proposed to defer for one year the effective date of the new revenue standard, with an option that would permit companies to adopt the standard as early as the original effective date. Early adoption prior to the original effective date is not permitted. The Company has not determined the potential effects of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In June 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-12, Accounting for Share-Based Payments When the Terms of an Award Provide That a Performance Target Could Be Achieved after the Requisite Service Period . ASU 2014-12 requires that a performance target that affects vesting and could be achieved after the requisite service period be treated as a performance condition. ASU 2014-12 is effective for the Company in its first quarter of 2016 with early adoption permitted. The Company does not expect its pending adoption of ASU 2014-12 to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements and disclosures.
In August 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-15, Disclosure of Uncertainties About an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern . The new standard provides guidance around management’s responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern and to provide related footnote disclosures. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this standard is not expected to have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.
In July 2015, the FASB issued ASU No. 2015-11, Simplifying the Measurement of Inventory. The new standard requires that inventory within the scope of the guidance be measured at the lower of cost and net realizable value. Inventory measured using last-in, first-out (LIFO) and the retail inventory method (RIM) are not impacted by the new guidance. The new standard is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2016. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not determined the potential effects of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
In November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes. This ASU requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as non-current in a statement of financial position. The Company early adopted ASU 2015-17 effective December 31, 2015 on a retrospective basis. Adoption of this ASU resulted in a reclassification of the Company’s net current deferred tax asset to the net non-current deferred tax asset in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014.
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, Leases. The new standard provides guidance intended to improve financial reporting about leasing transaction. The ASU affects all companies that lease assets such as real estate, airplanes and manufacturing equipment. The ASU will require companies that lease assets to recognize on the balance sheet the assets and liabilities for the rights and obligations created by those leases. The new standard will take effect for fiscal years, and interim periods with those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The Company has not determined the potential effects of this ASU on its consolidated financial statements.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
The Company has considered all other recently issued accounting pronouncements and does not believe the adoption of such pronouncements will have a material impact on its financial statements.
Note 4. Fair Value of Financial Instruments
The carrying value of the Company’s cash and cash equivalents, restricted cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable and accrued liabilities, approximate fair value due to the short-term nature of these items. Based on the borrowing rates available to the Company for debt with similar terms and consideration of default and credit risk, the carrying value of the line of credit approximates fair value.
Fair value is defined as the exchange price that would be received for an asset or an exit price paid to transfer a liability in the principal or most advantageous market for the asset or liability in an orderly transaction between market participants on the measurement date. Valuation techniques used to measure fair value must maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs.
The fair value hierarchy defines a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurements as follows:

 	 	•    Level I	 	Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities;	
 	 	 	
 	 	•    Level II	 	Inputs other than quoted prices included within Level I that are observable, unadjusted quoted prices in markets that are not active, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the related assets or liabilities; and	
 	 	 	
 	 	•    Level III	 	Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity for the related assets or liabilities.	
The categorization of a financial instrument within the valuation hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
The following table sets forth the Company’s financial instruments that were measured at fair value on a recurring basis by level within the fair value hierarchy (in thousands):

 	  	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2015	 	
 	  	        Total        	 	  	        Level 1        	 	  	        Level 2        	 	  	        Level 3        	 	
Assets	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Money market fund	  	  $	3,803,929	  	  	  $	3,803,929	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Liabilities	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Series A warrant liability	  	 	1,212,803	  	  	 	1,212,803	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
Series B warrant liability	  	 	865,000	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	865,000	  	
Series C warrant liability	  	 	462,437	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	462,437	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total common stock warrant liability	  	  $	2,540,240	  	  	  $	1,212,803	  	  	 	—  	  	  	  $	1,327,437	  	

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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)

 	  	Fair Value Measurements at December 31, 2014	 	
 	  	        Total        	 	  	        Level 1        	 	  	        Level 2        	 	  	        Level 3        	 	
Assets	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Money market fund	  	  $	7,891,888	  	  	  $	7,891,888	  	  	  $	—  	  	  	  $	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Liabilities	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Series A warrant liability	  	 	857,362	  	  	 	857,362	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
Series B warrant liability	  	 	17,438,731	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	17,438,731	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total common stock warrant liability	  	  $	18,296,093	  	  	  $	857,362	  	  	 	—  	  	  	  $	17,438,731	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The Series A Warrant is a registered security that trades on the open market. The fair value of the Series A Warrant liability is based on the publicly quoted trading price of the warrants which is listed on and obtained from NASDAQ. Accordingly, the fair value of Series A Warrants is a Level 1 measurement. The fair value measurements of the Series B and Series C Warrants are based on significant inputs that are unobservable and thus represent Level 3 measurements. The Company’s estimated fair value of the Series B Warrant liability is calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation. Key assumptions include the volatility of the Company’s stock, the expected warrant term, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates (see Note 6). The Company’s estimated fair value of the Series C Warrant liability is calculated using the Black-Scholes valuation model. Key assumptions include the volatility of the Company’s stock, the expected warrant term, expected dividend yield and risk-free interest rates (see Note 6). The Level 3 estimates are based, in part, on subjective assumptions.
During the periods presented, the Company has not changed the manner in which it values liabilities that are measured at fair value using Level 3 inputs. The Company recognizes transfers between levels of the fair value hierarchy as of the end of the reporting period. There were no transfers within the hierarchy during the periods presented.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in the fair value of the Company’s Level 1 and Level 3 financial instruments, which are treated as liabilities, as follows:

 	 	Series A Warrant	 	 	Series B Warrant	 	 	Series C Warrant	 	
 	 	Number of
Warrants	 	 	Liability	 	 	Number of
Warrants	 	 	Liability	 	 	Number of
Warrants	 	 	Liability	 	
Balance at December 31, 2014	 	 	2,449,605	  	 	$	857,362	  	 	 	2,449,605	  	 	$	17,438,731	  	 	 	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	
Change in value of Series A Warrants	 	 	—  	  	 	 	397,441	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
De-recognition of Series A Warrant liability upon exercise	 	 	(24,000	) 	 	 	(42,000	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
De-recognition of Series B Warrant liability upon cash exercise of 619,512 warrants in Private Transaction (619,512 shares issued)	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(619,512	) 	 	 	(6,747,765	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
De-recognition of Series B Warrant liability upon cashless exercise of 1,713,045 warrants (5,879,560 shares issued)	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(1,713,045	) 	 	 	(12,527,991	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
De-recognition of Series B Warrant liability upon contribution of 468 warrants back to the Company	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(468	) 	 	 	(3,332	) 	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
Change in value of Series B Warrants	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	2,705,357	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	
Record Series C Warrant Liability as inducement charge (589,510 warrants in Private Transaction, 905 warrants in tender offer)	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	590,415	  	 	 	3,049,375	  	
Change in value of Series C Warrants	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	—  	  	 	 	(2,586,938	) 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Balance at December 31, 2015	 	 	2,425,605	  	 	$	1,212,803	  	 	 	116,580	  	 	$	865,000	  	 	 	590,415	  	 	$	462,437	  	
Note 5. Property and Equipment, Net
Property and equipment consisted of the following:

 	  	December 31,
2015	 	  	December 31,
2014	 	
Furniture and fixtures	  	$	236,366	  	  	$	180,238	  	
Computer hardware	  	 	52,112	  	  	 	27,555	  	
Leasehold improvements	  	 	9,117	  	  	 	10,726	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
 	  	$	297,595	  	  	$	218,519	  	
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	  	 	(211,850	) 	  	 	(160,912	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	85,745	  	  	$	57,607	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Depreciation expense was $67,415 and $28,516 for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Note 6. Warrant Liabilities
Warrants terms
The Company has issued Series A Warrants, Series B Warrants and Series C Warrants (the “Warrants”).
The Company’s Series A, Series B and Series C Warrants contain standard anti-dilution provisions for stock dividends, stock splits, subdivisions, combinations and similar types of recapitalization events. They also contain a cashless exercise feature that provides for their net share settlement at the option of the holder in the event that there is no effective registration statement covering the continuous offer and sale of the warrants and underlying shares. The Company is required to comply with certain requirement to cause or maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement for the offer and sale of these securities. The Warrant contracts further provide for the payment of liquidated damages at an amount per month equal to 1% of the aggregate VWAP of the shares into which each Warrant is convertible into in the event that the Company is unable to maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement as described herein. The Company evaluated the registration payment arrangement stipulated in the terms of these securities and determined that it is probable that the Company will maintain an effective registration statement and has therefore not allocated any portion of the IPO or Private Transaction proceeds to the registration payment arrangement. The Warrants also contain a fundamental transactions provision that permits their settlement in cash at fair value at the option of the holder upon the occurrence of a change in control. Such change in control events include tender offers or hostile takeovers, which are not within the sole control of the Company as the issuer of these warrants. Accordingly, the warrants are considered to have a cash settlement feature that precludes their classification as equity instruments. Settlement at fair value upon the occurrence of a fundamental transaction would be computed using the Black Scholes Option Pricing Model.
Accounting Treatment
The Company accounts for the Warrants in accordance with the guidance in ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. As indicated above, the Company may be obligated to settle warrants in cash in the case of a Fundamental Transaction.
Additionally, the terms of the Series B Warrants do not explicitly limit the potential number of shares, thereby the exercise of the Series B Warrants could result in the Company’s obligation to deliver a potentially unlimited number of shares upon settlement. As such, share settlement is not considered to be within the control of the Company.
The Company classified the Series A, Series B, and C Warrants as liabilities at their fair value and will re-measure the warrants at each balance sheet date until they are exercised or expire. Any change in the fair value is recognized as other income (expense) in the Company’s statement of operations.
Under ASC 815-40-35, the Company adopted a sequencing policy that reclassifies contracts, with the exception of stock options, from equity to assets or liabilities for those with the latest inception date first. Future issuance of securities will be evaluated as to reclassification as a liability under our sequencing policy of latest inception date first until either all of the Series B warrants are settled or expire. (see Note 15)
In accordance with the guidance under ASC 815-40-25, we have evaluated that we have a sufficient number of authorized and unissued shares as December 31, 2015, to settle all existing commitments.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Series A Warrants
The Company has issued 2,449,605 Series A Warrants to purchase shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $6.50 per share in connection with the IPO unit offering described in Note 2. The Series A Warrants are exercisable at any time prior to the expiration of the five-year term on November 12, 2019.
Upon the completion of the IPO, the Series A warrants started trading on the NASDAQ under the symbol CAPNW. As the warrants are publicly traded, the Company uses the closing price on the measurement date to determine the fair value of these warrants.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, a total of 24,000 Series A Warrants were exercised. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of the 2,425,605 outstanding Series A warrants was approximately $1.2 million, and the increase of $0.4 million in fair value during the year ended December 31, 2015 was recorded as other expense in the statement of operations.
Series B Warrants
The Company has issued 2,449,605 Series B Warrants to purchase shares of its Common Stock at an exercise price of $6.50 per share in connection with the IPO unit described in Note 2. The Series B Warrants are exercisable at any time prior to the expiration of the 15-month term on February 12, 2016. In the event that the market price of the Company’s Common Stock falls below $6.50 at any time between March 12, 2015 and February 12, 2016 (expiration date), the Series B Warrants will become exercisable on a cashless basis for a number of common shares that increases as the market price of the Company’s Common Stock decreases, and exercisable at a discount to the tracking price of the Common Stock at the time. The result is an inverse relationship between the fair value of the shares and the number of shares issuable upon exercise.
As of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014 the Company used a Monte Carlo simulation to calculate the fair value of its Series B Warrant liability. This model is dependent upon several variables such as the warrant’s term, exercise price, current stock price, risk-free interest rate estimated over the contractual term, estimated volatility of our stock over the term of the warrant and the estimated market price of our stock during the cashless exercise period. The risk-free rate is based on U.S. Treasury securities with similar maturities as the expected terms of the warrants. The volatility is estimated based on blending the volatility rates for a number of similar publicly-traded companies. The Company used the following inputs:

 	  	December 31,
        2015        	 	 	December 31,
        2014        	 	
Volatility	  	 	90	% 	 	 	87	% 	
Expected Term (years)	  	 	0.12	  	 	 	1.10	  	
Expected dividend yield	  	 	—	% 	 	 	—	% 	
Risk-free rate	  	 	0.65	% 	 	 	0.26	% 	
In addition to the assumptions above, the Company’s estimated fair value of the Series B Warrant liability is calculated using other key assumptions. Management, with the assistance of an independent valuation firm, makes these subjective determinations based on available current information; however, as such information changes, so might management’s determinations and such changes could have a material impact on future operating results.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
The net decrease in carrying amount of the Series B Warrants for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $16.6 million, of which $2.7 million was attributed to the change in fair value of the warrant liability during the three months ended December 31, 2015 and was recorded as other expense in the consolidated statement of operations. Factors contributing to the change in fair value of the warrants include the trading price of the Common Stock and term remaining to expiration of the warrants.
During the year ended December 31, 2015, certain holders of Series B warrants cashless exercised a total of 1,713,045 warrants resulting in the issuance of 5,879,560 shares of Common Stock and the derecognition of approximately $12.5 million, in Series B Warrant liability, respectively for the year ended December 31, 2015, which was recorded as additional paid-in capital.
Series C Warrants
On March 5, 2015, the Company entered into separate agreements with certain Series B Warrant holders, who agreed to exercise their Series B Warrants to purchase an aggregate of 589,510 shares of the Company’s Common Stock at an exercise price of $6.50 per share, resulting in the de-recognition of $6.7 million of Series B warrant liability and gross proceeds to the Company of approximately $3.8 million based on the exercise price of the Series B warrants. In connection with this exercise of the Series B Warrants, the Company issued to each investor who exercised Series B Warrants, new Series C Warrants for the number of shares of the Company’s Common Stock underlying the Series B Warrants that were exercised. Each Series C Warrant is exercisable at $6.25 per share and will expire on March 5, 2020.
The Company has calculated the fair value of the Series C warrants using a Black-Scholes pricing model, which requires the input of highly subjective assumptions including the expected stock price volatility. The Company used the following inputs:

 	  	December 31,
2015	 	 	March 5,
2015	 	
Volatility	  	 	90	% 	 	 	86	% 	
Expected Term (years)	  	 	4.17	  	 	 	5.00	  	
Expected dividend yield	  	 	—	% 	 	 	—	% 	
Risk-free rate	  	 	1.76	% 	 	 	1.35	% 	
In April 2015, the Company issued a tender offer to the remaining holders of Series B warrants to induce the holders to cash exercise the outstanding Series B warrants in exchange for new Series C Warrants with an exercise price of $6.25 per share that expire on March 5, 2020. The tender offer was extended to warrant holders under a registration statement filed with the SEC on Form S-4, which was declared effective on June 25, 2015 and expired on July 24, 2015. During July 2015, certain Series B warrant holder(s) tendered their Series B Warrants under the tender offer, which resulted in the issuance of 905 shares of Capnia Common Stock, the issuance of 905 Series C Warrants and proceeds to the Company of $5,882.
The new Series C Warrants are exercisable into 590,415 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. As of December 31, 2015, the fair value of the Series C Warrants was determined to be $0.5 million. The decline in the fair value of the warrants of $2.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2015 was recorded as other income in the consolidated statement of operations.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Note 7. Credit Facility
On September 29, 2014, the Company established a line of credit in the amount of up to $0.1 million. The line of credit bears a fixed interest rate of 6.0% per annum simple interest. The line of credit has a two-year repayment term, with prepayment at the Company’s option with no penalty. The line of credit shall be payable out of cash received in the Company’s accounts receivable following the commencement of commercial sales.
In October, 2014, the Company drew down the full amount of $0.1 million provided for by the line of credit. During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company repaid the outstanding amounts borrowed under the line of credit.
Note 8. Commitments and Contingencies
Facility Leases
On July 1, 2015 the Company executed a new four year non-cancelable operating lease agreement for 8,171 square feet of office space for its headquarters facility. The lease agreement provides for monthly lease payments of $23,300 beginning in September of 2015, with increases in the following three years. An additional 5,265 square feet of office space became part of the new lease agreement on March 1, 2016 (see Note 15).
The Company leases office space under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement which was set to expire in May 2015. On February 2, 2015, the Company signed an amendment to its lease agreement, extending the lease through June 2018. The amendment provides for monthly lease payments of $22,000 beginning in June 2015, with increases in the following two years. The Company subleased this facility in January 2016 (see Note 15).
The Company also leases approximately 2,100 square feet for its operations in Ivyland, Pennsylvania under a month-to-month lease (see Note 15).
Minimum rental commitments under all noncancelable leases with an initial term in excess of one year as of December 31, 2015 were as follows:

Year ending December 31:	  	Operating Leases	 	
2016	  	$	698,945	  	
2017	  	 	750,118	  	
2018	  	 	629,923	  	
2019	  	 	334,747	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	2,413,733	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
The table above does not consider the impact of lease payments the Company will receive under the sublease executed in January 2016 (see Note 15).
Rent expense was $375,000 and $230,000 during the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts and agreements that contain a variety of representations and warranties and provide for general indemnifications. The Company’s exposure under these agreements is unknown because it involves claims that may be made against the Company in the future, but have not yet been made. The Company accrues a liability for such matters when it is probable that future expenditures will be made and such expenditures can be reasonably estimated.
In connection with the acquisition of the assets of NeoForce, the Company agreed to pay the former NeoForce shareholder an annual royalty payment for a period of 36 months. The agreement to pay the annual royalty resulted in the recognition of a contingent consideration, which is recognized at the inception of the transaction, and subsequent changes to estimate of the amounts of contingent consideration to be paid will be recognized as charges or credits in the statement of operations. The fair value of the contingent consideration is based on preliminary cash flow projections, growth in expected product sales and other assumptions. Based on the assumptions, the fair value of the Royalty was determined to be $153,000 at the date of acquisition and at December 31, 2015 (see Note 13).
Note 9. Capital Stock
Common Stock:
The Company is authorized to issue 100,000,000 shares of common stock as of December 31, 2014 with a par value of $0.001 per share.
Each share of common stock is entitled to one vote. The holders of common stock are also entitled to receive dividends whenever funds are legally available and when and if declared by the Board of Directors, subject to the prior rights of all classes of stock outstanding. The holders of common stock, voting as a separate class, are entitled to elect one member of the Board of Directors.
Convertible Preferred Stock
The Company is authorized to issue 40,000 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock. The Company has issued 4,555 Series A Convertible Preferred Stock, with a par value of $0.001 and a stated value of 1,000 per share. The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock do not have an expiration date and are not redeemable.
The Series A Convertible Preferred Stock was classified as permanent equity on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet in accordance with authoritative guidance for the classification and measurement of hybrid securities and distinguishing liability from equity instruments. The preferred stock is not redeemable at the option of the holder.
Further, the Company evaluated its Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and determined that it is considered an equity host under ASC 815,  Derivatives and Hedging . In making this determination, the Company’s analysis followed the whole instrument approach which compares an individual feature against the entire preferred stock instrument which includes that feature. The Company’s analysis was based on a consideration of the economic characteristics and risks of each series of preferred stock. More specifically, the Company evaluated all of the stated and implied substantive terms and features, including (i) whether the
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
preferred stock included redemption features, (ii) how and when any redemption features could be exercised, (iii) whether the holders of preferred stock were entitled to dividends, (iv) the voting rights of the preferred stock and (v) the existence and nature of any conversion rights. As a result of the Company’s conclusion that the preferred stock represents an equity host, the conversion feature of all series of preferred stock is considered to be clearly and closely related to the associated preferred stock host instrument. Accordingly, the conversion feature in the preferred stock is not considered an embedded derivative that requires bifurcation.
The Company accounts for the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock in accordance with the guidance in ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging . The Certification of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock provides for share settlement only and specifies that the Company would be liable for daily monetary damages in the event that the Company is unable to deliver registered Common Stock upon notice of exercise. The Company has therefore classified the value of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock as permanent equity.
The Company evaluated the liquidated damages provisions in the terms of this securities agreement and determined that it is probable that the Company will maintain an effective registration statement and have sufficient shares upon conversion and has therefore not recorded a liability for potential liquidated damages.
Note 10. Stockholders’ Equity (Deficit)
Stock Option Plan
The Company has adopted the 1999 Incentive Stock Plan, the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan, and the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan (together, the Plans). The 1999 Incentive Stock Plan expired in 2009, and the 2010 Equity Incentive Plan has been closed to new issuances. Therefore, the Company may issue options to purchase shares of common stock to employees, directors, and consultants only under the 2014 Equity Incentive Plan. Options granted under the 2014 Plan may be incentive stock options (“ISOs”) or nonqualified stock options (“NSOs”). ISOs may be granted only to Company employees and directors. NSOs may be granted to employees, directors, advisors, and consultants. The Board of Directors has the authority to determine to whom options will be granted, the number of options, the term, and the exercise price.
Options are to be granted at an exercise price not less than fair value for an ISO or 85% of fair value for an NSO. For individuals holding more than 10% of the voting rights of all classes of stock, the exercise price of an option will not be less than 110% of fair value. The vesting period is normally monthly over a period of 4 years from the vesting date. The contractual term of an option is no longer than five years for ISOs for which the grantee owns greater than 10% of the voting power of all classes of stock and no longer than ten years for all other options.
The Company recognized stock-based compensation expense related to options granted to employees for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 of $942,369 and $345,435, respectively. The compensation expense is allocated on a departmental basis, based on the classification of the option holder. No income tax benefits have been recognized in the statements of operations for stock-based compensation arrangements as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Stock compensation expense was allocated between departments as follows;

 	  	Year ended	 	
 	  	December 31,
2015	 	  	December 31,
2014	 	
Research & Development	  	$	148,948	  	  	 	$64,020	  	
Sales & Marketing	  	 	62,533	  	  	 	8,335	  	
General & Administrative	  	 	730,888	  	  	 	273,080	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	942,369	  	  	$	345,435	  	
The Company granted options to purchase 955,713 and 926,384 of the Company’s common stock in 2015 and 2014. The fair value of each award granted was estimated on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model with the following assumptions for the year ended December 31, 2015:

 	  	Year Ended	 	
 	  	December 31,
2015	 	 	December 31,
2014	 	
Expected life (years)	  	 	6.1	  	 	 	5.8 - 6.1	  	
Risk-free interest rate	  	 	1.6% - 1.7	% 	 	 	1.6% - 1.8	% 	
Volatility	  	 	56% - 66	% 	 	 	43% - 59	% 	
Dividend rate	  	 	—	% 	 	 	—	% 	
Expected volatility is based on volatilities of a group of public companies operating in the Company’s industry. The expected life of stock options represents the average of the contractual term of the options and the weighted-average vesting period, as permitted under the simplified method. The Company has elected to use the simplified method, as the Company does not have enough historical exercise experience to provide a reasonable basis upon which to estimate the expected term and the stock option grants are considered “plain vanilla” options. The risk-free rate is based on the U.S. Treasury yield curve in effect at the time of grant.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
The following table summarizes stock option transactions for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 as issued under the Plans:

 	  	Shares
Available
    for Grant    	 	  	    Number of    
Options
Outstanding	 	  	Weighted-
Average
Exercise Price
    per Share    	 	  	Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Term
(in years)	 	
Balance at December 31, 2013	  	 	124,824	  	  	 	239,606	  	  	$	3.36	  	  	 	 	 	
2014 Plan authorized	  	 	1,437,165	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	 	 	
Closed 2010 Plan	  	 	(123,523	) 	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	 	 	
Options granted	  	 	(926,384	) 	  	 	926,384	  	  	 	7.15	  	  	 	 	 	
Options canceled/forfeited	  	 	93,979	  	  	 	(93,979	) 	  	 	6.75	  	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Balance at December 31, 2014	  	 	606,061	  	  	 	1,072,011	  	  	 	6.34	  	  	 	8.67	  	
Additional shares authorized	  	 	270,764	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	  	 	 	 	
Options granted	  	 	(955,713	) 	  	 	955,713	  	  	 	3.08	  	  	 	 	 	
Options exercised	  	 	—  	  	  	 	(83,848	) 	  	 	3.50	  	  	 	 	 	
Options canceled/forfeited	  	 	85,037	  	  	 	(85,037	) 	  	 	5.03	  	  	 	 	 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Balance at December 31, 2015	  	 	6,149	  	  	 	1,858,839	  	  	$	4.82	  	  	 	8.75	  	
Options vested at December 31, 2014	  	 	—  	  	  	 	578,889	  	  	$	5.58	  	  	 	7.46	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2014	  	 	—  	  	  	 	1,072,011	  	  	$	6.34	  	  	 	8.67	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options vested at December 31, 2015	  	 	—  	  	  	 	922,927	  	  	$	5.06	  	  	 	7.47	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Options vested and expected to vest at December 31, 2015	  	 	—  	  	  	 	1,858,839	  	  	$	4.82	  	  	 	8.75	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The weighted-average grant date fair value of employee options granted was $1.66 and $1.03 per share for the year ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2015 total unrecognized employee stock-based compensation was $1,917,245, which is expected to be recognized over the weighted-average remaining vesting period of 2.5 years. As of December 31, 2015, the outstanding stock options had an intrinsic value of $67,165.
The fair value of an equity award granted to a non-employee generally is determined in the same manner as an equity award granted to an employee. In most cases, the fair value of the equity securities granted is more reliably determinable than the fair value of the goods or services received. Stock-based compensation related to its grant of options to non-employees has not been material to date.
2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan
Our board of directors and stockholders have adopted the 2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan, or the ESPP. The ESPP has become effective, and our board of directors will implement commencement of offers thereunder in its discretion. A total of 139,839 shares of our Common Stock has been made available for sale under the ESPP. In addition, our ESPP provides for annual increases in the number of shares available for issuance under
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
the plan on the first day of each year beginning in the year following the initial date that our board of directors authorizes commencement, equal to the least of:
 
 	•	 	1.0% of the outstanding shares of our Common Stock on the first day of such year; 279,680 shares; or	
 
 	•	 	such amount as determined by our board of directors.	
As of December 31, 2015 there were no purchases by employees under this plan.
Series D Warrants
The Company has issued 1,280,324 Series D Warrants, with an exercise price of $2.46 and a term of five years expiring on October 15, 2020. The Company’s Series D Warrants contain standard anti-dilution provisions for stock dividends, stock splits, subdivisions, combinations and similar types of recapitalization events. They also contain a cashless exercise feature that provides for their net share settlement at the option of the holder in the event that there is no effective registration statement covering the continuous offer and sale of the warrants and underlying shares. The Company is required to comply with certain requirement to cause or maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement for the offer and sale of these securities. The Series D Warrant agreement further provides for the payment of liquidated damages at an amount per month equal to 1% of the aggregate VWAP of the shares into which each Series D Warrant is convertible into in the event that the Company is unable to maintain the effectiveness of a registration statement as described herein. The Company evaluated the registration payment arrangement stipulated in the terms of this securities agreement and determined that it is probable that the Company will maintain an effective registration statement and has therefore not allocated any portion of the proceeds to the registration payment arrangement. The Series D Warrant agreement specifically provides that under no circumstances will the Company be required to settle any Series D Warrant exercise for cash, whether by net settlement or otherwise.
Accounting Treatment
The Company accounts for the Series D Warrants in accordance with the guidance in ASC 815 Derivatives and Hedging. As indicated above, the Company is not required under any circumstance to settle any Series D Warrant exercise for cash. The Company has therefore classified the value of the Series D Warrants as permanent equity.
Other Common Stock Warrants
As of December 31, 2015, the Company had 480,147 Common Stock warrants outstanding from the 2010/2012 convertible notes, with an exercise price of $4.87 and a term of 10 years expiring in November 2024. During the year ended December 31, 2015, 43,720 Common Stock warrants were cashless exercised resulting in the issuance of 13,407 shares of the Company’s Common Stock. The Company also has outstanding 9,259 Common Stock warrants issued in 2009, with an exercise price of $21.60 and a term of 10 years, expiring in January 2019 and 82,500 Common Stock warrants issued to the underwriter in our IPO, with an exercise price of $7.14 and a term of 10 years, expiring in November 2024.
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Note 11. Income Taxes
Due to net losses in 2015 and 2014, the Company had no material current, deferred, or total income tax expense in the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014. A reconciliation of income tax expense with amounts determined by applying the statutory U.S. federal income tax rate to income before income taxes is as follows:

 	  	Years Ended December 31,	 	
 	  	    2015    	 	 	    2014    	 	
Tax on the loss before income tax expense computed at the federal statutory rate of 34%	  	$	(5,408,551	) 	 	$	(4,717,063	) 	
State tax (benefit) at statutory rate, net of federal benefit	  	 	(928,107	) 	 	 	(13,020	) 	
Change in Valuation Allowance	  	 	4,199,154	  	 	 	1,578,347	  	
Change in research and development credits	  	 	(60,991	) 	 	 	316,311	  	
Change in fair value of warrants	  	 	1,493,215	  	 	 	2,960,766	  	
Other	  	 	705,280	  	 	 	(125,341	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Income tax expense	  	$	—  	  	 	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Effective income tax rate	  	 	—  	% 	 	 	—  	% 	
 	  	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities for financial reporting purposes and the amounts used for income tax purposes. Significant components of the Company’s deferred tax assets and liabilities are as follows at December 31, 2015 and 2014:

 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	    2015    	 	  	    2014    	 	
Non-Current Deferred Tax Assets:	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Reserves and accruals	  	$	287,850	  	  	$	71,953	  	
Net Operating Loss Carryforwards	  	 	26,174,912	  	  	 	22,125,807	  	
Research and development credits	  	 	1,381,296	  	  	 	1,345,833	  	
Intangible Assets	  	 	(74,113	) 	  	 	46,784	  	
Fixed Assets	  	 	9,080	  	  	 	(10,505	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Total Non-Current Deferred Tax Assets	  	 	27,779,025	  	  	 	23,579,872	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Valuation Allowance	  	 	(27,779,025	) 	  	 	(23,579,872	) 	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Net Deferred Tax Assets	  	$	—  	  	  	$	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The Company has recorded a full valuation allowance against its net deferred tax assets as it believes that it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized. The valuation allowance increased by $4,199,154 from December 31, 2014 to December 31, 2015 primarily due to the generation of current year net operating losses and research and development credits claimed.
As of December 31, 2015, the Company had $67,263,865 of federal and $56,650,176 of state net operating loss, respectively, available to offset future taxable income. The federal net operating loss carryforwards begins
 
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Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
to expire in 2019 and the state net operating loss carryforwards will begin to expire in 2016, if not utilized. As of December 31, 2015, the Company also had $1,328,082 of federal and $977,574 of state research and development credit carryforwards, respectively. The federal research and development credit carryforward begins to expire in 2024 and the state research and development credit can be carried forward indefinitely.
In addition, the use of net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards may be limited under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code in certain situations where changes occur in the stock ownership of a company. In the event that the Company has had a change in ownership, utilization of the carryforwards could be restricted.
The following tables summarize the activities of gross unrecognized tax benefits:

 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
Beginning balance	  	 	673,247	  	  	 	—  	  	
Increase related to prior year tax positions	  	 	—  	  	  	 	628,383	  	
Decreases related to prior year tax positions	  	 	(13,207	) 	  	 	—  	  	
Increase related to Current year tax positions	  	 	31,657	  	  	 	44,864	  	
Decreases related to current year tax positions	  	 	—  	  	  	 	—  	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
Ending Balance	  	$	691,697	  	  	$	673,247	  	
 	  	 	 	 	  	 	 	 	
The amount of unrecognized tax benefits that would impact the effective tax rate were approximately none and none as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014, respectively. As of December 31, 2015, $691,697 of unrecognized tax benefits would be offset by a change in valuation allowance.
The Company files income tax returns in the U.S. federal jurisdiction and certain state jurisdictions. In the normal course of business, the Company is subject to examination by federal, state and local jurisdictions, where applicable. In the U.S federal jurisdiction, tax years 1999 forward remain open to examination, and in the state tax jurisdiction, years 2005 forward remain open to examination. The Company is currently not under audit by any federal, state or local jurisdiction.
During November 2015, the FASB issued ASU 2015-17, Balance Sheet Classification of Deferred Taxes, which simplifies the presentation of deferred income taxes. This ASU requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be classified as non-current in a statement of financial position. The Company early adopted ASU 2015-17 effective December 31, 2015 on a retrospective basis. Adoption of this ASU resulted in a reclassification of the Company’s net current deferred tax asset to the net non-current deferred tax asset in the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2014.
The Protecting Americans from Tax Hikes (PATH) Act (“Act”) (H.R 2029) was signed into law on December 18, 2015. The Act contains a number of provisions including, most notably, permanent extension of the United States federal research tax credit. The Act did not have a material impact on the Company’s effective tax rate for fiscal 2015 due to the effect of the valuation allowance on the Company’s deferred tax assets.
The Company uses the “more likely than not” criterion for recognizing the tax benefit of uncertain tax positions and to establish measurement criteria for income tax benefits. The Company has determined it has no
 
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Table of Contents
Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
material unrecognized assets or liabilities related to uncertain tax positions as of December 31, 2015. The Company does not anticipate any significant changes in such uncertainties and judgments during the next 12 months. In the event the Company should need to recognize interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax liabilities, this amount will be recorded as a component of other expense.
Note 12. Net loss per share
Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of Common Stock actually outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of Common Stock outstanding and dilutive potential Common Stock that would be issued upon the exercise of Common Stock warrants and options. For the year ended December 31, 2015 and 2014, the effect of issuing the potential common stock is anti-dilutive due to the net losses in those periods and the number of shares used to compute basic and diluted earnings per share are the same in each of those periods.
The following potentially dilutive securities outstanding have been excluded from the computations of diluted weighted-average shares outstanding because such securities have an antidilutive impact due to losses reported (in Common Stock equivalent shares):

 	  	As of December 31,	 	
 	  	    2015    	 	  	    2014    	 	
Convertible preferred stock	  	 	2,462,162	  	  	 	—  	  	
Warrants issued to 2010/2012 convertible note holders to purchase common stock	  	 	480,147	  	  	 	523,867	  	
Options to purchase common stock	  	 	1,858,839	  	  	 	1,072,011	  	
Warrants issued in 2009 to purchase common stock	  	 	9,259	  	  	 	9,259	  	
Warrants issued to underwriter to purchase common stock	  	 	82,500	  	  	 	82,500	  	
Series A warrants to purchase common stock	  	 	2,425,605	  	  	 	2,449,605	  	
Series B warrants to purchase common stock	  	 	116,580	  	  	 	2,449,605	  	
Series C warrants to purchase common stock	  	 	590,415	  	  	 	—  	  	
Series D warrants to purchase common stock	  	 	1,280,324	  	  	 	—  	  	
Note 13. NeoForce Group, Inc. Acquisition
On September 8, 2015, the Company through its wholly owned subsidiary Neoforce, Inc (“NFI”), acquired substantially all of the assets of NeoForce in exchange for an upfront cash payment of $1.0 million. In addition, the Company agreed to pay the former NeoForce shareholder an annual royalty payment for a period of 36 months (“Royalty”) in the low single digits based on net sales of NeoForce products that were acquired by the Company. As of December 31, 2015, the Company recorded $8,372 of Royalty payable.
The acquisition of NeoForce strengthens the Company’s commitment to leveraging technology to address unmet needs in neonatology, which is a high growth segment in the healthcare business. The Company plans to leverage the expertise and hospital relationships of NeoForce to accelerate the adoption of CoSense.
The transaction has been accounted for as a business combination under the acquisition method of accounting. Accordingly, the tangible assets and identifiable intangible assets acquired and liabilities assumed
 
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Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
have been recorded at fair value, with the remaining purchase price recorded as goodwill. The fair values of current assets and liabilities approximated their book value. The fair values of acquired assets and liabilities are based on preliminary cash flow projections and other assumptions. The fair values of acquired intangible assets were determined using several significant unobservable inputs for projected cash flows and a discount rate. These inputs are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value measurements and disclosure guidance.
The agreement to pay the annual Royalty resulted in the recognition of a contingent consideration, which is recognized at the inception of the transaction, and subsequent changes to estimate of the amounts of contingent consideration to be paid will be recognized as charges or credits in the statement of operations. The fair value of the contingent consideration is based on preliminary cash flow projections, growth in expected product sales and other assumptions. Based on the assumptions, the fair value of the Royalty was determined to be $153,000 at the date of acquisition and at December 31, 2015. The fair value of the royalty was determined by applying the income approach, using several significant unobservable inputs for projected cash flows and a discount rate of 20% commensurate with the Company’s cost of capital and expectation of the revenue growth for products at their life cycle stage. These inputs are considered Level 3 inputs under the fair value measurements and disclosure guidance.
The aggregate purchase price consideration was as follows:

Cash consideration	  	$	1,000,000	  	
Fair value of contingent consideration	  	 	153,000	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
Total purchase price consideration	  	$	1,153,000	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
The fair values of assets acquired at the transaction date are summarized below:

Net tangible assets acquired	  	$	39,377	  	
Customer contracts	  	 	259,730	  	
Patents	  	 	135,890	  	
Goodwill	  	 	718,003	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
Net Assets Acquired	  	$	1,153,000	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
Net tangible assets acquired consisted primarily of equipment, furniture and fixtures.
Goodwill is an unidentifiable asset and, as such, can only be measured as a residual. A significant component of the NeoForce goodwill, which did not meet the criteria for separate recognition as an intangible asset was a skilled and assembled workforce. The founder of NeoForce, who became the General Manager of Neonatology at the Company, brings 25 years of medical device sales, operations and product development experience at neonatology focused companies. The Company plans to use his expertise and broad relationships with top tier hospitals across the United States to accelerate the adoption of CoSense. The Company also expects to achieve synergies in the areas of accounting, informational technology, sales & marketing and other general administration expenses through the combination.
 
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Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Pro Forma Financial Information (Unaudited)
The following table presents the unaudited pro forma results of Capnia, Inc. (including the operations of Neoforce) for the years ended December 31, 2014 and December 31, 2015. The unaudited pro forma financial information combines the results of operations of Capnia and NeoForce as though the companies had been combined as of the beginning of each of the fiscal periods presented. As of September 8, 2015, the date of the acquisition, the results of NFI have been combined with Capnia as a wholly-owned subsidiary. The unaudited pro forma financial information is presented for informational purposes only and is not indicative of the consolidated results of operations that would have been achieved if the acquisition had taken place at the beginning of fiscal 2014 or 2015. In addition, the unaudited pro forma financial information does not attempt to project the future consolidated results of operations.

 	  	December 31,	 	  	December 31,	 	
 	  	2015	 	  	2014	 	
Pro forma total revenues	  	$	1,168,846	  	  	$	987,853	  	
Pro forma net loss	  	$	(16,002,126	) 	  	$	(13,307,030	) 	
Pro forma net loss per share — basic and diluted	  	$	(1.70	) 	  	$	(10.48	) 	
Pro forma weighted — average shares — basic and diluted	  	 	9,425,880	  	  	 	1,270,033	  	
The unaudited pro forma financial information above reflects the following:
 
 	•	 	the increase of amortization expense of $53,000 in the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 related to the estimated fair value of intangible assets from the purchase price allocation which are being amortized over their estimated useful lives through 2028. The change in depreciation expense related to the change in estimated fair value of property and equipment from the book value at the time of the acquisition was not material.	
For the year ended December 31, 2015, NeoForce, Inc. revenue and net income included in the Company’s Consolidated Statement of Operations and Net Loss were $279,000 and $76,000, respectively.
Note 14. Defined Contribution Plan
The Company sponsors a 401(k) Plan, which stipulates that eligible employees can elect to contribute to the 401(k) Plan, subject to certain limitations of eligible compensation. The Company may match employee contributions in amounts to be determined at the Company’s sole discretion. To date, the Company has not made any matching contributions.
Note 15. Subsequent Events
On January 5, 2016, January 27, 2016 and March 16, 2016, the two funds managed by Sabby converted 1,665 shares of their Series A Convertible Stock into 900,000 shares of Common Stock.
On January 8, 2016, the Company completed the second closing under the Sabby Purchase Agreement entered into on October 12, 2015 with funds managed by Sabby. The Company issued 5,445 shares of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock with a stated value of $1,000 per share and par value of $0.001. In addition, the
 
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Capnia, Inc.
December 31, 2015
Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements
(Continued)
 
Company issued 1,471,622 Series D Warrants to the funds managed by Sabby and 58,865 Series D Warrants to Maxim Group, LLC as underwriter. The Company received proceeds of approximately $5 million, net of $0.5 million in estimated expenses.
On January 11, 2016, the Company received a letter from Nasdaq indicating that the Company had regained compliance with the Nasdaq Listing Requirements.
On January 13, 2016, the Company entered into agreement to sublease its old office space at 3 Twin Dolphin Dr. The Company occupied this space as its corporate headquarters until August 1, 2015.
On January 26, 2016, the Company entered into a distribution agreement with Bemes, Inc., a leading medical equipment Master Distributor, to market and distribute CoSense and Precision Sampling Sets. Under the terms of the agreement, Bemes will have the exclusive right for sales, marketing, distribution and field service activities for CoSense in the United States.
On February 12, 2016, the Series B Warrants expired. On December 31, 2015, the Company had 116,580 Series B Warrants outstanding. Subsequent to December 31, 2015, a number of different Series B warrant holders exercised on a cashless basis 102,300 Series B Warrants and as a result the Company issued 485,202 shares of Common Stock. The remaining 14,280 Series B Warrants expired on February 12, 2016.
On February 12, 2016, the Company entered into an amendment and extension of its lease dated January 13, 2006 at 35 Commerce Drive in Ivyland, Pennsylvania. The amendment and extension effective as of March 1, 2016, includes additional space at 34 Commerce Drive and expires on March 31, 2017.
 
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PART II
INFORMATION NOT REQUIRED IN PROSPECTUS
Item 13. Other Expenses of Issuance and Distribution.
The following table sets forth the estimated costs and expenses to be incurred in connection with the issuance and distribution of the securities registered under this Registration Statement. All amounts are estimates except the Securities and Exchange Commission registration fee.

 	  	Amount
to be Paid	 	
SEC registration fee	  	$	967.77	  	
Legal fees and expenses	  	$	15,000.00	  	
Accountant’s fees and expenses	  	$	12,000.00	  	
Miscellaneous expenses	  	$	20,000.00	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
Total	  	$	47,967.77	  	
 	  	 	 	 	
Item 14. Indemnification of Directors and Officers.
Section 145 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the Delaware Law, provides that a corporation may indemnify directors and officers as well as other employees and individuals against expenses (including attorneys’ fees), judgments, fines and amounts paid in settlement in connection with specified actions, suits or proceedings, whether civil, criminal, administrative or investigative (other than an action by or in the right of the corporation — a “derivative action”), if they acted in good faith and in a manner they reasonably believed to be in or not opposed to the best interests of the corporation, and, with respect to any criminal action or proceeding, had no reasonable cause to believe their conduct was unlawful. A similar standard is applicable in the case of derivative actions, except that indemnification only extends to expenses (including attorneys’ fees) incurred in connection with defense or settlement of such action, and the statute requires court approval before there can be any indemnification where the person seeking indemnification has been found liable to the corporation. Under Section 145 of the Delaware Law, a corporation shall indemnify an agent of the corporation for expenses actually and reasonably incurred if and to the extent such person was successful on the merits in a proceeding or in defense of any claim, issue or matter therein.
Section 145 of the Delaware Law authorizes a court to award, or a corporation’s board of directors to grant, indemnity to directors and officers in terms sufficiently broad to permit such indemnification under certain circumstances for liabilities (including reimbursement for expenses incurred) arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. Our amended and restated certificate of incorporation and bylaws provide for indemnification of our directors, officers, employees and other agents to the maximum extent permitted by the Delaware Law. We have also entered into agreements with its directors and officers that will require us, among other things, to indemnify them against certain liabilities that may arise by reason of their status or service as directors or officers to the fullest extent not prohibited by law. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to our directors, officers or persons controlling our company pursuant to such provisions, we have been informed that in the opinion of the SEC such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
There is no litigation pending or, to the best of our knowledge, threatened which might or could result in a claim for indemnification by a director or officer.
 
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Item 15. Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities.
None.
Item 16. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules.
The following exhibits are included as part of this Form S-1.
EXHIBIT INDEX

 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference from	
Exhibit
Number	  	Description of Document	  	Registrant’s
Form	  	Date Filed
with the SEC	  	Exhibit
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  3.1	  	Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation of Capnia, Inc.	  	S-1/A	  	August 7, 2014	  	3.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  3.2	  	Amended and Restated Bylaws of Capnia, Inc.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	3.4	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  3.3	  	Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	3.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  3.4	  	Certificate of Designation of Preferences, Rights and Limitations of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock	  	8-K	  	July 6, 2016	  	3.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.1	  	Form of the Common Stock certificate.	  	S-1/A	  	August 5, 2014	  	4.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.2	  	Amended And Restated Investors’ Rights Agreement, dated March 20, 2008, by and among Capnia, Inc. and certain holders of the Capnia, Inc.’s capital stock named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.3	  	Form of Series A Warrant Agreement.	  	S-1/A	  	August 7, 2014	  	4.3	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.4	  	Form of the Series A Warrant certificate.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	4.4	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.5	  	Form of Underwriters’ Compensation Warrant.	  	S-1/A	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.5	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.6	  	Form of Convertible Promissory Note issued in February 2010 and March 2010 in connection with the 2010 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.6	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.7	  	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares issued in February 2010 and March 2010 in connection with the 2010 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.7	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.8	  	Form of Convertible Promissory Note issued in November 2010 in connection with the 2010 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.8	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.9	  	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares issued in November 2010 in connection with the 2010 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.9	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.10	  	Form of Convertible Promissory Note issued in January 2012 in connection with the 2012 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.10	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.11	  	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares issued in January 2012 in connection with Capnia, Inc.’s 2012 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.11	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.12	  	Form of Convertible Promissory Note issued in July 2012 and August 2012 in connection with the 2012 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.12	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.13	  	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares issued in July 2012 and August 2012 in connection with the 2012 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.13	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.14	  	Form of Convertible Promissory Note issued in April, August and October 2014 in connection with the 2014 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.14	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.15	  	Form of Warrant to Purchase Shares issued in April, August and October 2014 in connection with the 2014 convertible note financing.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	4.15	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.16	  	Form of unit certificate.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	4.16	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.17	  	Form of Series B Warrant Agreement.	  	S-1/A	  	August 7, 2014	  	4.17	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.18	  	Form of the Series B Warrant certificate.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	4.18	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.19	  	Form of the Series C Warrant Agreement.	  	S-4	  	April 1, 2015	  	4.19	  	 	
 
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Table of Contents
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference from	
Exhibit
Number	  	Description of Document	  	Registrant’s
Form	  	Date Filed
with the SEC	  	Exhibit
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.20	  	Form of the Series C Warrant certificate.	  	S-4	  	April 1, 2015	  	4.20	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.21	  	Form of Series D Common Stock Purchase Warrant.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	4.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.22	  	Form of Placement Agent Warrant.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	4.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.23	  	Form of Series D Common Stock Warrant Certificate.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	4.3	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.24	  	Form of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	4.4	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.25	  	Form of Placement Agent Warrant.	  	8-K	  	July 6, 2016	  	4.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  4.26	  	Form of Series B Convertible Preferred Stock Certificate.	  	8-K	  	July 6, 2016	  	4.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  5.1	  	Opinion of Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati, Professional Corporation.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  9.1	  	Form of Voting Agreement.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	9.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  9.2	  	Form of Voting Agreement.	  	8-K	  	July 6, 2016	  	4.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  9.3	  	Form of Voting Agreement.	  	8-K	  	December 27, 2016	  	10.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.1	  	Form of Indemnification Agreement between the Registrant and each of its directors and executive officers.	  	S-1/A	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.2	  	1999 Incentive Stock Plan and forms of agreements thereunder.	  	S-1/A	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.3	  	2010 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder.	  	S-1/A	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.3	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.4	  	2014 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	10.4	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.5	  	2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and forms of agreements thereunder.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	10.5	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.6	  	Offer Letter, dated June 22, 2007, by and between Capnia, Inc. and Ernest Mario, Ph.D.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.6	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.7	  	Employment Agreement, dated April 6, 2010, by and between Capnia, Inc. and Anish Bhatnagar.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.7	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.8	  	Offer Letter, dated May 29, 2013, between Capnia, Inc. and Anthony Wondka.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.8	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.9	  	Offer Letter, dated April 17, 2014, by and between Capnia, Inc. and Antoun Nabhan.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.9	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.10	  	Asset Purchase Agreement dated May 11, 2010, by and between Capnia, Inc. and BioMedical Drug Development Inc.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.10	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.11	  	Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated February 10, 2010, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.11	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.12	  	Amendment No. 1 to Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, Convertible Promissory Notes and Warrants to Purchase Shares, dated November 10, 2010, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.12	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.13	  	2010 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder.	  	S-1/A	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.3	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.14	  	2014 Equity Incentive Plan and forms of agreements thereunder.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	10.4	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.15	  	2014 Employee Stock Purchase Plan and forms of agreements thereunder.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	10.5	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.16	  	Offer Letter, dated June 22, 2007, by and between Capnia, Inc. and Ernest Mario, Ph.D.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.6	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.17	  	Employment Agreement, dated April 6, 2010, by and between Capnia, Inc. and Anish Bhatnagar.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.7	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
10.18	  	Offer Letter, dated May 29, 2013, between Capnia, Inc. and Anthony Wondka.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.8	  	 	
 
II-3

Table of Contents
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference from	
Exhibit
Number	  	Description of Document	  	Registrant’s
Form	  	Date Filed
with the SEC	  	Exhibit
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.19	  	Offer Letter, dated April 17, 2014, by and between Capnia, Inc. and Antoun Nabhan.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.9	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.20	  	Asset Purchase Agreement dated May 11, 2010, by and between Capnia, Inc. and BioMedical Drug Development Inc.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.10	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.21	  	Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated February 10, 2010, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.11	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.22	  	Amendment No. 1 to Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, Convertible Promissory Notes and Warrants to Purchase Shares, dated November 10, 2010, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.12	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.23	  	Amendment No. 2 to Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, Convertible Promissory Notes and Warrants to Purchase Shares, dated January 17, 2012, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.13	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.24	  	Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated January 16, 2012, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.14	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.25	  	Omnibus Amendment to Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, Convertible Promissory Notes and Warrants to Purchase Shares, dated July 31, 2012, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.15	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.26	  	Omnibus Amendment to Convertible Promissory Notes and Warrants to Purchase Shares, dated April 28, 2014, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.16	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.27	  	Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, dated April 28, 2014, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.17	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.28	  	Omnibus Amendment to Convertible Note and Warrant Purchase Agreement, Convertible Promissory Notes and Warrants to Purchase Shares, dated May 5, 2014, by and among Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein.	  	S-1	  	June 10, 2014	  	10.18	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.29	  	Sublease, dated May 20, 2014, by and among Capnia, Inc. and Silicon Valley Finance Group.	  	S-1/A	  	July 1, 2014	  	10.19	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.30	  	Offer Letter, dated June 24, 2014, by and between Capnia, Inc. and David D. O’Toole.	  	S-1/A	  	July 22, 2014	  	10.20	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.31	  	Loan Agreement by and between Capnia, Inc. and the investors named therein, dated September 29, 2014.	  	S-1/A	  	September 29, 2014	  	10.21	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.32	  	Revised Second Tranche Closing Notice and Letter Amendment dated August 18, 2014 relating to the August 2014 Notes.	  	S-1/A	  	November 4, 2014	  	10.22	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.33	  	Second Tranche Subsequent Closing Notice and Letter Amendment dated October 22, 2014 relating to the October 2014 Notes.	  	S-1/A	  	November 4, 2014	  	10.23	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.34	  	Form of Warrant Exercise Agreement.	  	8-K/A	  	March 6, 2015	  	10.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.35	  	Advisory Agreement by and between Capnia, Inc. and Maxim Group LLC, dated March 4, 2015.	  	S-4	  	April 1, 2014	  	10.25	  	 	
 
II-4

Table of Contents
 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
 	  	 	  	Incorporated by Reference from	
Exhibit
Number	  	Description of Document	  	Registrant’s
Form	  	Date Filed
with the SEC	  	Exhibit
Number	  	Filed
Herewith	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.36	  	Agreement and First Amendment to Asset Purchase Agreement between the Company, BDDI and affiliate of BDDI, dated June 30, 2015.	  	8-K	  	July 7, 2015	  	10.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.37	  	Common Stock Purchase Agreement between the Company and an affiliate of BDDI, dated June 30, 2015.	  	8-K	  	July 7, 2015	  	10.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.38	  	Registration Rights Agreement between the Company and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, dated July 24, 2015.	  	8-K	  	July 27, 2015	  	4.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.39	  	Common Stock Purchase Agreement between the Company and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, dated July 24, 2015.	  	8-K	  	July 27, 2015	  	10.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.40	  	Engagement Letter dated September 17, 2015, between Capnia, Inc. and Maxim Group, LLC.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	1.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.41	  	Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 12, 2015.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	10.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.42	  	Form of Registration Rights Agreement.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	10.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.43	  	Form of Lock-Up Agreement.	  	8-K	  	October 15, 2015	  	10.3	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.44	  	Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement dated October 29, 2015.	  	S-1/A	  	December 22, 2015	  	10.34	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.45	  	Transfer and Distribution Agreement: United States: by and between Capnia, Inc. and Bemes, Inc. signed January 26, 2016.	  	8-K	  	January 28, 2016	  	10.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.46	  	Engagement Letter dated June 26, 2016, between Capnia, Inc. and Maxim Group, LLC.	  	8-K	  	July 6, 2016	  	1.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.47	  	Securities Purchase Agreement dated June 29, 2016.	  	8-K	  	July 6, 2016	  	10.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.48	  	Form of Registration Rights Agreement dated June 29, 2016.	  	8-K	  	July 6, 2016	  	10.2	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.49	  	Amendment No. 1 to Securities Purchase Agreement dated September 20, 2016.	  	S-1/A	  	September 23, 2016	  	10.49	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.50	  	Agreement and Plan of Merger and Reorganization, dated as of December 22, 2016, by and among Capnia, Inc., a Delaware corporation, Essentialis, Inc., a Delaware corporation, Company E Merger Sub, Inc., a Delaware corporation and a wholly-owned subsidiary of Capnia, and Neil Cowen as the stockholders’ representative.	  	8-K	  	December 27, 2016	  	2.1	  	 	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.51	  	Registration Rights Agreement between the Company and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, dated January 27, 2017.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  10.52	  	Common Stock Purchase Agreement between the Company and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC, dated January 27, 2017.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
  23.1	  	Consent of Marcum LLP	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.INS	  	XBRL Instance Document.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.SCH	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.CAL	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.DEF	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.LAB	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 	 	 	 	 	 	
101.PRE	  	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.	  	 	  	 	  	 	  	X	
 
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Table of Contents
Item 17. Undertakings.
1. The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to file, during any period in which offers or sales are being made, a post-effective amendment to this registration statement:
(i) To include any prospectus required by Section 10(a)(3) of the Securities Act of 1933.
(ii) To reflect in the prospectus any facts or events arising after the effective date of the registration statement (or the most recent post-effective amendment thereof) which, individually or in the aggregate, represent a fundamental change in the information set forth in the registration statement. Notwithstanding the foregoing, any increase or decrease in volume of securities offered (if the total dollar value of securities offered would not exceed that which was registered) and any deviation from the low or high end of the estimated maximum offering range may be reflected in the form of prospectus filed with the Commission pursuant to Rule 424(b) if, in the aggregate, the changes in volume and price represent no more than 20 percent change in the maximum aggregate offering price set forth in the “Calculation of Registration Fee” table in the effective registration statement.
(iii) To include any material information with respect to the plan of distribution not previously disclosed in the registration statement or any material change to such information in the registration statement.
Provided, however, that paragraphs (B)(1)(i) and (B)(1)(ii) of this section do not apply if the registration statement is on Form S-3, Form S-8 or Form F-3, and the information required to be included in a post-effective amendment by those paragraphs is contained in periodic reports filed with or furnished to the Commission by the Registrant pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act that are incorporated by reference in the registration statement.
2. The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for the purpose of determining any liability under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, each such post-effective amendment shall be deemed to be a new registration statement relating to the securities offered therein, and the offering of such securities at that time shall be deemed to be the initial bona fide offering thereof.
3. The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes to remove from registration by means of a post-effective amendment any of the securities being registered that remain unsold at the termination of the offering.
4. The undersigned registrant hereby undertakes that, for the purposes of determining liability to any purchaser:
If the registrant is subject to Rule 430C, each prospectus filed pursuant to Rule 424(b) as part of a registration statement relating to an offering, other than registration statements relying on Rule 430B or other than prospectuses filed in reliance on Rule 430A, shall be deemed to be part of and included in the registration statement as of the date it is first used after effectiveness. Provided, however, that no statement made in a registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement or made in a document incorporated or deemed incorporated by reference into the registration statement or prospectus that is part of the registration statement will, as to a purchaser with a time of contract of sale prior to such first use, supersede or modify any statement that was made in the registration statement or prospectus that was part of the registration statement or made in any such document immediately prior to such date of first use.
 
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Table of Contents
5. Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the undersigned registrant according the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the undersigned registrant has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable. In the event that a claim for indemnification against such liabilities (other than the payment by the Registrant of expenses incurred or paid by a director, officer or controlling person of the registrant in the successful defense of any action, suit or proceeding) is asserted by such director, officer or controlling person in connection with the securities being registered, the registrant will, unless in the opinion of its counsel the matter has been settled by controlling precedent, submit to a court of appropriate jurisdiction the question whether such indemnification by it is against public policy as expressed in the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and will be governed by the final adjudication of such issue.
 
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Table of Contents
SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, the registrant has duly caused this registration statement to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized in the City of Redwood City, State of California, on this 1st day of February, 2017.

CAPNIA, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Anish Bhatnagar	
 	 	Anish Bhatnagar	
 	 	President and Chief Executive Officer	
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, this Registration Statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated:

Signature	  	Title	 	Date	
 	 	 	
/s/ Anish Bhatnagar
Anish Bhatnagar	  	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director (Principal Executive Officer)	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ David D. O’Toole
David D. O’Toole	  	Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financing and Accounting Officer)	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Ernest Mario
Ernest Mario	  	Chairman	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Edgar G. Engleman
Edgar G. Engleman	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Steinar J. Engelsen
Steinar J. Engelsen	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Stephen Kirnon
Stephen Kirnon	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Rajen Dalal
Rajen Dalal	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ William G. Harris
William G. Harris	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 
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Table of Contents
POWER OF ATTORNEY
KNOW ALL MEN BY THESE PRESENTS, that each person whose signature appears below, hereby constitutes and appoints Anish Bhatnagar and David O’Toole, or either of them, his true and lawful attorneys-in-fact and agents, with full power of substitution and resubstitution, for him and in his name, place and stead, in any and all capacities, to sign any and all amendments to the registration statement, including post-effective amendments, and registration statements filed pursuant to Rule 462 under the Securities Act of 1933, and to file the same, with all exhibits thereto, and other documents in connection therewith, with the Securities and Exchange Commission, and does hereby grant unto said attorneys-in-fact and agents, and each of them, full power and authority to do and perform each and every act and thing requisite and necessary to be done in and about the foregoing, as fully to all intents and purposes as he might or could do in person, hereby ratifying and confirming all that said attorneys-in-fact and agents, or any of them, or their or his substitutes, may lawfully do or cause to be done by virtue hereof.
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Act of 1933, this registration statement has been signed by the following persons in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature	  	Title	 	Date	
 	 	 	
/s/ Anish Bhatnagar
Anish Bhatnagar	  	President, Chief Executive Officer and Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ David D. O’Toole
David D. O’Toole	  	Chief Financial Officer	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Ernest Mario
Ernest Mario	  	Chairman	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Edgar G. Engleman
Edgar G. Engleman	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Steinar J. Engelsen
Steinar J. Engelsen	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Stephen Kirnon
Stephen Kirnon	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ Rajen Dalal
Rajen Dalal	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 	 	 	
/s/ William G. Harris
William G. Harris	  	Director	 	February 1, 2017	
 
II-9

Exhibit 5.1

 	  	 

 
 
 	650 Page Mill Road

Palo Alto, CA 94304-1050
PHONE 650.493.9300
FAX 650.493.6811
www.wsgr.com	  

  

February 1, 2017
Capnia, Inc.
1235 Radio Road, Suite 110
Redwood City, CA 94065
Re: Registration Statement on Form S-1
Ladies and Gentlemen:
This opinion is furnished to you in connection with the Registration Statement on Form S-1 (the “Registration Statement ”), filed by Capnia, Inc. (the “ Company ”) with the Securities and Exchange Commission on even date herewith in connection with the registration under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, of an aggregate of 10,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “ Common Stock ”), all of which are reserved for issuance pursuant to a common stock purchase agreement dated January 27, 2017 (the “ Purchase Agreement ”), between the Company and Aspire Capital Fund, LLC (“ Aspire Capital ”).
We are acting as counsel for the Company in connection with the registration of Common Stock by the Company. In such capacity, we have examined the Purchase Agreement. We have also examined originals or copies, certified or otherwise identified to our satisfaction, of such documents, corporate records, certificates of public officials and other instruments as we have deemed necessary for the purposes of rendering this opinion. In our examination, we have assumed the genuineness of all signatures, the authenticity of all documents submitted to us as originals, the conformity with the originals of all documents submitted to us as copies, the authenticity of the originals of such documents and the legal competence of all signatories to such documents.
Based on the foregoing and in reliance thereon and subject to the assumptions, qualifications and limitations set forth herein, we are of the opinion that:
(i) the 708,333 shares of Common Stock that have already been issued and held by Aspire Capital are validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable; and
(ii) the 9,291,667 shares of Common Stock, when sold and issued by the Company to Aspire Capital in accordance with the terms of the Purchase Agreement, including receipt of the consideration therefore, will be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable.
We are members of the Bar of the State of California and this opinion is limited solely to the federal laws of the United States of America and the General Corporation Law of the State of Delaware (including the statutory provisions and all applicable judicial decisions interpreting those laws).
We consent to the use of this opinion as an exhibit to the Registration Statement, and we consent to the reference of our name under the caption “Legal Matters” in the prospectus forming part of the Registration Statement.

Very truly yours,	
 	
/s/ Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati	
 	
WILSON SONSINI GOODRICH & ROSATI
Professional Corporation	

Exhibit 10.51
Execution Copy
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT
REGISTRATION RIGHTS AGREEMENT (this “Agreement”), dated as of January 27, 2017, by and between  CAPNIA, INC.,  a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), and  ASPIRE CAPITAL FUND, LLC,  an Illinois limited liability company (together with its permitted assigns, the “ Buyer ”). Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined herein shall have the respective meanings set forth in the Common Stock Purchase Agreement by and between the parties hereto, dated as of the date hereof (as amended, restated, supplemented or otherwise modified from time to time, the “ Purchase Agreement ”).
WHEREAS:
A. Upon the terms and subject to the conditions of the Purchase Agreement, (i) the Company has agreed to issue to the Buyer, and the Buyer has agreed to purchase, up to Seventeen Million Dollars ($17,000,000) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 per share (the “ Common Stock ”), pursuant to Section 1 of the Purchase Agreement (such shares, the “ Purchase Shares ”), and (ii) the Company has agreed to issue to the Buyer such number of shares of Common Stock as is required pursuant to Section 4(e) of the Purchase Agreement (the  “Commitment Shares” ); and
B. To induce the Buyer to enter into the Purchase Agreement, the Company has agreed to provide certain registration rights under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and the rules and regulations thereunder, or any similar successor statute (collectively, the “ 1933 Act ”), and applicable state securities laws.
NOW, THEREFORE, in consideration of the promises and the mutual covenants contained herein and other good and valuable consideration, the receipt and sufficiency of which are hereby acknowledged, the Company and the Buyer hereby agree as follows:
1. DEFINITIONS.
As used in this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
a. “Person” means any person or entity including any corporation, a limited liability company, an association, a partnership, an organization, a business, an individual, a governmental or political subdivision thereof or a governmental agency.
b. “Register,” “registered,” and “registration” refer to a registration effected by preparing and filing one or more registration statements of the Company in compliance with the 1933 Act and pursuant to Rule 415 under the 1933 Act or any successor rule providing for offering securities on a continuous basis (“ Rule 415 ”), and the declaration or ordering of effectiveness of such registration statement(s) by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “ SEC ”).
c. “Registrable Securities” means (i) all of the Commitment Shares and (ii) such number of additional Purchase Shares as reasonably determined by the Company, which may from time to time be, issued or issuable to the Buyer upon purchases of the Available Amount under the Purchase Agreement, and any shares of capital stock issued or issuable with respect to the Purchase Shares, the Commitment Shares or the Purchase Agreement as a result of any stock split, stock dividend, recapitalization, exchange or similar event, without regard to any limitation on purchases under the Purchase Agreement.

d. “Registration Statement” means a registration statement of the Company covering only the sale of the Registrable Securities.
2. REGISTRATION.
a. Mandatory Registration. The Company shall within Ten (10) Business Days from the date hereof file with the SEC the Registration Statement. The Registration Statement shall register only the Registrable Securities and no other securities of the Company. Except as provided herein, the Buyer and its counsel shall have a reasonable opportunity to review and comment upon such Registration Statement or any amendment to such Registration Statement and any related prospectus prior to its filing with the SEC. The Buyer shall furnish all information reasonably requested by the Company for inclusion therein. The Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to have the Registration Statement or any amendment declared effective by the SEC as soon as reasonably practicable. Subject to Permitted Delays (as defined below) and Section 3(e), the Company shall use reasonable best efforts to keep the Registration Statement effective pursuant to Rule 415 promulgated under the 1933 Act and available for sales of all of the Registrable Securities at all times until the earlier of (i) the date as of which the Buyer may sell all of the Registrable Securities without restriction pursuant to Rule 144 promulgated under the 1933 Act (or successor thereto) or (ii) the date on which the Buyer shall have sold all the Registrable Securities and no Available Amount remains under the Purchase Agreement (the “ Registration Period ”). Except as contemplated in Section 3(e), the Registration Statement (including any amendments or supplements thereto and prospectuses contained therein) shall not contain any untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material fact required to be stated therein, or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading.
b. Rule 424 Prospectus. The Company shall, as required by applicable securities regulations, from time to time file with the SEC, pursuant to Rule 424 promulgated under the 1933 Act, a prospectus and prospectus supplements, if any, to be used in connection with sales of the Registrable Securities under the Registration Statement. The Buyer and its counsel shall have two (2) Business Days to review and comment upon such prospectus prior to its filing with the SEC. The Buyer shall use its reasonable best efforts to comment upon such prospectus within two (2) Business Days from the date the Buyer receives the final version of such prospectus.
c. Sufficient Number of Shares Registered. In the event the number of shares available under the Registration Statement is insufficient to cover the Registrable Securities, the Company shall, to the extent necessary and permissible, amend the Registration Statement or file a new registration statement (a “ New Registration Statement ”), so as to cover all such Registrable Securities as soon as practicable, but in any event not later than ten (10) Business Days after the necessity therefor arises. The Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to have such amendment and/or New Registration Statement become effective as soon as reasonably practicable following the filing thereof.
 
2

3. RELATED OBLIGATIONS.
With respect to the Registration Statement and whenever any Registrable Securities are to be registered pursuant to Sections 2(a) and (c), including on any New Registration Statement, the Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to effect the registration of the Registrable Securities in accordance with the intended method of disposition thereof and, pursuant thereto, the Company shall have the following obligations:
a. The Company shall prepare and file with the SEC such amendments (including post-effective amendments) and supplements to any Registration Statement and the prospectus used in connection with such Registration Statement, as may be necessary to keep the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement effective at all times during the Registration Period, subject to Permitted Delays and Section 3(e) and, during such period, comply with the provisions of the 1933 Act with respect to the disposition of all Registrable Securities of the Company covered by the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement until such time as all of such Registrable Securities shall have been disposed of in accordance with the intended methods of disposition by the seller or sellers thereof as set forth in such Registration Statement. Should the Company file a post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement or a New Registration Statement, the Company will use its reasonable best efforts to have such filing declared effective by the SEC within thirty (30) consecutive Business Days following the date of filing, which such period shall be extended for an additional thirty (30) Business Days if the Company receives a comment letter from the SEC in connection therewith. If (i) there is material non-public information regarding the Company which the Company’s Board of Directors reasonably determines not to be in the Company’s best interest to disclose and which the Company is not otherwise required to disclose or (ii) there is a significant business opportunity (including, but not limited to, the acquisition or disposition of assets (other than in the ordinary course of business) or any merger, consolidation, tender offer or other similar transaction) available to the Company which the Company’s Board of Directors reasonably determines not to be in the Company’s best interest to disclose and which the Company would be required to disclose under a Registration Statement or a New Registration Statement, then the Company may postpone or suspend filing or effectiveness of such Registration Statement or New Registration Statement or use of the prospectus under the Registration Statement or New Registration Statement for a period not to exceed thirty (30) consecutive days, provided that the Company may not postpone or suspend its obligation under this Section 3(a) for more than sixty (60) days in the aggregate during any twelve (12) month period (each, a “ Permitted Delay ”).
b. The Company shall submit to the Buyer for review and comment any disclosure in the Registration Statement, any New Registration Statement and all amendments and supplements thereto (other than prospectus supplements that consist only of a copy of a filed Form 10-K, Form 10-Q or a Current Report on Form 8-K or any amendment as a result of the Company’s filing of a document that is incorporated by reference into the Registration Statement or New Registration Statement) containing information provided by the Buyer for inclusion in such document and any descriptions or disclosure regarding the Buyer, the Purchase Agreement, including the transaction contemplated thereby, or this Agreement at least two (2) Business Days prior to their filing with the SEC, and not file any document in a form to which Buyer reasonably and timely objects. Upon request of the Buyer, the Company shall provide to the Buyer all disclosure in the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement and all amendments and supplements thereto (other than prospectus supplements that consist only of a copy of a filed Form 10-K, Form 10-Q or Current Report on Form 8-K or any amendment as a result of the Company’s filing of a document that is incorporated by reference into the Registration
 
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Statement or New Registration Statement) at least two (2) Business Days prior to their filing with the SEC, and not file any document in a form to which Buyer reasonably and timely objects, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld, conditioned or delayed. The Buyer shall use its reasonable best efforts to comment upon the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement and any amendments or supplements thereto within two (2) Business Days from the date the Buyer receives the final version thereof. The Company shall furnish to the Buyer, without charge, any correspondence from the SEC or the staff of the SEC to the Company or its representatives relating to the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement.
c. Upon request of the Buyer, the Company shall furnish to the Buyer, (i) promptly after the same is prepared and filed with the SEC, at least one copy of the Registration Statement and any amendment(s) thereto, including financial statements and schedules, all documents incorporated therein by reference and all exhibits, (ii) upon the effectiveness of a Registration Statement, a copy of the prospectus included in such Registration Statement and all amendments and supplements thereto (or such other number of copies as the Buyer may reasonably request) and (iii) such other documents, including copies of any preliminary or final prospectus, as the Buyer may reasonably request from time to time in order to facilitate the disposition of the Registrable Securities owned by the Buyer.
d. The Company shall use reasonable best efforts to (i) register and qualify, unless an exemption from registration and qualification is available, the Registrable Securities covered by a Registration Statement under such other securities or “blue sky” laws of such jurisdictions in the United States as the Buyer reasonably requests, (ii) subject to Permitted Delays, prepare and file in those jurisdictions, such amendments (including post-effective amendments) and supplements to such registrations and qualifications as may be necessary to maintain the effectiveness thereof during the Registration Period, (iii) take such other actions as may be necessary to maintain such registrations and qualifications in effect at all times during the Registration Period, and (iv) take all other actions reasonably necessary or advisable to qualify the Registrable Securities for sale in such jurisdictions; provided, however, that the Company shall not be required in connection therewith or as a condition thereto to (x) qualify to do business in any jurisdiction where it would not otherwise be required to qualify but for this Section 3(d), (y) subject itself to general taxation in any such jurisdiction, or (z) file a general consent to service of process in any such jurisdiction. The Company shall promptly notify the Buyer who holds Registrable Securities of the receipt by the Company of any notification with respect to the suspension of the registration or qualification of any of the Registrable Securities for sale under the securities or “blue sky” laws of any jurisdiction in the United States or its receipt of actual notice of the initiation or threat of any proceeding for such purpose.
e. Subject to Permitted Delays, as promptly as reasonably practicable after becoming aware of such event or facts, the Company shall notify the Buyer in writing if the Company has determined that the prospectus included in any Registration Statement, as then in effect, includes an untrue statement of a material fact or omits to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, and as promptly as reasonably practical (taking into account the Company’s good faith assessment of any adverse consequences to the Company and its stockholders of premature disclosure of such event or facts) prepare a prospectus supplement or amendment to such Registration Statement to correct such untrue statement or omission, and, upon the Buyer’s request, deliver a copy of such prospectus supplement or amendment to the Buyer. In providing this notice to the Buyer, the Company shall not include any other information about the facts underlying the Company’s determination and shall not in any way communicate any material nonpublic information about the Company or the
 
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Common Stock to the Buyer. The Company shall also promptly notify the Buyer in writing (i) when a prospectus or any prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment has been filed, and when a Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment has become effective (notification of such effectiveness shall be delivered to the Buyer by facsimile or e-mail on the same day of such effectiveness), (ii) of any request by the SEC for amendments or supplements to any Registration Statement or related prospectus or related information, and (iii) of the Company’s reasonable determination that a post-effective amendment to a Registration Statement would be appropriate. In no event shall the delivery of a notice under this Section 3(e), or the resulting unavailability of a Registration Statement, without regard to its duration, for disposition of securities by Buyer be considered a breach by the Company of its obligations under this Agreement. The preceding sentence in this Section 3(e) does not limit whether an event of default has occurred as set forth in Section 9(a) of the Purchase Agreement.
f. The Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to prevent the issuance of any stop order or other suspension of effectiveness of any Registration Statement, or the suspension of the qualification of any Registrable Securities for sale in any jurisdiction and, if such an order or suspension is issued, to obtain the withdrawal of such order or suspension at the earliest practical time and to notify the Buyer of the issuance of such order and the resolution thereof or its receipt of actual notice of the initiation or threat of any proceeding for such purpose.
g. The Company shall (i) cause all the Registrable Securities to be listed on each securities exchange on which securities of the same class or series issued by the Company are then listed, if any, if the listing of such Registrable Securities is then permitted under the rules of such exchange, or (ii) secure designation and quotation of all the Registrable Securities if the Principal Market (as such term is defined in the Purchase Agreement) is an automated quotation system. The Company shall pay all fees and expenses in connection with satisfying its obligation under this Section.
h. The Company shall cooperate with the Buyer to facilitate the timely preparation and delivery of certificates (not bearing any restrictive legend) representing the Registrable Securities to be offered pursuant to any Registration Statement and enable such certificates to be in such denominations or amounts as the Buyer may reasonably request and registered in such names as the Buyer may request.
i. The Company shall at all times provide a transfer agent and registrar with respect to its Common Stock.
j. If reasonably requested by the Buyer, the Company shall (i) promptly incorporate in a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the Registration Statement such information as the Buyer believes should be included therein relating to the sale and distribution of Registrable Securities, including, without limitation, information with respect to the number of Registrable Securities being sold, the purchase price being paid therefor and any other terms of the offering of the Registrable Securities; (ii) make all required filings of such prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment promptly after being notified of the matters to be incorporated in such prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment; and (iii) supplement or make amendments to any Registration Statement (including by means of any document incorporated therein by reference).
k. The Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to cause the Registrable Securities covered by any Registration Statement to be registered with or approved by such other governmental agencies or authorities in the United States as may be necessary to consummate the disposition of such Registrable Securities.
 
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l. Within one (1) Business Day after any Registration Statement is ordered effective by the SEC, the Company shall deliver to the Transfer Agent for such Registrable Securities (with copies to the Buyer) confirmation that such Registration Statement has been declared effective by the SEC in the form attached hereto as  Exhibit A . Thereafter, if reasonably requested by the Buyer at any time, the Company shall deliver to the Buyer a written confirmation of whether or not the effectiveness of such Registration Statement has lapsed at any time for any reason (including, without limitation, the issuance of a stop order) and whether or not the Registration Statement is currently effective and available to the Buyer for sale of all of the Registrable Securities.
m. The Company agrees to take all other reasonable actions as necessary and reasonably requested by the Buyer to expedite and facilitate disposition by the Buyer of Registrable Securities pursuant to any Registration Statement.
4. OBLIGATIONS OF THE BUYER.
a. The Buyer has furnished to the Company in Exhibit B hereto such information regarding itself, the Registrable Securities held by it and the intended method of disposition of the Registrable Securities held by it as required to effect the registration of such Registrable Securities and shall execute such documents in connection with such registration as the Company may reasonably request. The Company shall notify the Buyer in writing of any other information the Company reasonably requires from the Buyer in connection with any Registration Statement hereunder. The Buyer will as promptly as practicable notify the Company of any material change in the information set forth in  Exhibit B , other than changes in its ownership of the Common Stock.
b. The Buyer agrees to cooperate with the Company as reasonably requested by the Company in connection with the preparation and filing of any amendments and supplements to any Registration Statement hereunder.
c. The Buyer agrees that, upon receipt of any notice from the Company of the happening of any event or existence of facts of the kind described in Section 3(f) or any notice of the kind described in the first sentence of Section 3(e), the Buyer will immediately discontinue disposition of Registrable Securities pursuant to any registration statement(s) covering such Registrable Securities until the Buyer’s receipt (which may be accomplished through electronic delivery) of the copies of the filed supplemented or amended registration statement and/or prospectus contemplated by Section 3(f) or the first sentence of Section 3(e). In addition, upon receipt of any notice from the Company of the kind described in the first sentence of Section 3(e), the Buyer will immediately discontinue purchases or sales of any securities of the Company unless such purchases or sales are in compliance with applicable U.S. securities laws. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary, the Company shall cause its Transfer Agent to deliver as promptly as practicable shares of Common Stock without any restrictive legend in accordance with the terms of the Purchase Agreement in connection with any sale of Registrable Securities with respect to which the Buyer has received a Purchase Notice or VWAP Purchase Notice (both as defined in the Purchase Agreement) prior to the Buyer’s receipt of a notice from the Company of the happening of any event of the kind described in Section 3(f) or the first sentence of Section 3(e) and for which the Buyer has not yet settled.
 
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5. EXPENSES OF REGISTRATION.
All reasonable expenses of the Company, other than sales or brokerage commissions and fees and disbursements of counsel for the Buyer, incurred in connection with registrations, filings or qualifications pursuant to Sections 2 and 3, including, without limitation, all registration, listing and qualifications fees, printers and accounting fees, and fees and disbursements of counsel for the Company, shall be paid by the Company.
6. INDEMNIFICATION.
a. To the fullest extent permitted by law, the Company will, and hereby does, indemnify, hold harmless and defend the Buyer, each Person, if any, who controls the Buyer, the members, the directors, officers, partners, employees, agents, representatives of the Buyer and each Person, if any, who controls the Buyer within the meaning of the 1933 Act or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “ 1934 Act ”) (each, an “ Indemnified Person ”), against any losses, claims, damages, liabilities, judgments, fines, penalties, charges, costs, reasonable attorneys’ fees, amounts paid in settlement (with the consent of the Company, such consent not to be unreasonably withheld) or reasonable expenses, (collectively, “ Claims ”) reasonably incurred in investigating, preparing or defending any action, claim, suit, inquiry, proceeding, investigation or appeal taken from the foregoing by or before any court or governmental, administrative or other regulatory agency or body or the SEC, whether pending or threatened, whether or not an indemnified party is or may be a party thereto (“ Indemnified Damages ”), to which any of them may become subject insofar as such Claims (or actions or proceedings, whether commenced or threatened, in respect thereof) arise out of or are based upon: (i) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact in the Registration Statement, any New Registration Statement or any post-effective amendment thereto or in any filing made in connection with the qualification of the offering under the securities or other “blue sky” laws of any jurisdiction in which Registrable Securities are offered (“ Blue Sky Filing ”), or the omission or alleged omission to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary to make the statements therein not misleading, (ii) any untrue statement or alleged untrue statement of a material fact contained in the final prospectus (as amended or supplemented, if the Company files any amendment thereof or supplement thereto with the SEC) or the omission or alleged omission to state therein any material fact necessary to make the statements made therein, in light of the circumstances under which the statements therein were made, not misleading, or (iii) any violation or alleged violation by the Company of the 1933 Act, the 1934 Act, any other law, including, without limitation, any state securities law, or any rule or regulation thereunder relating to the offer or sale of the Registrable Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement (the matters in the foregoing clauses (i) through (iii) being, collectively, “ Violations ”). The Company shall reimburse each Indemnified Person promptly as such expenses are incurred and are due and payable, for any reasonable legal fees or other reasonable expenses incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such Claim. Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained herein, the indemnification agreement contained in this Section 6(a): (A) shall not apply to a Claim by an Indemnified Person arising out of or based upon a Violation which occurs in reliance upon and in conformity with information furnished in writing to the Company by the Buyer or such Indemnified Person expressly for use in connection with the preparation of the Registration Statement, any New Registration Statement or any such amendment thereof or supplement thereto, if such prospectus was timely made available by the Company; (B) with respect to any superseded prospectus, shall not inure to the benefit of any such person from whom the person asserting any such Claim purchased the Registrable Securities that are the subject thereof (or to the benefit of any other Indemnified Person) if the untrue statement or omission of material fact
 
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contained in the superseded prospectus was corrected in the revised prospectus, as then amended or supplemented, if such revised prospectus was timely made available by the Company pursuant to Section 3(c) or Section 3(e), and the Buyer was promptly advised in writing not to use the incorrect prospectus prior to the use giving rise to a violation; (C) shall not be available to the extent such Claim is based on a failure of the Buyer to deliver, or to cause to be delivered, the prospectus made available by the Company, if such prospectus was theretofore made available by the Company pursuant to Section 3(c) or Section 3(e); and (D) shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any Claim if such settlement is effected without the prior written consent of the Company, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld. Such indemnity shall remain in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of the Indemnified Person and shall survive the transfer of the Registrable Securities by the Buyer pursuant to Section 9.
b. In connection with the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement, the Buyer agrees to indemnify, hold harmless and defend, to the same extent and in the same manner as is set forth in Section 6(a), the Company, each of its directors, each of its officers who signs the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement, each Person, if any, who controls the Company within the meaning of the 1933 Act or the 1934 Act (collectively and together with an Indemnified Person, an “ Indemnified Party ”), against any Claim or Indemnified Damages to which any of them may become subject, under the 1933 Act, the 1934 Act or otherwise, insofar as such Claim or Indemnified Damages arise out of or are based upon any Violation, in each case to the extent, and only to the extent, that such Violation occurs in reliance upon and in conformity with written information about the Buyer set forth on  Exhibit B  attached hereto or updated from time to time in writing by the Buyer and furnished to the Company by the Buyer expressly for use in the Registration Statement or any New Registration Statement or from the failure of the Buyer to deliver or to cause to be delivered the prospectus made available by the Company, if such prospectus was timely made available by the Company pursuant to Section 3(c) or Section 3(e); and, subject to Section 6(d), the Buyer will reimburse any legal or other expenses reasonably incurred by them in connection with investigating or defending any such Claim; provided, however, that the indemnity agreement contained in this Section 6(b) and the agreement with respect to contribution contained in Section 7 shall not apply to amounts paid in settlement of any Claim if such settlement is effected without the prior written consent of the Buyer, which consent shall not be unreasonably withheld; provided, further, however, that the Buyer shall be liable under this Section 6(b) for only that amount of a Claim or Indemnified Damages as does not exceed the net proceeds to the Buyer as a result of the sale of Registrable Securities pursuant to such registration statement. Such indemnity shall remain in full force and effect regardless of any investigation made by or on behalf of such Indemnified Party and shall survive the transfer of the Registrable Securities by the Buyer pursuant to Section 9.
c. Promptly after receipt by an Indemnified Person or Indemnified Party under this Section 6 of notice of the commencement of any action or proceeding (including any governmental action or proceeding) involving a Claim, such Indemnified Person or Indemnified Party shall, if a Claim in respect thereof is to be made against any indemnifying party under this Section 6, deliver to the indemnifying party a written notice of the commencement thereof, and the indemnifying party shall have the right to participate in, and, to the extent the indemnifying party so desires, jointly with any other indemnifying party similarly noticed, to assume control of the defense thereof with counsel mutually satisfactory to the indemnifying party and the Indemnified Person or the Indemnified Party, as the case may be, and upon such notice, the indemnifying party shall not be liable to the Indemnified Person or Indemnified Party for any legal or other expenses subsequently incurred by the Indemnified Person or Indemnified Party in connection with the defense thereof; provided, however, that an
 
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Indemnified Person or Indemnified Party (together with all other Indemnified Persons and Indemnified Parties that may be represented without conflict by one counsel) shall have the right to retain its own counsel with the fees and expenses to be paid by the indemnifying party, if, in the reasonable opinion of counsel retained by the indemnifying party, the representation by such counsel of the Indemnified Person or Indemnified Party and the indemnifying party would be inappropriate due to actual or potential differing interests between such Indemnified Person or Indemnified Party and any other party represented by such counsel in such proceeding. The Indemnified Party or Indemnified Person shall cooperate with the indemnifying party in connection with any negotiation or defense of any such action or claim by the indemnifying party and shall furnish to the indemnifying party all information reasonably available to the Indemnified Party or Indemnified Person which relates to such action or claim. The indemnifying party shall keep the Indemnified Party or Indemnified Person fully apprised as to the status of the defense or any settlement negotiations with respect thereto. No indemnifying party shall be liable for any settlement of any action, claim or proceeding effected without its written consent, provided, however, that the indemnifying party shall not unreasonably withhold, delay or condition its consent. No indemnifying party shall, without the consent of the Indemnified Party or Indemnified Person, consent to entry of any judgment or enter into any settlement or other compromise which does not include as an unconditional term thereof the giving by the claimant or plaintiff to such Indemnified Party or Indemnified Person of a release from all liability in respect to such claim or litigation. Following indemnification as provided for hereunder, the indemnifying party shall be subrogated to all rights of the Indemnified Party or Indemnified Person with respect to all third parties, firms or corporations relating to the matter for which indemnification has been made. The failure to deliver written notice to the indemnifying party within a reasonable time of the commencement of any such action shall not relieve such indemnifying party of any liability to the Indemnified Person or Indemnified Party under this Section 6, except to the extent that the indemnifying party is prejudiced in its ability to defend such action.
d. The indemnification required by this Section 6 shall be made by periodic payments of the amount thereof during the course of the investigation or defense, as and when bills are received or Indemnified Damages are incurred. Any person receiving a payment pursuant to this Section 6 which person is later determined to not be entitled to such payment shall return such payment to the person making it.
e. The indemnity agreements contained herein shall be in addition to (i) any cause of action or similar right of the Indemnified Party or Indemnified Person against the indemnifying party or others, and (ii) any liabilities the indemnifying party may be subject to pursuant to the law.
7. CONTRIBUTION.
To the extent any indemnification by an indemnifying party is prohibited or limited by law, the indemnifying party agrees to make the maximum contribution with respect to any amounts for which it would otherwise be liable under Section 6 to the fullest extent permitted by law; provided, however, that: (i) no seller of Registrable Securities guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation (within the meaning of Section 11(f) of the 1933 Act) shall be entitled to contribution from any seller of Registrable Securities who was not guilty of fraudulent misrepresentation; and (ii) contribution by any seller of Registrable Securities shall be limited in amount to the net amount of proceeds received by such seller from the sale of such Registrable Securities.
 
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8. REPORTS AND DISCLOSURE UNDER THE SECURITIES ACTS.
With a view to making available to the Buyer the benefits of Rule 144 promulgated under the 1933 Act or any other similar rule or regulation of the SEC that may at any time permit the Buyer to sell securities of the Company to the public without registration (“ Rule 144 ”), the Company agrees, at the Company’s sole expense, to:
a. use its reasonable best efforts to make and keep public information available, as those terms are understood and defined in Rule 144;
b. use its reasonable best efforts to file with the SEC in a timely manner all reports and other documents required of the Company under the 1933 Act and the 1934 Act so long as the Company remains subject to such requirements and the filing of such reports and other documents is required to satisfy the current public information requirements of Rule 144;
c. furnish to the Buyer so long as the Buyer owns Registrable Securities, as promptly as practicable at Buyer’s request, (i) a written statement by the Company that it has complied in all material respects with the requirements of Rule 144(c)(1)(i) and (ii), and (ii) such other information, if any, as may be reasonably requested to permit the Buyer to sell such securities pursuant to Rule 144 without registration; and
d. take such additional action as is reasonably requested by the Buyer to enable the Buyer to sell the Registrable Securities pursuant to Rule 144, including, without limitation, delivering all such legal opinions, consents, certificates, resolutions and instructions to the Company’s Transfer Agent as may be reasonably requested from time to time by the Buyer and otherwise provide reasonable cooperation to the Buyer and the Buyer’s broker to effect such sale of securities pursuant to Rule 144.
The Company agrees that damages may be an inadequate remedy for any breach of the terms and provisions of this Section 8 and that Buyer shall, whether or not it is pursuing any remedies at law, be entitled to seek equitable relief in the form of a preliminary or permanent injunctions, without having to post any bond or other security, upon any breach or threatened breach of any such terms or provisions.
9. ASSIGNMENT OF REGISTRATION RIGHTS.
The Company shall not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the Buyer; provided, however, that any transaction, whether by merger, reorganization, restructuring, consolidation, financing or otherwise, whereby the Company remains the surviving entity immediately after such transaction shall not be deemed an assignment. The Buyer may not assign its rights under this Agreement without the prior written consent of the Company.
10. AMENDMENT OF REGISTRATION RIGHTS.
Provisions of this Agreement may be amended and the observance thereof may be waived (either generally or in a particular instance and either retroactively or prospectively) only with the written consent of the Company and the Buyer.
 
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11. MISCELLANEOUS.
a. Any notices, consents or other communications required or permitted to be given under the terms of this Agreement must be in writing and will be deemed to have been delivered: (i) upon receipt, when delivered personally; (ii) upon receipt, when sent by facsimile (provided confirmation of transmission is mechanically or electronically generated and kept on file by the sending party); (iii) upon receipt, when sent by electronic message (provided the recipient responds to the message and confirmation of both electronic messages are kept on file by the sending party); or (iv) one (1) Business Day after timely deposit with a nationally recognized overnight delivery service, in each case properly addressed to the party to receive the same. The addresses and facsimile numbers for such communications shall be:
If to the Company:
Capnia, Inc.
1235 Radio Road, Suite 110
Redwood City, CA 94065
 	Telephone:	650-213-8444	
 	Facsimile:	650-213-8383	
 	Attention:	Anish Bhatnagar	
 	Email:	anish@capnia.com	
With a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:
Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Professional Corporation
650 Page Mill Road
Palo Alto, CA 94304
 	Telephone:	650-565-3588	
 	Facsimile:	650-493-6811	
 	Attention:	Elton Satusky	
 	Email:	esatusky@wsgr.com	
If to the Buyer:
Aspire Capital Fund, LLC
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 1600
Chicago, IL 60606
 	Telephone:	312-658-0400	
 	Facsimile:	312-658-4005	
 	Attention:	Steven G. Martin	
 	Email:	smartin@aspirecapital.com	
With a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:
Morrison & Foerster LLP
2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 6000
Washington, DC 20006
 	Telephone:	202-778-1611	
 	Facsimile:	202-887-0763	
 	Attention:	Martin P. Dunn, Esq.	
 	Email:	mdunn@mofo.com	
 
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or at such other address and/or facsimile number and/or to the attention of such other person as the recipient party has specified by written notice given to each other party at least one (1) Business Day prior to the effectiveness of such change. Written confirmation of receipt (A) given by the recipient of such notice, consent or other communication, (B) mechanically or electronically generated by the sender’s facsimile machine containing the time, date, and recipient facsimile number, (C) electronically generated by the sender’s electronic mail containing the time, date and recipient email address or (D) provided by a nationally recognized overnight delivery service, shall be rebuttable evidence of receipt in accordance with clause (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) above, respectively. Any party to this Agreement may give any notice or other communication hereunder using any other means (including messenger service, ordinary mail or electronic mail), but no such notice or other communication shall be deemed to have been duly given unless it actually is received by the party for whom it is intended.
b. No failure or delay in the exercise of any power, right or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such power, right or privilege preclude other or further exercise thereof or of any other right, power or privilege.
c. The corporate laws of the State of Delaware shall govern all issues concerning the relative rights of the Company and its stockholders. All other questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Agreement shall be governed by the internal laws of the State of Illinois, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of Illinois or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of Illinois. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of Chicago for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or in connection herewith or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof to such party at the address for such notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law. If any provision of this Agreement shall be invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of this Agreement in that jurisdiction or the validity or enforceability of any provision of this Agreement in any other jurisdiction.  EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE, AND AGREES NOT TO REQUEST, A JURY TRIAL FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION HEREWITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.
d. This Agreement, the Purchase Agreement and the other Transaction Documents constitute the entire understanding among the parties hereto with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof. There are no restrictions, promises, warranties or undertakings, other than those set forth or referred to herein and therein. This Agreement ,  the Purchase Agreement and the other Transaction Documents supersede all other prior oral or written agreements between the Buyer, the Company, their affiliates and persons acting on their behalf with respect to the subject matter hereof and thereof.
 
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e. Subject to the requirements of Section 9, this Agreement shall inure to the benefit of and be binding upon the permitted successors and assigns of each of the parties hereto.
f. The headings in this Agreement are for convenience of reference and shall not form part of, or affect the interpretation of, this Agreement.
g. This Agreement may be executed in two or more identical counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party; provided that a facsimile or pdf (or other electronic reproduction of a) signature shall be considered due execution and shall be binding upon the signatory thereto with the same force and effect as if the signature were an original, not a facsimile or pdf (or other electronic reproduction of a) signature.
h. Each party shall do and perform, or cause to be done and performed, all such further acts and things, and shall execute and deliver all such other agreements, certificates, instruments and documents as the other party may reasonably request in order to carry out the intent and accomplish the purposes of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby.
i. The language used in this Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express their mutual intent and no rules of strict construction will be applied against any party.
j. This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective permitted successors and assigns, and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other Person.
* * * * *
 
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IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have caused this Registration Rights Agreement to be duly executed as of day and year first above written.

 	
THE COMPANY:	
 	
CAPNIA, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Anish Bhatngar	
Name:	 	Anish Bhatnagar	
Title:	 	Chief Executive Officer	
 	
BUYER:	
 	
ASPIRE CAPITAL FUND, LLC	
BY: ASPIRE CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC	
BY: SGM HOLDINGS CORP.	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Steven G. Martin	
Name:	 	Steven G. Martin	
Title:	 	President	

EXHIBIT A
FORM OF NOTICE OF EFFECTIVENESS OF REGISTRATION STATEMENT
[Intentionally Omitted]

EXHIBIT B
Information About The Buyer Furnished To The Company By The Buyer
Expressly For Use In Connection With The Registration Statement and Prospectus
[Intentionally Omitted]

Exhibit 10.52
Execution Copy
COMMON STOCK PURCHASE AGREEMENT
COMMON STOCK PURCHASE AGREEMENT (the “Agreement”), dated as of January 27, 2017, by and between  CAPNIA, INC. , a Delaware corporation (the “ Company ”), and  ASPIRE CAPITAL FUND, LLC , an Illinois limited liability company (the “ Buyer ”). Capitalized terms used herein and not otherwise defined herein are defined in Section 10 hereof.
WHEREAS:
Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, the Company wishes to sell to the Buyer, and the Buyer wishes to buy from the Company, up to Seventeen Million Dollars ($17,000,000) of the Company’s common stock, par value $0.001 (the “ Common Stock ”). The shares of Common Stock to be purchased hereunder are referred to herein as the “ Purchase Shares .”
NOW THEREFORE, the Company and the Buyer hereby agree as follows:
 
 	1.	PURCHASE OF COMMON STOCK.	
Subject to the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement, the Company has the right to sell to the Buyer, and the Buyer has the obligation to purchase from the Company, Purchase Shares as follows:
(a) Commencement of Purchases of Common Stock. After the Commencement Date (as defined below), the purchase and sale of Purchase Shares hereunder shall occur from time to time upon written notices by the Company to the Buyer on the terms and conditions as set forth herein following the satisfaction of the conditions (the “ Commencement” ) as set forth in Sections 6 and 7 below (the date of satisfaction of such conditions, the “ Commencement Date ”). Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, after the Commencement Date, the Company shall be obligated to sell and the Buyer shall be obligated to purchase an aggregate of $2,000,000 of Common Stock (the “ Merger Regular Purchase ”) from the Company on the date of the closing of the Financing (as defined in that certain Agreement And Plan Of Merger dated as of December 22, 2016 by and among the Company and the parties thereto (the “ Merger Agreement ”) filed as Exhibit 2.1 to the Current Report on Form 8-K filed by the Company on December 27, 2016). The per share purchase price for the Merger Regular Purchase shall be equal to the per share price for Common Stock in the Financing paid to the Company by the Financing Investors (as defined in the Merger Agreement), however, in no event shall the per share purchase price for the Merger Regular Purchase exceed $0.96, which price shall be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction.
(b) The Company’s Right to Require Regular Purchases. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, on any given Business Day after the Commencement Date, the Company shall have the right but not the obligation to direct the Buyer by its delivery to the Buyer of a Purchase Notice from time to time, and the Buyer thereupon shall have the obligation, to buy the number of Purchase Shares specified in such notice, up to 100,000 Purchase Shares, on such Business Day (as long as such notice is delivered on or before 5:00 p.m. Eastern time on such Business Day) (each such purchase, together with the Merger Regular Purchase, a “ Regular Purchase ”) at the Purchase Price on the Purchase Date; however, in no event shall the Purchase Amount of a Regular Purchase exceed Three Hundred Thousand Dollars ($300,000) per Business Day. The Company may deliver additional Purchase Notices to the Buyer from time to time so long as the most recent purchase has been completed. The share amounts in this Section 1(b) shall be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction.

(c) VWAP Purchases. Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, in addition to purchases of Purchase Shares as described in Section 1(b) above, with one Business Day’s prior written notice (as long as such notice is delivered on or before 5:00 p.m. Eastern time on the Business Day immediately preceding the VWAP Purchase Date), the Company shall also have the right but not the obligation to direct the Buyer by the Company’s delivery to the Buyer of a VWAP Purchase Notice from time to time, and the Buyer thereupon shall have the obligation, to buy the VWAP Purchase Share Percentage of the trading volume of the Common Stock on the VWAP Purchase Date up to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum on the VWAP Purchase Date (each such purchase, a “ VWAP Purchase ”) at the VWAP Purchase Price. The Company may deliver a VWAP Purchase Notice to the Buyer on or before 5:00 p.m. Eastern time on a date on which the Company also submitted a Purchase Notice for a Regular Purchase of at least 100,000 Purchase Shares to the Buyer. The share amount in the prior sentence shall be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split, or other similar transaction. A VWAP Purchase shall automatically be deemed completed at such time on the VWAP Purchase Date that the Sale Price falls below the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold; in such circumstance, the VWAP Purchase Amount shall be calculated using (i) the VWAP Purchase Share Percentage of the aggregate shares traded on the Principal Market for such portion of the VWAP Purchase Date prior to the time that the Sale Price fell below the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold and (ii) a VWAP Purchase Price calculated using the volume weighted average price of Common Stock sold during such portion of the VWAP Purchase Date prior to the time that the Sale Price fell below the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold. Each VWAP Purchase Notice must be accompanied by instructions to the Company’s Transfer Agent to immediately issue to the Buyer an amount of Common Stock equal to the VWAP Purchase Share Estimate, a good faith estimate by the Company of the number of Purchase Shares that the Buyer shall have the obligation to buy pursuant to the VWAP Purchase Notice. In no event shall the Buyer, pursuant to any VWAP Purchase, purchase a number of Purchase Shares that exceeds the VWAP Purchase Share Estimate issued on the VWAP Purchase Date in connection with such VWAP Purchase Notice; however, the Buyer will immediately return to the Company any amount of Common Stock issued pursuant to the VWAP Purchase Share Estimate that exceeds the number of Purchase Shares the Buyer actually purchases in connection with such VWAP Purchase. Upon completion of each VWAP Purchase Date, the Buyer shall submit to the Company a confirmation of the VWAP Purchase in form and substance reasonably acceptable to the Company. The Company may deliver additional VWAP Purchase Notices to the Buyer from time to time so long as the most recent purchase has been completed.
(d) Payment for Purchase Shares. For each Regular Purchase, the Buyer shall pay to the Company an amount equal to the Purchase Amount as full payment for such Purchase Shares via wire transfer of immediately available funds on the same Business Day that the Buyer receives such Purchase Shares. For each VWAP Purchase, the Buyer shall pay to the Company an amount equal to the VWAP Purchase Amount as full payment for such Purchase Shares via wire transfer of immediately available funds on the third Business Day following the VWAP Purchase Date. All payments made under this Agreement shall be made in lawful money of the United States of America via wire transfer of immediately available funds to such account as the Company may from time to time designate by written notice in accordance with the provisions of this Agreement. Whenever any amount expressed to be due by the terms of this Agreement is due on any day that is not a Business Day, the same shall instead be due on the next succeeding day that is a Business Day.
 
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(e) Purchase Price Floor. The Company and the Buyer shall not effect any sales under this Agreement on any Purchase Date where the Closing Sale Price is less than the Floor Price. “ Floor Price ” means $0.25 per share of Common Stock, which shall be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction.
(f) Records of Purchases. The Buyer and the Company shall each maintain records showing the remaining Available Amount at any given time and the dates and Purchase Amounts for each purchase, or shall use such other method reasonably satisfactory to the Buyer and the Company to reconcile the remaining Available Amount.
(g) Taxes. The Company shall pay any and all transfer, stamp or similar taxes that may be payable with respect to the issuance and delivery of any shares of Common Stock to the Buyer made under this Agreement.
(h) Compliance with Principal Market Rules. Notwithstanding anything in this Agreement to the contrary, and in addition to the limitations set forth in Section 1(e), the total number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued under this Agreement, including the Commitment Shares (as defined in Section 4(e) hereof), shall be limited to 3,485,844 shares of Common Stock (the “ Exchange Cap ”), which equals 19.99% of the Company’s outstanding shares of Common Stock as of the date hereof, unless stockholder approval is obtained to issue more than such 19.99%. The Exchange Cap shall be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction. The foregoing limitation shall not apply if stockholder approval has not been obtained and at any time the Exchange Cap is reached and at all times thereafter the average price paid for all shares of Common Stock issued under this Agreement is equal to or greater than $0.85 (the “ Minimum Price ”), a price equal to the Closing Sale Price on the date hereof (in such circumstance, for purposes of the Principal Market, the transaction contemplated hereby would not be “below market” and the Exchange Cap would not apply). The Minimum Price shall be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the Company shall not be required or permitted to issue, and the Buyer shall not be required to purchase, any shares of Common Stock under this Agreement if such issuance would violate the rules or regulations of the Principal Market. The Company may, in its sole discretion, determine whether to obtain stockholder approval to issue more than 19.99% of its outstanding shares of Common Stock hereunder if such issuance would require stockholder approval under the rules or regulations of the Principal Market.
(i) Beneficial Ownership Limitation. The Company shall not issue and the Buyer shall not purchase any shares of Common Stock under this Agreement if such shares proposed to be issued and sold, when aggregated with all other shares of Common Stock then owned beneficially (as calculated pursuant to Section 13(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “ 1934 Act ”) and Rule 13d-3 promulgated thereunder) by the Buyer and its affiliates would result in the beneficial ownership by the Buyer and its affiliates of more than 19.99% of the then issued and outstanding shares of Common Stock.
 
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2. BUYER’S REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES.
The Buyer represents and warrants to the Company that as of the date hereof and as of the Commencement Date:
(a) Investment Purpose. The Buyer is entering into this Agreement and acquiring the Commitment Shares (as defined in Section 4(e) hereof) and the Purchase Shares (the Purchase Shares and the Commitment Shares are collectively referred to herein as the “ Securities ”), for its own account for investment only and not with a view towards, or for resale in connection with, the public sale or distribution thereof; provided however, by making the representations herein, the Buyer does not agree to hold any of the Securities for any minimum or other specific term.
(b) Accredited Investor Status. The Buyer is an “accredited investor” as that term is defined in Rule 501(a)(3) of Regulation D of the 1933 Act.
(c) Reliance on Exemptions. The Buyer understands that the Securities are being offered and sold to it in reliance on specific exemptions from the registration requirements of United States federal and state securities laws and that the Company is relying in part upon the truth and accuracy of, and the Buyer’s compliance with, the representations, warranties, agreements, acknowledgments and understandings of the Buyer set forth herein in order to determine the availability of such exemptions and the eligibility of the Buyer to acquire the Securities.
(d) Information. The Buyer has been furnished with all materials relating to the business, finances and operations of the Company and materials relating to the offer and sale of the Securities that have been reasonably requested by the Buyer, including, without limitation, the SEC Documents (as defined in Section 3(f) hereof). The Buyer understands that its investment in the Securities involves a high degree of risk. The Buyer (i) is able to bear the economic risk of an investment in the Securities including a total loss, (ii) has such knowledge and experience in financial and business matters that it is capable of evaluating the merits and risks of the proposed investment in the Securities and (iii) has had an opportunity to ask questions of and receive answers from the officers of the Company concerning the financial condition and business of the Company and other matters related to an investment in the Securities. Neither such inquiries nor any other due diligence investigations conducted by the Buyer or its representatives shall modify, amend or affect the Buyer’s right to rely on the Company’s representations and warranties contained in Section 3 below. The Buyer has sought such accounting, legal and tax advice as it has considered necessary to make an informed investment decision with respect to its acquisition of the Securities.
(e) No Governmental Review. The Buyer understands that no United States federal or state agency or any other government or governmental agency has passed on or made any recommendation or endorsement of the Securities or the fairness or suitability of the investment in the Securities nor have such authorities passed upon or endorsed the merits of the offering of the Securities.
(f) Transfer or Sale. The Buyer understands that except as provided in the Registration Rights Agreement (as defined in Section 4(a) hereof): (i) the Securities have not been and are not being registered under the 1933 Act or any state securities laws, and may not be offered for sale, sold, assigned or transferred unless (A) subsequently registered thereunder or (B) an exemption exists permitting such Securities to be sold, assigned or transferred without such registration; (ii) any sale of the Securities made in reliance on Rule 144 may be made only in accordance with the terms of Rule 144 and further, if Rule 144 is not applicable, any resale of the Securities under circumstances in which the seller (or the person through whom the sale is made) may be deemed to be an underwriter (as that term is defined in the 1933 Act) may require compliance with some other exemption under the 1933 Act or the rules and regulations of the SEC thereunder; and (iii) neither the Company nor any other person is under any obligation to register the Securities under the 1933 Act or any state securities laws or to comply with the terms and conditions of any exemption thereunder.
 
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(g) Organization. The Buyer is a limited liability company duly organized and validly existing in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction in which it is organized, and has the requisite organizational power and authority to own its properties and to carry on its business as now being conducted.
(h) Validity; Enforcement. This Agreement has been duly and validly authorized, executed and delivered on behalf of the Buyer and is a valid and binding agreement of the Buyer enforceable against the Buyer in accordance with its terms, subject as to enforceability to (i) general principles of equity and to applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation and other similar laws relating to, or affecting generally, the enforcement of applicable creditors’ rights and remedies and (ii) public policy underlying any law, rule or regulation (including any federal or state securities law, rule or regulation) with regards to indemnification, contribution or exculpation. The execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents (as defined in Section 3(b) hereof) by the Buyer and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby do not conflict with the Buyer’s certificate of organization or operating agreement or similar documents, and do not require further consent or authorization by the Buyer, its managers or its members.
(i) Residency. The Buyer is a resident of the State of Illinois.
(j) No Prior Short Selling. The Buyer represents and warrants to the Company that at no time prior to the date of this Agreement has any of the Buyer, its agents, representatives or affiliates engaged in or effected, in any manner whatsoever, directly or indirectly, any (i) “short sale” (as such term is defined in Section 242.200 of Regulation SHO of the 1934 Act) of the Common Stock or (ii) hedging transaction, which establishes a net short position with respect to the Common Stock.
 
 	3.	REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES OF THE COMPANY.	
The Company represents and warrants to the Buyer that as of the date hereof and as of the Commencement Date:
(a) Organization and Qualification. The Company and its “Subsidiaries” (which for purposes of this Agreement means any entity in which the Company, directly or indirectly, owns more than 50% of the voting stock or capital stock or other similar equity interests) are corporations or limited liability companies duly organized and validly existing in good standing under the laws of the jurisdiction in which they are incorporated or organized, and have the requisite corporate or organizational power and authority to own their properties and to carry on their business as now being conducted. Each of the Company and its Subsidiaries is duly qualified as a foreign corporation or limited liability company to do business and is in good standing in every jurisdiction in which its ownership of property or the nature of the business conducted by it makes such qualification necessary, except to the extent that the failure to be so qualified or be in good standing could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. As used in this Agreement, “ Material Adverse Effect ” means any material adverse effect on any of: (i) the business, properties, assets, operations, results of operations or financial condition of the Company and its Subsidiaries, if any, taken as a whole, or (ii) the authority or ability of the Company to perform its obligations under the Transaction Documents. The Company has no material Subsidiaries except as set forth on Schedule 3(a).
 
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(b) Authorization; Enforcement; Validity. (i) The Company has the requisite corporate power and authority to enter into and perform its obligations under this Agreement, the Registration Rights Agreement and each of the other agreements entered into by the parties on the Commencement Date and attached hereto as exhibits to this Agreement (collectively, the “ Transaction Documents ”), and to issue the Securities in accordance with the terms hereof and thereof, (ii) the execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents by the Company and the consummation by it of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby, including without limitation, the issuance of the Commitment Shares and the reservation for issuance and the issuance of the Purchase Shares issuable under this Agreement, have been duly authorized by the Company’s Board of Directors or duly authorized committee thereof, do not conflict with the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation or Bylaws, and do not require further consent or authorization by the Company, its Board of Directors or its stockholders (other than as contemplated by Section 1(h) hereof), (iii) this Agreement has been, and each other Transaction Document shall be on the Commencement Date, duly executed and delivered by the Company and (iv) this Agreement constitutes, and each other Transaction Document upon its execution on behalf of the Company, shall constitute, the valid and binding obligations of the Company enforceable against the Company in accordance with their terms, except as such enforceability may be limited by (y) general principles of equity or applicable bankruptcy, insolvency, reorganization, moratorium, liquidation or similar laws relating to, or affecting generally, the enforcement of creditors’ rights and remedies and (z) public policy underlying any law, rule or regulation (including any federal or states securities law, rule or regulation) with regards to indemnification, contribution or exculpation. The Board of Directors of the Company or duly authorized committee thereof has approved the resolutions (the “ Signing Resolutions ”) substantially in the form as set forth as  Exhibit B-1  attached hereto to authorize this Agreement and the transactions contemplated hereby. The Signing Resolutions are valid, in full force and effect and have not been modified or supplemented in any material respect other than by the resolutions set forth in  Exhibit B-2  attached hereto regarding the registration statement referred to in Section 4 hereof. The Company has delivered to the Buyer a true and correct copy of the Signing Resolutions as approved by the Board of Directors of the Company or an appropriate Board committee.
(c) Capitalization. As of the date hereof, the authorized capital stock of the Company consists of (i) 100,000,000 shares of Common Stock, par value $0.001, of which as of the date hereof, 17,437,939 shares are issued and outstanding, zero shares are held as treasury shares, 3,867,285 shares are reserved for future issuance pursuant to the Company’s equity incentive plans, of which approximately 960,346 shares remain available for future option grants or stock awards, and 6,518,737 shares are issuable and reserved for issuance pursuant to securities (other than stock options or equity based awards issued pursuant to the Company’s stock incentive plans) exercisable or exchangeable for, or convertible into, shares of Common Stock, and (ii) 10,000,000 shares of preferred stock, of which as of the date hereof 12,179 shares are issued and outstanding, convertible into 12,179,000 shares of common stock. All of such outstanding shares have been, or upon issuance will be, validly issued and are fully paid and non-assessable. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(c), (i) no shares of the Company’s capital stock are subject to preemptive rights or any other similar rights or any liens or encumbrances suffered or permitted by the Company, (ii) there are no outstanding debt securities of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (iii) there are no outstanding options, warrants, scrip, rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or securities or rights convertible into, any shares of capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, or contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is or may become bound to issue additional shares of capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries or options, warrants, scrip, rights to subscribe to, calls or commitments of any character whatsoever relating to, or
 
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securities or rights convertible into, any shares of capital stock of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (iv) there are no material agreements or arrangements under which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is obligated to register the sale of any of their securities under the 1933 Act (except the Registration Rights Agreement), (v) there are no outstanding securities or instruments of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries which contain any redemption or similar provisions, and there are no contracts, commitments, understandings or arrangements by which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is or may become bound to redeem a security of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, (vi) there are no securities or instruments containing anti-dilution or similar provisions that will be triggered by the issuance of the Securities as described in this Agreement and (vii) the Company does not have any stock appreciation rights or “phantom stock” plans or agreements or any similar plan or agreement. The Company has furnished or made available to the Buyer true and correct copies of the Company’s Certificate of Incorporation, as amended and as in effect on the date hereof (the “ Certificate of Incorporation ”), and the Company’s Bylaws, as amended and as in effect on the date hereof (the “ Bylaws ”).
(d) Issuance of Securities. The Commitment Shares have been duly authorized and, upon issuance in accordance with the terms hereof, the Commitment Shares shall be (i) validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and (ii) free from all taxes, liens and charges with respect to the issuance thereof. At least an additional 10,000,000 shares of Common Stock have been duly authorized and reserved for issuance upon future purchase as Purchase Shares under this Agreement. Upon issuance and payment therefore in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement, such Purchase Shares shall be validly issued, fully paid and non-assessable and free from all taxes, liens and charges with respect to the issue thereof, with the holders being entitled to all rights accorded to a holder of Common Stock.
(e) No Conflicts. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(e), the execution, delivery and performance of the Transaction Documents by the Company and the consummation by the Company of the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby (including, without limitation, the reservation for issuance and issuance of the Purchase Shares) will not (i) result in a violation of the Certificate of Incorporation, including any Certificate of Designations, Preferences and Rights of any outstanding series of preferred stock of the Company, or the Bylaws or (ii) constitute a default (or an event which with notice or lapse of time or both would become a default) under, or give to others any rights of termination, amendment, acceleration or cancellation of, any agreement, indenture or instrument to which the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is a party, or result, to the Company’s knowledge, in a violation of any law, rule, regulation, order, judgment or decree (including federal and state securities laws and regulations and the rules and regulations of the Principal Market applicable to the Company or any of its Subsidiaries) or by which any property or asset of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries is bound or affected, except in the case of defaults, terminations, amendments, accelerations, cancellations and violations under clause (ii), which could not reasonably be expected to result in a Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(e), neither the Company nor its Subsidiaries is in violation of any term of or in default under its Certificate of Incorporation, including any Certificate of Designation, Preferences and Rights of any outstanding series of preferred stock of the Company, or Bylaws or their organizational charter or bylaws, respectively. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(e), neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries is in violation of any term of or is in default under any material contract, agreement, mortgage, indebtedness, indenture, instrument, judgment, decree or order or any statute, rule or regulation applicable to the Company or its Subsidiaries, except for possible violations, defaults, terminations or amendments that could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The business of the Company and its Subsidiaries is not being conducted, and
 
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shall not be conducted, in violation of any law, ordinance, or regulation of any governmental entity, except for possible violations, the sanctions for which either individually or in the aggregate could not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as specifically contemplated by this Agreement, reporting obligations under the 1934 Act or as required under the 1933 Act or applicable state securities laws or the filing of a Listing of Additional Shares Notification Form with the Principal Market, the Company is not required to obtain any consent, authorization or order of, or make any filing or registration with, any court or governmental agency or any regulatory or self-regulatory agency in order for it to execute, deliver or perform any of its obligations under or contemplated by the Transaction Documents in accordance with the terms hereof or thereof. Except for reporting obligations under the 1934 Act, all consents, authorizations, orders, filings and registrations which the Company is required to obtain pursuant to the preceding sentence shall be obtained or effected on or prior to the Commencement Date. The Company is not subject to any notices or actions from or to the Principal Market, other than routine matters incident to listing on the Principal Market and not involving a violation of the rules of the Principal Market. To the Company’s knowledge, the Principal Market has not commenced any delisting proceedings against the Company.
(f) SEC Documents; Financial Statements. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(f), since September 30, 2015, the Company has filed all reports, schedules, forms, statements and other documents required to be filed by it with the SEC pursuant to the reporting requirements of the 1934 Act (all of the foregoing filed prior to the date hereof and all exhibits included therein and financial statements and schedules thereto and documents incorporated by reference therein being hereinafter referred to as the “ SEC Documents ”). As of their respective dates (except as they have been correctly amended), the SEC Documents complied in all material respects with the requirements of the 1934 Act and the rules and regulations of the SEC promulgated thereunder applicable to the SEC Documents, and none of the SEC Documents, at the time they were filed with the SEC (except as they may have been properly amended), contained any untrue statement of a material fact or omitted to state a material fact required to be stated therein or necessary in order to make the statements therein, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading. As of their respective dates (except as they have been properly amended), the financial statements of the Company included in the SEC Documents complied as to form in all material respects with applicable accounting requirements and the published rules and regulations of the SEC with respect thereto. Such financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, consistently applied, during the periods involved (except (i) as may be otherwise indicated in such financial statements or the notes thereto or (ii) in the case of unaudited interim statements, to the extent they may exclude footnotes or may be condensed or summary statements) and fairly present in all material respects the financial position of the Company as of the dates thereof and the results of its operations and cash flows for the periods then ended (subject, in the case of unaudited statements, to normal year-end audit adjustments). Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(f) or routine correspondence, such as comment letters and notices of effectiveness in connection with previously filed registration statements or periodic reports publicly available on EDGAR, to the Company’s knowledge, the Company or any of its Subsidiaries are not presently the subject of any inquiry, investigation or action by the SEC.
(g) Absence of Certain Changes. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(g), since September 30, 2016, there has been no material adverse change in the business, properties, operations, financial condition or results of operations of the Company or its Subsidiaries taken as a whole. For purposes of this Agreement, neither a decrease in cash or cash equivalents or in the market price of the Common Stock nor losses incurred in the ordinary course of the Company’s business shall be deemed or considered a material adverse change. The Company has not taken any steps, and does not currently
 
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expect to take any steps, to seek protection pursuant to any Bankruptcy Law nor does the Company or any of its Subsidiaries have any knowledge or reason to believe that its creditors intend to initiate involuntary bankruptcy or insolvency proceedings. The Company is financially solvent and is generally able to pay its debts as they become due .
(h) Absence of Litigation. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(h), to the Company’s knowledge, there is no action, suit, proceeding, inquiry or investigation before or by any court, public board, government agency, self-regulatory organization or body pending or, to the knowledge of the Company or any of its Subsidiaries, threatened against the Company, the Common Stock or any of the Company’s Subsidiaries or any of the Company’s or the Company’s Subsidiaries’ officers or directors in their capacities as such, which could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect (each, an “ Action ”). A description of each such Action, if any, is set forth in Schedule 3(h).
(i) Acknowledgment Regarding Buyer’s Status. The Company acknowledges and agrees that the Buyer is acting solely in the capacity of arm’s length purchaser with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby. The Company further acknowledges that the Buyer is not acting as a financial advisor or fiduciary of the Company (or in any similar capacity) with respect to the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby and any advice given by the Buyer or any of its representatives or agents in connection with the Transaction Documents and the transactions contemplated hereby and thereby is merely incidental to the Buyer’s purchase of the Securities. The Company further represents to the Buyer that the Company’s decision to enter into the Transaction Documents has been based solely on the independent evaluation by the Company and its representatives and advisors.
(j) Intellectual Property Rights. To the Company’s knowledge, the Company and its Subsidiaries own or possess adequate rights or licenses to use all material trademarks, trade names, service marks, service mark registrations, service names, patents, patent rights, copyrights, inventions, licenses, approvals, governmental authorizations, trade secrets and other intellectual property rights (collectively, “ Intellectual Property ”) necessary to conduct their respective businesses as now conducted, except as set forth in Schedule 3(j) or to the extent that the failure to own, possess, license or otherwise hold adequate rights to use Intellectual Property would not, individually or in the aggregate, have a Material Adverse Effect. Except as disclosed in Schedule 3(j), to the Company’s knowledge, none of the Company’s active and registered Intellectual Property will expire or terminate by the terms and conditions thereof within two years from the date of this Agreement, except as would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect. The Company and its Subsidiaries do not have any knowledge of any infringement by the Company or its Subsidiaries of any Intellectual Property of others and, except as set forth on Schedule 3(j), there is no claim, action or proceeding being made or brought against, or to the Company’s knowledge, being threatened against, the Company or its Subsidiaries regarding Intellectual Property, which could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(k) Environmental Laws. To the Company’s knowledge, the Company and its Subsidiaries (i) are in material compliance with any and all applicable foreign, federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to the protection of the environment or human health and safety and with respect to hazardous or toxic substances or wastes, pollutants or contaminants (“ Environmental Laws ”), (ii) have received all material permits, licenses or other approvals required of them under applicable Environmental Laws to conduct their respective businesses and (iii) are in material compliance with all terms and conditions of any such permit, license or approval, except where, in each of the three foregoing clauses, the failure to so comply or receive such approvals could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect.
 
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(l) Title. The Company and its Subsidiaries have good and marketable title to all personal property owned by them that is material to the business of the Company and its Subsidiaries, in each case free and clear of all liens, encumbrances and defects except such as are described in Schedule 3(l) or such as do not materially affect the value of such property and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries or could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect. Any real property and facilities held under lease by the Company and any of its Subsidiaries, to the Company’s knowledge, are held by them under valid, subsisting and enforceable leases with such exceptions as are not material and do not interfere with the use made and proposed to be made of such property and buildings by the Company and its Subsidiaries.
(m) Insurance. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries are insured by insurers of recognized financial responsibility against such losses and risks and in such amounts as management of the Company believes to be reasonable and customary in the businesses in which the Company and its Subsidiaries are engaged. To the Company’s knowledge, since January 1, 2014 neither the Company nor any such Subsidiary has been refused any insurance coverage sought or applied for and neither the Company nor any such Subsidiary, to the Company’s knowledge, will be unable to renew its existing insurance coverage as and when such coverage expires or to obtain similar coverage from similar insurers as may be necessary to continue its business at a cost that would not reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect.
(n) Regulatory Permits. Except as set forth on Schedule 3(n), the Company and its Subsidiaries possess all certificates, authorizations and permits issued by the appropriate federal, state or foreign regulatory authorities necessary to conduct their respective businesses as currently conducted, except when the failure to so possess such certificates, authorizations or permits could not reasonably be expected to have, individually or in the aggregate, a Material Adverse Effect, and neither the Company nor any such Subsidiary has received any written notice of proceedings relating to the revocation or modification of any such material certificate, authorization or permit.
(o) Tax Status. The Company and each of its Subsidiaries has made or filed all federal and state income and all other material tax returns, reports and declarations required by any jurisdiction to which it is subject (unless and only to the extent that the Company and each of its Subsidiaries has set aside on its books reserves reasonably adequate for the payment of all unpaid and unreported taxes or filed valid extensions) and has paid all taxes and other governmental assessments and charges that are material in amount, shown or determined to be due on such returns, reports and declarations, except those being contested in good faith. To the Company’s knowledge, there are no unpaid taxes in any material amount claimed to be due by the taxing authority of any jurisdiction.
(p) TransactionsWith Affiliates. Except as set forth on Schedule 3(p), and other than the grant or exercise of stock options or any other equity securities offered pursuant to duly adopted stock or incentive compensation plans as disclosed on Schedule 3(c), as of the date hereof, none of the officers, directors or employees of the Company is presently a party to any transaction with the Company or any of its Subsidiaries (other than for services as employees, officers and directors and reimbursement for expenses incurred on behalf of the Company), including any contract, agreement or other arrangement providing for the furnishing of services to or by, providing for rental of real or
 
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personal property to or from, or otherwise requiring payments to or from any officer, director or such employee or, to the knowledge of the Company, any corporation, partnership, trust or other entity in which any officer, director, or any such employee has a material interest or is an officer, director, trustee or general partner.
(q) Application of Takeover Protections. The Company and its board of directors have taken or will take prior to the Commencement Date all necessary action, if any, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Certificate of Incorporation or the laws of the state of its incorporation, other than Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, which is or could become applicable to the Buyer as a result of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including, without limitation, the Company’s issuance of the Securities and the Buyer’s ownership of the Securities.
 
 	4.	COVENANTS.	
(a) Filing of Form 8-K and Registration Statement. The Company agrees that it shall, within the time required under the 1934 Act, file a Current Report on Form 8-K disclosing this Agreement and the transaction contemplated hereby. The Company shall also file within ten (10) Business Days from the date hereof a new registration statement covering the sale of the Securities by the Buyer in accordance with the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement between the Company and the Buyer, dated as of the date hereof (“ Registration Rights Agreement ”).
(b) Blue Sky. The Company shall take such action, if any, as is reasonably necessary in order to obtain an exemption for or to qualify (i) the initial issuance of the Securities to the Buyer under this Agreement and (ii) any subsequent sale of the Securities by the Buyer, in each case, under applicable securities or “Blue Sky” laws of the states of the United States in such states as is reasonably requested by the Buyer from time to time, and shall provide evidence of any such action so taken to the Buyer at its written request.
(c) Listing. The Company shall promptly secure the listing of all of the Securities upon each national securities exchange and automated quotation system that requires an application by the Company for listing, if any, upon which shares of Common Stock are then listed (subject to official notice of issuance) and shall maintain such listing, so long as any other shares of Common Stock shall be so listed. The Company shall use its reasonable best efforts to maintain the Common Stock’s listing on the Principal Market in accordance with the requirements of the Registration Rights Agreement. Neither the Company nor any of its Subsidiaries shall take any action that would be reasonably expected to result in the delisting or suspension of the Common Stock on the Principal Market, unless the Common Stock is immediately thereafter traded on the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the OTC Bulletin Board, or the OTCQB or OTCQX market places of the OTC Markets. The Company shall pay all fees and expenses in connection with satisfying its obligations under this Section.
(d) Limitation on Short Sales and Hedging Transactions. The Buyer agrees that beginning on the date of this Agreement and ending on the date of termination of this Agreement as provided in Section 11(k), the Buyer and its agents, representatives and affiliates shall not in any manner whatsoever enter into or effect, directly or indirectly, any (i) “short sale” (as such term is defined in Section 242.200 of Regulation SHO of the 1934 Act) of the Common Stock or (ii) hedging transaction, which establishes a net short position with respect to the Common Stock.
 
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(e) Issuance of Commitment Shares. Immediately upon the execution of this Agreement, the Company shall issue to the Buyer as consideration for the Buyer entering into this Agreement 708,333 shares of Common Stock (the “ Commitment Shares ”). The Commitment Shares shall be issued in certificated or restricted book-entry form and (subject to Section 5 hereof) shall bear a restrictive legend substantially similar to the following:
THE SECURITIES REPRESENTED BY THIS CERTIFICATE HAVE NOT BEEN REGISTERED UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS. THE SECURITIES HAVE BEEN ACQUIRED FOR INVESTMENT AND MAY NOT BE OFFERED FOR SALE, SOLD, TRANSFERRED OR ASSIGNED IN THE ABSENCE OF AN EFFECTIVE REGISTRATION STATEMENT FOR THE SECURITIES UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS, UNLESS SOLD PURSUANT TO: (1) RULE 144 UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933, AS AMENDED, OR (2) AN OPINION OF HOLDER’S COUNSEL, IN A CUSTOMARY FORM, THAT REGISTRATION IS NOT REQUIRED UNDER SAID ACT OR APPLICABLE STATE SECURITIES LAWS.
(f) Due Diligence. The Buyer shall have the right, from time to time as the Buyer may reasonably deem appropriate, to perform reasonable due diligence on the Company during normal business hours and subject to reasonable prior notice to the Company. The Company and its officers and employees shall provide information and reasonably cooperate with the Buyer in connection with any reasonable request by the Buyer related to the Buyer’s due diligence of the Company, including, but not limited to, any such request made by the Buyer in connection with (i) the filing of the registration statement described in Section 4(a) hereof and (ii) the Commencement; provided, however, that at no time is the Company required or permitted to disclose material nonpublic information to the Buyer or breach any obligation of confidentiality or non-disclosure to a third party or make any disclosure that could cause a waiver of attorney-client privilege. Except as may be required by law, court order or governmental authority, each party hereto agrees not to disclose any Confidential Information of the other party to any third party and shall not use the Confidential Information of such other party for any purpose other than in connection with, or in furtherance of, the transactions contemplated hereby. Each party hereto acknowledges that the Confidential Information shall remain the property of the disclosing party and agrees that it shall take all reasonable measures to protect the secrecy of any Confidential Information disclosed by the other party.
(g) Disposition of Securities. The Buyer shall not sell any Securities except as provided in this Agreement, the Registration Rights Agreement and the “Plan of Distribution” section of the prospectus included in the Registration Statement. The Buyer shall not transfer any Securities except pursuant to sales described in the “Plan of Distribution” section of the prospectus included in the Registration Statement or pursuant to Rule 144 under the 1933 Act. In the event of any sales of Securities pursuant to the Registration Statement, the Buyer will (i) effect such sales pursuant to the “Plan of Distribution” section of the prospectus included in the Registration Statement, and (ii) will comply with all applicable prospectus delivery requirements.
 
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 	5.	TRANSFER AGENT INSTRUCTIONS.	
Immediately upon the execution of this Agreement, the Company shall deliver to the Transfer Agent a letter in the form as set forth as  Exhibit D  attached hereto with respect to the issuance of the Commitment Shares. On the Commencement Date, the Company shall cause any restrictive legend on the Commitment Shares to be removed upon surrender of the originally issued certificate(s) for such shares. So long as the Buyer complies with its obligations in Section 4(g), all of the Purchase Shares to be issued under this Agreement shall be issued without any restrictive legend unless the Buyer expressly consents otherwise. The Company shall issue irrevocable instructions to the Transfer Agent, and any subsequent transfer agent, to issue Common Stock in the name of the Buyer for the Purchase Shares (the “ Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions” ). The Company warrants to the Buyer that, so long as the Buyer complies with its obligations in Section 4(g), no instruction other than the Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions referred to in this Section 5, will be given by the Company to the Transfer Agent with respect to the Purchase Shares and that the Commitment Shares and the Purchase Shares shall otherwise be freely transferable on the books and records of the Company as and to the extent provided in this Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement, subject to the provisions of Section 4(e) in the case of the Commitment Shares.
 
 	6.	CONDITIONS TO THE COMPANY’S RIGHT TO COMMENCE SALES OF SHARES OF COMMON STOCK UNDER THIS AGREEMENT.	
The right of the Company hereunder to commence sales of the Purchase Shares is subject to the satisfaction of each of the following conditions on or before the Commencement Date (the date that the Company may begin sales of Purchase Shares):
(a) The Buyer shall have executed each of the Transaction Documents and delivered the same to the Company;
(b) The representations and warranties of the Buyer shall be true and correct as of the Commencement Date as though made at that time (except for representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date, which shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such specific date) and the Buyer shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with the covenants and agreements required by this Agreement to be performed, satisfied or complied with by the Buyer at or prior to the Commencement Date; and
(c) A registration statement covering the sale of the Securities by the Buyer shall have been declared effective under the 1933 Act by the SEC and no stop order with respect to the registration statement shall be pending or threatened by the SEC.
 
 	7.	CONDITIONS TO THE BUYER’S OBLIGATION TO MAKE PURCHASES OF SHARES OF COMMON STOCK.	
The obligation of the Buyer to buy Purchase Shares under this Agreement is subject to the satisfaction of each of the following conditions on or before the Commencement Date (the date that the Company may begin sales of Purchase Shares) and once such conditions have been initially satisfied, there shall not be any ongoing obligation to satisfy such conditions after the Commencement has occurred:
(a) The Company shall have executed each of the Transaction Documents and delivered the same to the Buyer;
 
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(b) The Company shall have issued to the Buyer the Commitment Shares and, in the event that the Buyer shall have surrendered the originally issued certificate(s), shall have removed the restrictive transfer legend from the certificate representing the Commitment Shares;
(c) The Common Stock shall be authorized for quotation on the Principal Market, trading in the Common Stock shall not have been within the last 365 days suspended by the SEC or the Principal Market, other than a general halt in trading in the Common Stock by the Principal Market under halt codes indicating pending or released material news, and the Securities shall be approved for listing upon the Principal Market;
(d) The Buyer shall have received the opinion of the Company’s legal counsel dated as of the Commencement Date in customary form and substance;
(e) The representations and warranties of the Company shall be true and correct in all material respects (except to the extent that any of such representations and warranties is already qualified as to materiality in Section 3 above, in which case, such representations and warranties shall be true and correct without further qualification) as of the date of this Agreement and as of the Commencement Date as though made at that time (except for representations and warranties that speak as of a specific date, which shall be true and correct in all material respects as of such specific date) and the Company shall have performed, satisfied and complied in all material respects with the covenants, agreements and conditions required by the Transaction Documents to be performed, satisfied or complied with by the Company at or prior to the Commencement Date. The Buyer shall have received a certificate, executed by the CEO, President or CFO of the Company, dated as of the Commencement Date, to the foregoing effect in the form attached hereto as  Exhibit A ;
(f) The Board of Directors of the Company or a duly authorized committee thereof shall have adopted resolutions substantially in the form attached hereto as  Exhibit B-1 , which shall be in full force and effect without any amendment or supplement thereto as of the Commencement Date;
(g) As of the Commencement Date, the Company shall have reserved out of its authorized and unissued Common Stock, solely for the purpose of effecting future purchases of Purchase Shares hereunder, 10,000,000 shares of Common Stock;
(h) The Irrevocable Transfer Agent Instructions, in form acceptable to the Buyer shall have been signed by the Company and the Buyer and have been delivered to the Transfer Agent;
(i) The Company shall have delivered to the Buyer a certificate evidencing the incorporation and good standing of the Company in the State of Delaware issued by the Secretary of State of the State of Delaware as of a date within ten (10) Business Days of the Commencement Date;
(j) [Intentionally Omitted.]
(k) The Company shall have delivered to the Buyer a secretary’s certificate executed by the Secretary of the Company, dated as of the Commencement Date, in the form attached hereto as  Exhibit C ;
 
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(l) A registration statement covering the sale of (i) all of the Commitment Shares and (ii) such number of additional Purchase Shares as reasonably determined by the Company shall have been declared effective under the 1933 Act by the SEC and no stop order with respect thereto shall be pending or threatened by the SEC. The Company shall have prepared and delivered to the Buyer a final and complete form of prospectus, dated and current as of the Commencement Date, to be used by the Buyer in connection with any sales of any Securities, and to be filed by the Company one (1) Business Day after the Commencement Date pursuant to Rule 424(b). The Company shall have made all filings under all applicable federal and state securities laws necessary to consummate the issuance of the Commitment Shares and the Purchase Shares pursuant to this Agreement in compliance with such laws;
(m) No Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, or any event which, after notice and/or lapse of time, would become an Event of Default has occurred;
(n) On or prior to the Commencement Date, the Company shall take all necessary action, if any, and such actions as reasonably requested by the Buyer, in order to render inapplicable any control share acquisition, business combination, stockholder rights plan or poison pill (including any distribution under a rights agreement) or other similar anti-takeover provision under the Certificate of Incorporation or the laws of the state of its incorporation, other than Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law, that is or could become applicable to the Buyer as a result of the transactions contemplated by this Agreement, including, without limitation, the Company’s issuance of the Securities and the Buyer’s ownership of the Securities; and
(o) The Company shall have provided the Buyer with the information reasonably requested by the Buyer in connection with its due diligence requests made prior to, or in connection with, the Commencement, in accordance with the terms of Section 4(f) hereof.
 
 	8.	INDEMNIFICATION.	
In consideration of the Buyer’s execution and delivery of the Transaction Documents and acquiring the Securities hereunder and in addition to all of the Company’s other obligations under the Transaction Documents, the Company shall defend, protect, indemnify and hold harmless the Buyer and all of its affiliates, members, officers, directors, and employees, and any of the foregoing person’s agents or other representatives (including, without limitation, those retained in connection with the transactions contemplated by this Agreement) (collectively, the “ Indemnitees ”) from and against any and all actions, causes of action, suits, claims, losses, costs, penalties, fees, liabilities and damages, and expenses in connection therewith (irrespective of whether any such Indemnitee is a party to the action for which indemnification hereunder is sought), and including reasonable attorneys’ fees and disbursements (the “ Indemnified Liabilities ”), incurred by any Indemnitee as a result of, or arising out of, or relating to (a) any misrepresentation or breach of any representation or warranty made by the Company in the Transaction Documents or any other certificate, instrument or document contemplated hereby or thereby, (b) any breach of any covenant, agreement or obligation of the Company contained in the Transaction Documents or any other certificate, instrument or document contemplated hereby or thereby, or (c) any cause of action, suit or claim brought or made against such Indemnitee and arising out of or resulting from the execution, delivery, performance or enforcement of the Transaction Documents or any other certificate, instrument or document contemplated hereby or thereby, other than with respect to Indemnified Liabilities which directly and primarily result from (A) a breach of any of the Buyer’s representations and warranties, covenants or agreements contained in this Agreement, or (B) the gross negligence, bad faith or willful misconduct of the Buyer or any other Indemnitee. To the extent that the foregoing undertaking by the Company may be unenforceable for any reason, the Company shall make the maximum contribution to the payment and satisfaction of each of the Indemnified Liabilities which is permissible under applicable law.
 
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 	9.	EVENTS OF DEFAULT.	
An “Event of Default” shall be deemed to have occurred at any time as any of the following events occurs:
(a) while any registration statement is required to be maintained effective pursuant to the terms of the Registration Rights Agreement, the effectiveness of such registration statement lapses for any reason (including, without limitation, the issuance of a stop order) or is unavailable to the Buyer for the sale of all of the Registrable Securities (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement), and such lapse or unavailability continues for a period of ten (10) consecutive Business Days or for more than an aggregate of thirty (30) Business Days in any 365-day period, which is not in connection with a Permitted Delay (as defined in the Registration Rights Agreement), post-effective amendment to any such registration statement or the filing of a new registration statement; provided, however, that in connection with any post-effective amendment to such registration statement or filing of a new registration statement that is required to be declared effective by the SEC, such lapse or unavailability may continue for a period of no more than thirty (30) consecutive Business Days, which such period shall be extended for up to an additional thirty (30) Business Days if the Company receives a comment letter from the SEC in connection therewith;
(b) the suspension from trading or failure of the Common Stock to be listed on a Principal Market for a period of three (3) consecutive Business Days;
(c) the delisting of the Common Stock from the Principal Market, and the Common Stock is not immediately thereafter trading on the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, the Nasdaq Capital Market, the OTC Bulletin Board or the OTCQB marketplace or OTCQX marketplace of the OTC Markets Group;
(d) the failure for any reason by the Transfer Agent to issue Purchase Shares to the Buyer within five (5) Business Days after the applicable Purchase Date that the Buyer is entitled to receive;
(e) the Company’s breach of any representation or warranty (as of the dates made), covenant or other term or condition under any Transaction Document if such breach could reasonably be expected to have a Material Adverse Effect and except, in the case of a breach of a covenant which is reasonably curable, only if such breach continues uncured for a period of at least five (5) Business Days;
(f) if any Person commences a proceeding against the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law;
(g) if the Company pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law; (A) commences a voluntary case, (B) consents to the entry of an order for relief against it in an involuntary case, (C) consents to the appointment of a Custodian of it or for all or substantially all of its property, (D) makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors or (E) becomes insolvent;
 
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(h) a court of competent jurisdiction enters an order or decree under any Bankruptcy Law that (A) is for relief against the Company in an involuntary case, (B) appoints a Custodian of the Company or for all or substantially all of its property, or (C) orders the liquidation of the Company or any Subsidiary; or
(i) if at any time after the Commencement Date, the Exchange Cap is reached unless and until stockholder approval is obtained pursuant to Section 1(h) hereof. The Exchange Cap shall be deemed to be reached at such time if, upon submission of a Purchase Notice or VWAP Purchase Notice under this Agreement, the issuance of such shares of Common Stock would exceed that number of shares of Common Stock which the Company may issue under this Agreement without breaching the Company’s obligations under the rules or regulations of the Principal Market.
In addition to any other rights and remedies under applicable law and this Agreement, including the Buyer termination rights under Section 11(k) hereof, so long as an Event of Default has occurred and is continuing, or if any event which, after notice and/or lapse of time, would become an Event of Default, has occurred and is continuing, or so long as the Closing Sale Price is below the Floor Price, the Company may not require and the Buyer shall not be obligated or permitted to purchase any shares of Common Stock under this Agreement. If pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law, the Company commences a voluntary case or any Person commences a proceeding against the Company, a Custodian is appointed for the Company or for all or substantially all of its property, or the Company makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors, (any of which would be an Event of Default as described in Sections 9(f), 9(g) and 9(h) hereof) this Agreement shall automatically terminate without any liability or payment to the Company without further action or notice by any Person. No such termination of this Agreement under Section 11(k)(i) shall affect the Company’s or the Buyer’s obligations under this Agreement with respect to pending purchases and the Company and the Buyer shall complete their respective obligations with respect to any pending purchases under this Agreement.
 
 	10.	CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS.	
For purposes of this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meanings:
(a) “1933 Act” means the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
(b) “Available Amount” means initially Seventeen Million Dollars ($17,000,000) in the aggregate which amount shall be reduced by the Purchase Amount each time the Buyer purchases shares of Common Stock pursuant to Section 1 hereof.
(c) “Bankruptcy Law” means Title 11, U.S. Code, or any similar federal or state law for the relief of debtors.
(d) “Business Day” means any day on which the Principal Market is open for trading during normal trading hours (i.e., 9:30 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Eastern Time), including any day on which the Principal Market is open for trading for a period of time less than the customary time.
(e) “Closing Sale Price” means the last closing trade price for the Common Stock on the Principal Market as reported by the Principal Market.
 
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(f) “Confidential Information” means any information disclosed by either party to the other party, either directly or indirectly, in writing, orally or by inspection of tangible objects (including, without limitation, documents, prototypes, samples, plant and equipment), which is designated as “Confidential,” “Proprietary” or some similar designation. Information communicated orally shall be considered Confidential Information if such information is expressly identified as Confidential Information at the time of such initial disclosure and confirmed in writing as being Confidential Information within ten (10) Business Days after the initial disclosure. Confidential Information may also include information disclosed to a disclosing party by third parties. Confidential Information shall not, however, include any information which (i) was publicly known and made generally available in the public domain prior to the time of disclosure by the disclosing party; (ii) becomes publicly known and made generally available after disclosure by the disclosing party to the receiving party through no action or inaction of the receiving party; (iii) is already in the possession of the receiving party at the time of disclosure by the disclosing party as shown by the receiving party’s files and records immediately prior to the time of disclosure; (iv) is obtained by the receiving party from a third party without a breach of such third party’s obligations of confidentiality; (v) is independently developed by the receiving party without use of or reference to the disclosing party’s Confidential Information, as shown by documents and other competent evidence in the receiving party’s possession; or (vi) is required by law to be disclosed by the receiving party, provided that the receiving party gives the disclosing party prompt written notice of such requirement prior to such disclosure and assistance in obtaining an order protecting the information from public disclosure.
(g) “Custodian” means any receiver, trustee, assignee, liquidator or similar official under any Bankruptcy Law.
(h) “Maturity Date” means the date that is thirty (30) months from the Commencement Date.
(i) “Person” means an individual or entity including any limited liability company, a partnership, a joint venture, a corporation, a trust, an unincorporated organization and a government or any department or agency thereof.
(j) “Principal Market” means the Nasdaq Capital Market; provided however, that in the event the Company’s Common Stock is ever listed or traded on the New York Stock Exchange, the NYSE MKT, the Nasdaq Global Select Market, the Nasdaq Global Market, Nasdaq Capital Market, the OTC Bulletin Board or either of the OTCQB marketplace or the OTCQX marketplace of the OTC Markets Group, then the “Principal Market” shall mean such other market or exchange on which the Company’s Common Stock is then listed or traded.
(k) “Purchase Amount” means, with respect to any particular purchase made hereunder, the portion of the Available Amount to be purchased by the Buyer pursuant to Section 1 hereof as set forth in a valid Purchase Notice or VWAP Purchase Notice which the Company delivers to the Buyer.
(l) “Purchase Date” means with respect to any Regular Purchase made hereunder, the Business Day of receipt by the Buyer of a valid Purchase Notice that the Buyer is to buy Purchase Shares pursuant to Section 1(b) hereof.
 
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(m) “Purchase Notice” shall mean an irrevocable written notice from the Company to the Buyer directing the Buyer to buy Purchase Shares pursuant to Section 1(b) hereof as specified by the Company therein at the applicable Purchase Price on the Purchase Date.
(n) “Purchase Price” means the lesser of (i) the lowest Sale Price of the Common Stock on the Purchase Date or (ii) the arithmetic average of the three (3) lowest Closing Sale Prices for the Common Stock during the ten (10) consecutive Business Days ending on the Business Day immediately preceding such Purchase Date (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction).
(o) “Sale Price” means any trade price for the shares of Common Stock on the Principal Market during normal trading hours, as reported by the Principal Market.
(p) “SEC” means the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
(q) “Transfer Agent” means the transfer agent of the Company as set forth in Section 11(f) hereof or such other person who is then serving as the transfer agent for the Company in respect of the Common Stock.
(r) “VWAP Minimum Price Threshold” means, with respect to any particular VWAP Purchase Notice, the Sale Price on the VWAP Purchase Date equal to the greater of (i) 80% of the Closing Sale Price on the Business Day immediately preceding the VWAP Purchase Date or (ii) such higher price as set forth by the Company in the VWAP Purchase Notice.
(s) “VWAP Purchase Amount” means, with respect to any particular VWAP Purchase Notice, the portion of the Available Amount to be purchased by the Buyer pursuant to Section 1(c) hereof pursuant to a valid VWAP Purchase Notice which requires the Buyer to buy the VWAP Purchase Share Percentage of the aggregate shares traded on the Principal Market during normal trading hours on the VWAP Purchase Date up to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum, subject to the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold.
(t) “VWAP Purchase Date” means, with respect to any VWAP Purchase made hereunder, the Business Day following the receipt by the Buyer of a valid VWAP Purchase Notice that the Buyer is to buy Purchase Shares pursuant to Section 1(c) hereof.
(u) “VWAP Purchase Notice” shall mean an irrevocable written notice from the Company to the Buyer directing the Buyer to buy Purchase Shares on the VWAP Purchase Date pursuant to Section 1(c) hereof as specified by the Company therein at the applicable VWAP Purchase Price with the applicable VWAP Purchase Share Percentage specified therein.
(v) “VWAP Purchase Share Percentage” means, with respect to any particular VWAP Purchase Notice pursuant to Section 1(c) hereof, the percentage set forth in the VWAP Purchase Notice which the Buyer will be required to buy as a specified percentage of the aggregate shares traded on the Principal Market during normal trading hours up to the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum on the VWAP Purchase Date subject to Section 1(c) hereof but in no event shall this percentage exceed thirty percent (30%) of such VWAP Purchase Date’s share trading volume of the Common Stock on the Principal Market during normal trading hours.
 
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(w) “VWAP Purchase Price” means the lesser of (i) the Closing Sale Price on the VWAP Purchase Date; or (ii) ninety-seven percent (97%) of volume weighted average price for the Common Stock traded on the Principal Market during normal trading hours on (A) the VWAP Purchase Date if the aggregate shares traded on the Principal Market on the VWAP Purchase Date have not exceeded the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum and the Sale Price of Common Stock has not fallen below the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction), or (B) the portion of the VWAP Purchase Date until such time as the sooner to occur of (1) the time at which the aggregate shares traded on the Principal Market has exceeded the VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum, or (2) the time at which the Sale Price of Common Stock falls below the VWAP Minimum Price Threshold (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction).
(x) “VWAP Purchase Share Estimate” means the number of shares of Common Stock that the Company has in its sole discretion irrevocably instructed its Transfer Agent to issue to the Buyer via the Depository Trust Company (“ DTC ”) Fast Automated Securities Transfer Program in connection with a VWAP Purchase Notice pursuant to Section 1(c) hereof and issued to the Buyer’s or its designee’s balance account with DTC through its Deposit Withdrawal At Custodian (DWAC) system on the VWAP Purchase Date (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction).
(y) “VWAP Purchase Share Volume Maximum” means a number of shares of Common Stock traded on the Principal Market during normal trading hours on the VWAP Purchase Date equal to: (i) the VWAP Purchase Share Estimate, divided by (ii) the VWAP Purchase Share Percentage (to be appropriately adjusted for any reorganization, recapitalization, non-cash dividend, stock split, reverse stock split or other similar transaction).
 
 	11.	MISCELLANEOUS.	
(a) Governing Law; Jurisdiction; Jury Trial. The corporate laws of the State of Delaware shall govern all issues concerning the relative rights of the Company and its stockholders. All other questions concerning the construction, validity, enforcement and interpretation of this Agreement and the other Transaction Documents shall be governed by the internal laws of the State of Illinois, without giving effect to any choice of law or conflict of law provision or rule (whether of the State of Illinois or any other jurisdictions) that would cause the application of the laws of any jurisdictions other than the State of Illinois. Each party hereby irrevocably submits to the exclusive jurisdiction of the state and federal courts sitting in the City of Chicago, for the adjudication of any dispute hereunder or under the other Transaction Documents or in connection herewith or therewith, or with any transaction contemplated hereby or discussed herein, and hereby irrevocably waives, and agrees not to assert in any suit, action or proceeding, any claim that it is not personally subject to the jurisdiction of any such court, that such suit, action or proceeding is brought in an inconvenient forum or that the venue of such suit, action or proceeding is improper. Each party hereby irrevocably waives personal service of process and consents to process being served in any such suit, action or proceeding by mailing a copy thereof to such party at the address for such notices to it under this Agreement and agrees that such service shall constitute good and sufficient service of process and notice thereof. Nothing contained herein shall be deemed to limit in any way any right to serve process in any manner permitted by law.  EACH PARTY HEREBY IRREVOCABLY WAIVES ANY RIGHT IT MAY HAVE, AND AGREES NOT TO REQUEST, A JURY TRIAL FOR THE ADJUDICATION OF ANY DISPUTE HEREUNDER OR IN CONNECTION HEREWITH OR ARISING OUT OF THIS AGREEMENT OR ANY TRANSACTION CONTEMPLATED HEREBY.
 
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(b) Counterparts. This Agreement may be executed in two or more identical counterparts, all of which shall be considered one and the same agreement and shall become effective when counterparts have been signed by each party and delivered to the other party; provided that a facsimile or pdf (or other electronic reproduction) signature shall be considered due execution and shall be binding upon the signatory thereto with the same force and effect as if the signature were an original, not a facsimile or PDF (or other electronic reproduction) signature.
(c) Headings. The headings of this Agreement are for convenience of reference and shall not form part of, or affect the interpretation of, this Agreement.
(d) Severability. If any provision of this Agreement shall be invalid or unenforceable in any jurisdiction, such invalidity or unenforceability shall not affect the validity or enforceability of the remainder of this Agreement in that jurisdiction or the validity or enforceability of any provision of this Agreement in any other jurisdiction.
(e) Entire Agreement. This Agreement and the Registration Rights Agreement supersede all other prior oral or written agreements between the Buyer, the Company, their affiliates and persons acting on their behalf with respect to the matters discussed herein, and this Agreement, the other Transaction Documents and the instruments referenced herein contain the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the matters covered herein and therein and, except as specifically set forth herein or therein, neither the Company nor the Buyer makes any representation, warranty, covenant or undertaking with respect to such matters. The Company acknowledges and agrees that is has not relied on, in any manner whatsoever, any representations or statements, written or oral, other than as expressly set forth in this Agreement. The Buyer and the Company agree that that certain Common Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of July 24, 2015, as amended, by and between the Company and the Buyer is hereby terminated as of the date hereof.
(f) Notices. Any notices, consents or other communications required or permitted to be given under the terms of this Agreement must be in writing and will be deemed to have been delivered: (i) upon receipt, when delivered personally; (ii) upon receipt, when sent by facsimile (provided confirmation of transmission is mechanically or electronically generated and kept on file by the sending party); (iii) upon receipt, when sent by electronic message (provided the recipient responds to the message and confirmation of both electronic messages are kept on file by the sending party); or (iv) one (1) Business Day after timely deposit with a nationally recognized overnight delivery service, in each case properly addressed to the party to receive the same. The addresses and facsimile numbers for such communications shall be:
If to the Company:

Capnia, Inc.	  	 	
1235 Radio Road	  	 	
Suite 110	  	 	
Redwood City, CA 94065	
Telephone:	  	650-213-8444	
Facsimile:	  	650-213-8383	
Attention:	  	Anish Bhatnagar	
Email:	  	anish@capnia.com	
 
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With a copy (which shall not constitute notice) to:	
 	
Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Professional Corporation	
650 Page Mill Road	
Palo Alto, CA 94304	
Telephone:	  	650-565-3588	
Facsimile:	  	650-493-6811	
Attention:	  	Elton Satusky	
Email:	  	esatusky@wsgr.com	
 	
If to the Buyer:	
 	
Aspire Capital Fund, LLC	
155 North Wacker Drive, Suite 1600	
Chicago, IL 60606	
Telephone:	  	312-658-0400	
Facsimile:	  	312-658-4005	
Attention:	  	Steven G. Martin	
Email:	  	smartin@aspirecapital.com	
 	
With a copy to (which shall not constitute delivery to the Buyer):	
 	
Morrison & Foerster LLP	
2000 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW, Suite 6000	
Washington, DC 20006	
Telephone:	  	202-778-1611	
Facsimile:	  	202-887-0763	
Attention:	  	Martin P. Dunn, Esq.	
Email:	  	mdunn@mofo.com	
 	
If to the Transfer Agent:	
 	
American Stock Transfer & Trust Company, LLC	
6201 15th Avenue	
Brooklyn, New York 11219	
Telephone:	  	415-835-1313	
Facsimile:	  	415-433-5994	
Attention:	  	Joshua P. McGinn	
Email:	  	jmcginn@amstock.com	
or at such other address and/or facsimile number and/or to the attention of such other person as the recipient party has specified by written notice given to each other party at least one (1) Business Day prior to the effectiveness of such change. Written confirmation of receipt (A) given by the recipient of
 
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such notice, consent or other communication, (B) mechanically or electronically generated by the sender’s facsimile machine containing the time, date, and recipient facsimile number, (C) electronically generated by the sender’s electronic mail containing the time, date and recipient email address or (D) provided by a nationally recognized overnight delivery service, shall be rebuttable evidence of receipt in accordance with clause (i), (ii), (iii) or (iv) above, respectively.
(g) Successors and Assigns. This Agreement shall be binding upon and inure to the benefit of the parties and their respective successors and assigns. The Company shall not assign this Agreement or any rights or obligations hereunder without the prior written consent of the Buyer, including by merger or consolidation; provided, however, that any transaction, whether by merger, reorganization, restructuring, consolidation, financing or otherwise, whereby the Company remains the surviving entity immediately after such transaction shall not be deemed a succession or assignment. The Buyer may not assign its rights or obligations under this Agreement.
(h) No Third Party Beneficiaries. This Agreement is intended for the benefit of the parties hereto and their respective permitted successors and assigns, and is not for the benefit of, nor may any provision hereof be enforced by, any other person.
(i) Publicity. The Buyer shall have the right to approve before issuance any press release, SEC filing or any other public disclosure made by or on behalf of the Company whatsoever with respect to, in any manner, the Buyer, its purchases hereunder or any aspect of this Agreement or the transactions contemplated hereby; provided, however, that the Company shall be entitled, without the prior approval of the Buyer, to make any press release or other public disclosure (including any filings with the SEC) with respect to such transactions as is required by applicable law and regulations so long as the Company and its counsel consult with the Buyer in connection with any such press release or other public disclosure at least two (2) Business Days prior to its release; provided, however, that the Company’s obligations pursuant to this Section 11(i) shall not apply if the material provisions of such press release, SEC filing, or other public disclosure previously has been publicly disclosed by the Company in accordance with this Section 11(i). The Buyer must be provided with a copy thereof at least one (1) Business Day prior to any release or use by the Company thereof.
(j) Further Assurances. Each party shall do and perform, or cause to be done and performed, all such further acts and things, and shall execute and deliver all such other agreements, certificates, instruments and documents, as the other party may reasonably request in order to carry out the intent and accomplish the purposes of this Agreement and the consummation of the transactions contemplated hereby.
(k) Termination. This Agreement may be terminated only as follows:
(i) By the Buyer any time an Event of Default exists without any liability or payment to the Company. However, if pursuant to or within the meaning of any Bankruptcy Law, the Company commences a voluntary case or any Person commences a proceeding against the Company, a Custodian is appointed for the Company or for all or substantially all of its property, or the Company makes a general assignment for the benefit of its creditors, (any of which would be an Event of Default as described in Sections 9(f), 9(g) and 9(h) hereof) this Agreement shall automatically terminate without any liability or payment to the Company without further action or notice by any Person. No such termination of this Agreement under this Section 11(k)(i) shall affect the Company’s or the Buyer’s obligations under this Agreement with respect to pending purchases and the Company and the Buyer shall complete their respective obligations with respect to any pending purchases under this Agreement.
 
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(ii) In the event that the Commencement shall not have occurred the Company shall have the option to terminate this Agreement for any reason or for no reason without any liability whatsoever of either party to the other party under this Agreement except as set forth in Section 11(k)(viii) hereof.
(iii) In the event that the Commencement shall not have occurred on or before June 30, 2017, due to the failure to satisfy any of the conditions set forth in Sections 6 and 7 above with respect to the Commencement, either party shall have the option to terminate this Agreement at the close of business on such date or thereafter without liability of either party to any other party; provided, however, that the right to terminate this Agreement under this Section 11(k)(iii) shall not be available to either party if such failure to satisfy any of the conditions set forth in Sections 6 and 7 is the result of a breach of this Agreement by such party or the failure of any representation or warranty of such party included in this Agreement to be true and correct in all material respects.
(iv) At any time after the Commencement Date, the Company shall have the option to terminate this Agreement for any reason or for no reason by delivering notice (a “ Company Termination Notice ”) to the Buyer electing to terminate this Agreement without any liability whatsoever of either party to the other party under this Agreement except as set forth in Section 11(k)(viii) hereof. The Company Termination Notice shall not be effective until one (1) Business Day after it has been received by the Buyer.
(v) This Agreement shall automatically terminate on the date that the Company sells and the Buyer purchases the full Available Amount as provided herein, without any action or notice on the part of any party and without any liability whatsoever of any party to any other party under this Agreement except as set forth in Section 11(k)(viii) hereof.
(vi) If by the Maturity Date for any reason or for no reason the full Available Amount under this Agreement has not been purchased as provided for in Section 1 of this Agreement, this Agreement shall automatically terminate on the Maturity Date, without any action or notice on the part of any party and without any liability whatsoever of any party to any other party under this Agreement except as set forth in Section 11(k)(viii) hereof.
(vii) Except as set forth in Sections 11(k)(i) (in respect of an Event of Default under Sections 9(f), 9(g) and 9(h)), 11(k)(v) and 11(k)(vi), any termination of this Agreement pursuant to this Section 11(k) shall be effected by written notice from the Company to the Buyer, or the Buyer to the Company, as the case may be, setting forth the basis for the termination hereof.
(viii) The representations and warranties of the Company and the Buyer contained in Sections 2, 3 and 5 hereof, the indemnification provisions set forth in Section 8 hereof and the agreements and covenants set forth in Sections 4(e), 4(g) and 11, shall survive the Commencement and any termination of this Agreement. No termination of this Agreement shall affect the Company’s or the Buyer’s rights or obligations (A) under the Registration Rights Agreement, which shall survive any such termination in accordance with its terms, or (B) under this Agreement with respect to pending purchases and the Company and the Buyer shall complete their respective obligations with respect to any pending purchases under this Agreement.
 
-24-

(l) No Financial Advisor, Placement Agent, Broker or Finder. The Company represents and warrants to the Buyer that it has not engaged any financial advisor, placement agent, broker or finder in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby. The Buyer represents and warrants to the Company that it has not engaged any financial advisor, placement agent, broker or finder in connection with the transactions contemplated hereby. Each party shall be responsible for the payment of any fees or commissions, if any, of any financial advisor, placement agent, broker or finder engaged by such party relating to or arising out of the transactions contemplated hereby. Each party shall pay, and hold the other party harmless against, any liability, loss or expense (including, without limitation, attorneys’ fees and out of pocket expenses) arising in connection with any such claim.
(m) No Strict Construction. The language used in this Agreement will be deemed to be the language chosen by the parties to express their mutual intent, and no rules of strict construction will be applied against any party.
(n) Failure or Indulgence Not Waiver. No failure or delay in the exercise of any power, right or privilege hereunder shall operate as a waiver thereof, nor shall any single or partial exercise of any such power, right or privilege preclude other or further exercise thereof or of any other right, power or privilege.
*     *     *     *     *
 
-25-

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the Buyer and the Company have caused this Common Stock Purchase Agreement to be duly executed as of the date first written above.

THE COMPANY:	
 	
CAPNIA, INC.	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Anish Bhatnagar	
Name:	 	Anish Bhatnagar	
Title:	 	Chief Executive Officer	
 	
BUYER:	
 	
ASPIRE CAPITAL FUND, LLC	
BY: ASPIRE CAPITAL PARTNERS, LLC	
BY: SGM HOLDINGS CORP.	
 	 	
By:	 	/s/ Steven G. Martin	
Name:	 	Steven G. Martin	
Title:	 	President	

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SCHEDULES

Schedule 3(a)	  	Subsidiaries	
Schedule 3(c)	  	Capitalization	
Schedule 3(e)	  	Conflicts	
Schedule 3(f)	  	1934 Act Filings	
Schedule 3(g)	  	Material Changes	
Schedule 3(h)	  	Litigation	
Schedule 3(j)	  	Intellectual Property	
Schedule 3(l)	  	Title	
Schedule 3(n)	  	Regulatory Permits	
Schedule 3(p)	  	Transactions with Affiliates	
EXHIBITS

Exhibit A	  	Form of Officer’s Certificate	
Exhibit B	  	Form of Resolutions of Board of Directors of the Company	
Exhibit C	  	Form of Secretary’s Certificate	
Exhibit D	  	Form of Letter to Transfer Agent	

DISCLOSURE SCHEDULES
[Intentionally Omitted]

EXHIBIT A
FORM OF OFFICER’S CERTIFICATE
[Intentionally Omitted]

EXHIBIT B-1
FORM OF COMPANY RESOLUTIONS
FOR SIGNING PURCHASE AGREEMENT
[Intentionally Omitted]

EXHIBIT B-2
FORM OF COMPANY RESOLUTIONS APPROVING REGISTRATION STATEMENT
[Intentionally Omitted]

EXHIBIT C
FORM OF SECRETARY’S CERTIFICATE
[Intentionally Omitted]

EXHIBIT D
[Intentionally Omitted]

Exhibit 23.1
INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM’S CONSENT
We consent to the inclusion in this Registration Statement of Capnia, Inc. on Form S-1 of our report dated March 25, 2016 with respect to our audits of the consolidated financial statements of Capnia, Inc. as of December 31, 2015 and 2014 and for the years then ended, which report appears in the Prospectus, which is part of this Registration Statement. We also consent to the reference to our Firm under the heading “Experts” in such Prospectus.

/s/ Marcum LLP	
 	
Marcum LLP
New York, NY
February 1, 2017